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In linguistics, a calque (pronounced /kælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, "word-for-word" (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic In Grammar, a phrase is a group of Words that functions as a single unit in the Syntax of a sentence. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

For example, the common English phrase "flea market" is a phrase calque that literally translates the French "marché aux puces". English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A flea market or swap meet is a type of Bazaar where inexpensive or secondhand goods are sold or bartered French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [1]

Going in the other direction, from English to French, provides an example of how a compound word may be calqued by first breaking it down into its component roots. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. The French "gratte-ciel" is a word-coinage inspired by the model of the English "skyscraper" — "gratter" literally translates as "to scrape", and "ciel" translates as "sky". A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper

Used as a verb, "to calque" means to loan-translate from another language so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word For its use in the context of Computer Science see Lexical analysis.

"Calque" itself is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" ("to copy"). A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. [2] Loan translation is itself a calque of the German "Lehnübersetzung". The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. [3]

Proving a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than an untranslated loanword, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery.

English

From Chinese

[9][10][11]

From French

From German or Dutch

From Dutch

From German

From Latin

Note: the Latin planetary names, as found in the names of the weekdays, in turn calque the Greek names, which calque the ancient Babylonian names (e. The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Power politics, or Machtpolitik (borrowed from German) is a state of International relations in which sovereigns protect their own interests Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of The Stormtroopers (in German Stoßtruppen, shock troops) were specialist military troops which were formed in the last years of World War I as the German In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory A drainage divide, water divide, divide or (outside North America) watershed is the line separating neighbouring Drainage basins A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is a term Calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ( Welt is the German A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations Commonplace books (or commonplaces) emerged in the 15th century with the availability of cheap paper for Writing, mainly in England. In common Parlance, a devil's advocate is someone who takes a position sometimes one he or she disagrees with for the sake of argument. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply The phrase " rest in peace " typically occurs on Headstones, often abbreviated "RIP Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. It is either the sixth or seventh Day of the week as discussed below. g. Friday, and the planet Venus, were named after Freia. Freyja (sometimes anglicized as Freya) is a major goddess in Norse Paganism, a subset of Germanic Paganism. [52])

From Spanish

From other languages

Latin

Romance Languages

Examples of Romance language expressions calqued from foreign languages include:

French

Spanish

Many calques found in Southwestern US Spanish, come from English:

See also: Spanglish. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Education in the United States is provided mainly by government with control and funding coming from three levels federal, state, and local. College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution Spanglish espanglish, espaninglish, el Spanish broken, ingléspañol, ingleñol

Also technological terms calqued from English are used throughout the Spanish-speaking world:

Germanic Languages

Afrikaans and Dutch

German

Icelandic

Norwegian

Slavic languages

Macedonian

The modern Macedonian language inherits much of its lexicon from Old Church Slavonic. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ The Saints Cyril and Methodius who developed the language in the 9th century actively calqued words from languages in positions of power and academia, namely Greek and Latin, using Slavic roots to form new word which the language lacked. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents

In more recent times, the Macedonian language has calqued new words from other prestige languages including German, French and English. A prestige dialect is the Dialect spoken by the most prestigious people in a Speech community which is large enough to sustain more than one dialect The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Some words were originally calqued into Russian and then absorbed into Macedonian, considering the close relatedness of the two languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Therefore, many of these calques can also be considered Russianisms. Russianism, Russism, or Russicism is an influence of Russian language on other languages

Russian

The poet Aleksandr Pushkin (1799 - 1837) was perhaps the most influential among the Russian literary figures who would transform the modern Russian language and vastly expand its ability to handle abstract and scientific concepts by importing the sophisticated vocabulary of Western intellectuals.

Although some Western vocabulary entered the language as loanwords -- e. g. , Italian salvietta, "napkin," was simply Russified in sound and spelling to салфетка (salfetka) -- Pushkin and those he influenced most often preferred to render foreign borrowings into Russian by calquing. Compound words were broken down to their component roots, which were then translated piece-by-piece to their Slavic equivalents. But not all of the coinages caught on and became permanent additions to the lexicon; for example, любомудрие (ljubomudrie) was promoted by 19th-century Russian intellectuals as a calque of "philosophy," but the word eventually fell out of fashion, and modern Russian instead uses the loanword философия (filosofija).

Ukrainian

Finnish

Since Finnish, a Finno-Ugric language, differs radically in pronunciation and orthography from Indo-European languages, most loans adopted in Finnish either are calques or soon become such as foreign words are translated into Finnish. Examples include:

Hebrew

When Jews make an aliyah to Israel, they sometimes change their name to a Hebrew calque. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) For instance, Imi Lichtenfield, founder of the martial art Krav Maga, became Imi Sde-Or. Krav Maga (קרב מגע lit contact combat is a military Hand-to-hand combat system developed in Israel, which assumes No quarter will be Both last names mean "light field".

Modern Greek

See also

References

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  2. ^ calque. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
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External links

Dictionary

calque

-noun

  1. A word or phrase in a language formed by word-for-word or morpheme-by-morpheme translation of a word in another language.

-verb

  1. (transitive) To adopt (a word or phrase) from one language to another by semantic translation of its parts.
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