Contemporary Western Calligraphy.

Calligraphy (from Greek κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή graphẽ "writing") is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996: 17). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner" (Mediavilla 1996: 18). The story of writing is one of aesthetic evolution framed within the technical skills, transmission speed(s) and materials limitations of a person, time and place (Diringer 1968: 441). A style of writing is described as a script, hand or alphabet (Fraser & Kwiatkowski 2006; Johnston 1909: Plate 6).

Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand lettered inscriptions and designs to fine art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not supersede the legibility of the letters (Mediavilla 1996). Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing (Pott 2006 & 2005; Zapf 2007 & 2006). Calligraphy continues to flourish in the forms of wedding and event invitations, font design/ typography, original hand-lettered logo design, religious art, various announcements/ graphic design/ commissioned calligraphic art, cut stone inscriptions and memorial documents. Also props and moving images for film and television, testimonials, birth and death certificates/maps, and other works involving writing (see for example Letter Arts Review; Propfe 2005; Geddes & Dion 2004).

East Asian calligraphy

Jiǎgǔwén Jīnwén Dàzhuàn Xiǎozhuàn Lìshū Kǎishū (t) Kǎishū (s) Xíngshū Cǎoshū Source

Chinese calligraphy written by Song Dynasty (A. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms D. 1051-1108) poet Mi Fu. Biography According to tradition he was a very smart boy with a great interest in arts and letters and an astonishing ability of memorising For centuries, the Chinese literati were expected to master the art of calligraphy.

Main article: East Asian calligraphy

Names and features

Asian calligraphy typically uses ink brushes to write Chinese characters (called Hanzi in Chinese, Hanja in Korean, Kanji in Japanese, and Hán Tự in Vietnamese). The art of Calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian Civilizations that use or used Chinese characters. Ink brushes ( in Japanese fude) are used in Chinese calligraphy. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Hán tự ( {{IPA|/han˦˥ tɯ˨/}}; 漢[[wikt 字|字]] meaning " Chinese character " or chữ Nho ( {{IPA|/tɕɯ˧˨˧ ɲɔ/}} Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Calligraphy (in Chinese, Shufa 書法, in Korean, Seoye 書藝, in Japanese Shodō 書道, all meaning "the way of writing") is considered an important art in East Asia and the most refined form of East Asian painting. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e

Calligraphy has also influenced ink and wash painting, which is accomplished using similar tools and techniques. Ink and wash painting is an East Asian type of Brush painting also known as wash painting or by its Japanese name sumi-e (墨絵 Calligraphy has influenced most major art styles in East Asia, including sumi-e, a style of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting based entirely on calligraphy. Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world Korean painting includes paintings made in Korea or by overseas Koreans on all surfaces is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese arts encompassing a wide variety of genre and styles

Historical evolution of Eastern calligraphy

Ancient China

In ancient China, the oldest Chinese characters existing are Jiǎgǔwén characters carved on ox scapula and tortoise plastrons, because brush-written ones have decayed over time. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Oracle bone script ( refers to incised (or rarely brush-written ancient Chinese characters found on Oracle bones which are animal bones or turtle shells used in Oxen (singular ox) are Cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult castrated males In Anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the Bone that connects the Humerus (arm bone with the Clavicle (collar Tortoises or land Turtles are land-dwelling Reptiles of the family of Testudinidae', order Testudines. The plastron is the nearly flat part of the shell structure of a Turtle or Tortoise, what one would call the belly similar in composition to the Carapace During the divination ceremony, after the cracks were made, the characters were written with a brush on the shell or bone to be later carved. (Keightley, 1978).

With the development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continue. Chinese Bronze inscriptions are writing in a variety of Chinese scripts on Chinese bronze artifacts such as zhōng bells and dǐng tripodal cauldrons Large Seal script or Great Seal script (Chinese 大篆 Dàzhuàn is a traditional reference to Chinese writing from before the Qin dynasty, and is now Moreover, it is evident that each archaic kingdom of current China had its own set of characters.

Imperial China

In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles — some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiaozhuan style — are still accessible to us. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era

About 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's character uniformisation, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn characters^[1]. Events By place Greece Together with fellow Illyrian Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the Li Si ( (ca 280 BC - September or October 208 BC was the influential Prime Minister (or Chancellor of the feudal state and later of the dynasty of Qin, between Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, few papers survive from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

The Lìshū style (clerical script) which is more regularized, and in some ways similar to modern text, was then developed. The clerical script ( pinyin lìshū; Japanese 隷書体 Reishotai; formerly also chancery script is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which

Kǎishū style (traditional regular script) — still in use today — is even more regularized. The regular script or standard script, or in Chinese kaishu ( and Japanese kaisho, also commonly known as standard regular The Kaishu shape of characters 1000 years ago was mostly similar to that at the end of Imperial China. But small changes have be made, for example in the shape of 广 which is not absolutely the same in the Kangxi dictionary of 1716 as in modern books. The Kangxi Dictionary was the standard Chinese dictionary during the 18th and 19th centuries Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Kangxi and current shapes have tiny differences, while stroke order is still the same, according to old style^[2].

Kǎishū simplified Chinese script was created by the Chinese government after World War 2, to promote simplification of writing and increase literacy. Simplified script is occasionally used in calligraphy.

Cursive styles and hand-written styles

Cursive styles such as Xíngshū (semi-cursive or running script) and Cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are "high speed" calligraphic styles, where each move made by the writing tool is visible. Semi-cursive script is a partially cursive style of Chinese calligraphy. Cursive script ( simplified草书 erroneously translated as Grass script is a style of Chinese calligraphy. This styles especially like to play with stroke order rules, creating new visual effects. They were invented as derivated work from Clerical script, in same time than Regular script (Han dynasty), but Xíngshū and Cǎoshū were use for personnal notes only, and were never use as standard. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. They quickly became artistical play, on the side of the official Regular style.

Indian calligraphy

Main article: Indian calligraphy

On the subject of Indian calligraphy, Anderson 2008 writes:

Aśoka's edicts (c. Historical evolution of Indian Calligraphy Early calligraphy On the subject of Indian calligraphy writes Aśoka 's edicts (c Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi 265–238 BC) were committed to stone. These inscriptions are stiff and angular in form. Following the Aśoka style of Indic writing, two new calligraphic types appear: Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī. The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient Abugida (an alphasyllabary based on consonants with graphical variations to express Kharoṣṭī was used in the northwestern regions of India from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century of the Christian Era, and it was used in Central Asia until the 8th century. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

Copper was a favoured material for Indic inscriptions. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 In the north of India, birch bark was used as a writing surface as early as the 2nd century AD. Many Indic manuscripts were written on palm leaves, even after the Indian languages were put on paper in the 13th century. Both sides of the leaves were used for writing. Long rectangular strips were gathered on top of one another, holes were drilled through all the leaves, and the book was held together by string. Books of this manufacture were common to Southeast Asia. The palm leaf was an excellent surface for penwriting, making possible the delicate lettering used in many of the scripts of southern Asia.

Nepalese calligraphy

Nepalese calligraphy has a huge impact on Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Ranjana script is the primary form of this calligraphy. The Ranjana script (syn Kutila, Lantsa) is an Abugida writing system developed as a derivate of Brāhmī in 11th century The script itself and its derivatives (like Lantsa, Phagpa, Kutila) are used in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Leh, Mongolia, coastal China, Japan and Korea to write "Om mane pame om" and other sacred Buddhist texts, mainly those derived from Sanskrit and Pali.

Tibetan calligraphy

Calligraphy is central in Tibetan culture. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The script is derived from Indic scripts. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, The nobles of Tibet, such as the High Lamas and inhabitants of the Potala Palace, were usually capable calligraphers. Lama ( is a title for a Tibetan teacher The Potala Palace () is located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Tibet has been a center of Buddhism for several centuries, and that religion places a great deal of significance on written word. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices This does not provide for a large body of secular pieces, although they do exist (but are usually related in some way to Tibetan Buddhism). Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Almost all high religious writing involved calligraphy, including letters sent by the Dalai Lama and other religious and secular authority. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. Calligraphy is particularly evident on their prayer wheels, although this calligraphy was forged rather than scribed, much like Arab and Roman calligraphy is often found on buildings. A prayer wheel is a ' Wheel ' (Tibetan 'khor) on a spindle made from metal wood leather or even coarse cotton Although originally done with a reed, Tibetan calligraphers now use chisel tipped pens and markers as well.

Persian calligraphy

Example showing Nastaʿlīq's proportional rules.

Main article: Persian calligraphy

Persian calligraphy is the calligraphy of Persian writing system. Persian calligraphy is the Calligraphy of Persian writing system. The history of calligraphy in Persia dates back to the pre-Islam era. In Zoroastrianism beautiful and clear writings were always praised. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings

History of Persian Calligraphy

It is believed that ancient Persian script was invented by about 500-600 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts consisted of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail-shape letters and that is the reason in Farsi it is called “Script of Nails” (Khat-e-Mikhi). Centuries later, other scripts such as “Pahlavi” and “Avestaee” scripts became popular in ancient Persia. After initiation of Islam in the 7th century, Persians adapted Arabic alphabet to Farsi language and developed contemporary Farsi alphabet. Arabic alphabet has 28 characters and Iranians added another four letters in it to arrive at existing 32 Persian (Farsi) letters.

Major Contemporary Classical Persian Calligraphy Scripts

“Nasta'liq” is the most popular contemporary style among classical Persian calligraphy scripts and Persian calligraphers call it “Bride of the Calligraphy Scripts”. This calligraphy style has been based on such a strong structure that it has changed very little since. Mir Ali Tabrizi had found the optimum composition of the letters and graphical rules so it has just been fine-tuned during the past seven centuries. Mir Ali Tabrizi ( Persian:میر علی تبریزی Distinguished Iranian calligrapher in 14th century to whom the invention of Nasta'liq It has very strict rules for graphical shape of the letters and for combination of the letters, words, and composition of the whole calligraphy piece.

Islamic calligraphy

Main article: Islamic calligraphy

A page of a 12th century Qur'an written in the Andalusi script

Islamic calligraphy (calligraphy in Arabic is Khatt ul-Yad خط اليد) is an aspect of Islamic art that has evolved alongside the religion of Islam and the Arabic language. Islamic calligraphy, equally known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing and by extension of bookmaking The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Arabic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The arabesque is an elaborative application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants and animals A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings

Instead of recalling something related to the spoken word, calligraphy for Muslims is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The holy book of Islam, al-Qur'an, has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Proverbs and passages from the Qur'an are still sources for Islamic calligraphy. A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete Saying popularly known and repeated

There was a strong parallel tradition to that of the Islamic, among Aramaic and Hebrew scholars, seen in such works as the Hebrew illuminated bibles of the 9th and 10th centuries. Aramaic is a Semitic language with

Western calligraphy

Main article: Western calligraphy

Modern western calligraphy

Historical evolution

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Roman alphabet. Western Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla The alphabet came from the Phoenician, Greek, and Etruscan alphabets. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic The first Roman alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 About the first century calligraphy is seen on Roman square capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. Roman square capitals, also called inscriptional capitals, elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing and Rustic capitals (in Latin capitalis rustica) is an ancient Roman calligraphic script Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of Handwriting (or a script) used in Ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages This trend continued into the second and third centuries using the Uncial, however writing withdrew to monasteries and was preserved there during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire finally fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages. Uncial is a Majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek Scribes From the 8th century to the ^[3]

At the height of the Roman Empire its power reached as far as Great Britain, when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Uncial is a Majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek Scribes From the 8th century to the Each region seemed to have develop its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i. e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script) which are mostly cursive and hardly readable. Merovingian script was a medieval script so called because it was developed in France during the Merovingian dynasty Luxeuil Abbey was one of the oldest and best-known monasteries in Burgundy, located in the " Département " of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté Visigothic script was a type of medieval script, so called because it originated in the Visigothic kingdom in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula Beneventan script was a medieval script, so called because it originated in the Duchy of Benevento in Southern Italy.

The raising of the Carolingian Empire encouraged to set a new standardized script, developed by several famous monasteries (including Corbie Abbey and Beauvais) around the eighth century. Corbie Abbey is a former Benedictine monastery in Corbie, Picardy, France, dedicated to Saint Peter. Beauvais is a town and commune of northern France, Préfecture (capital of the Oise département. Finally the script from Saint Martin de Tours was set as the Imperial standard, named the Carolingian script (or "the Caroline"). Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized From the powerful Carolingian Empire, this standard also became used in neighbouring kingdoms.

About the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, more cursive and for daily use. After the invention of Gutenberg (1455), the Gutenberg script spread across Europe. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Malmesbury Abbey, at Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, was founded as a Benedictine Monastery around 676 by the scholar-poet Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Bible was hand written in Belgium, by Gerard Brils, for reading aloud in a monastery. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism.

In the sixteenth century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the Antiqua script (about 1470). Antiqua Typefaces are those designed between about 1470 and 1600 specifically those by Nicholas Jenson and the Aldine roman commissioned by Aldus Manutius The seventeenth century saw the Batarde script from France, and the eighteenth century saw the English script spread across Europe and world by their books. English script is a cursive style especially for Capital letters, first used in the 18th century in England, and later across the world

The contemporary typefaces found on every computer, whether in simple word processing programs like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages, through to a professional designer's software package like Adobe InDesign owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today (Zapf 2007; Mediavilla 2006; Henning 2002). For a calligrapher, typefaces are ubiquitous, their quality is less often so.

Features of Western Calligraphy

Sacred western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times, the relevant term is defined by hierarchical order and place. A decorative "carpet page" may precede, filled with geometrical, bestial and colourful depictions. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715-720 AD) is an early example (Brown 2004).

As for Chinese or Arabian calligraphies, western calligraphic script had strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" good order of the lines on the pages. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order. Mastery of these sorts of calligraphic fundamentals are held to be the secret to great work and great calligraphic artists.

Western calligraphy has evolved into an art where creativity stems from rigorous discipline, only then embracing new techniques with colored, cursive and perhaps abstracted characters. Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style and colors adds meaning to the Greek translation "beautiful letters". The form of letters, words and sentences can be rendered or explored to the point of visual, technical and aesthetic abstraction, as for contemporary painting, according to desire and/or purpose. The content therefore may be completely illegible, but no less meaningful to a viewer with some empathy for the work on view. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of the Saint John's Bible. The Saint John's Bible is the first completely handwritten and illuminated Bible to have been commissioned since the invention of the printing press although at least

Maya Calligraphy

Main article: Maya codices

A leaflet of the Dresden Codex written in the Maya Script on a type of paper called amatl. Maya codices (singular Codex) are folding Books stemming from the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization, written in Maya hieroglyphic The Maya script, also known as Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently Amatl (āmatl amate or papel amate) is a form of Paper that was manufactured in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. The Dresden Codex is one of only a few examples of Maya Calligraphy to escape the destruction of the Spanish Conquistadores and survive to the present day. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador

Tools

Main article: Writing implement

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen, which may be flat- or round-nibbed and the brush (Reaves & Schulte 2006; Child 1985; Lamb 1956). A writing implement or writing instrument is an object used to produce Writing. A pen (Latin pinna, feather is a Writing instrument used to apply Ink to a surface usually Paper. "Paintbrush" redirects here For other uses see Paintbrush (disambiguation. For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens — steel brushes — can be used. However, works have also been made with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. A ballpoint pen ( Hungarian: golyóstoll also Eponymously known in British English and Australian English as a biro and ˈbaɪroʊ Ink for writing is usually water-based and much less viscous than the oil based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of porosity, will enable cleaner lines, although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase work on them and a light box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. In addition, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Lined paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often lined every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used, such as with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college ruled paper acts as a guideline often as well. ^[4]

Batarde can be traced back to the late 14th, early 15th century and is so named as a hybrid blend of textura and cursiva.

See also

• Asemic Writing
• List of typographic features
• Typographic Emphasis
• Paper
• Pen
• Penmanship
• Punchcutting
• Ink
• Typography
• Typographic units
• Chirography
• List of prominent calligraphers
• Marc Drogin - Author of books Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique, and Calligraphy of the Middle Ages and How to Do It

Notes

References

See respectives articles.

• Brown, M. P. (2004) Painted Labyrinth: The World of the Lindisfarne Gospel. Revised Ed. British Library.
• Child, H. ed. (1985) The Calligrapher's Handbook. Taplinger Publishing Co.
• Diringer, D. (1968) The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind 3rd Ed. Volume 1 Hutchinson & Co. London
• Fraser, M. , & Kwiatowski, W. (2006) Ink and Gold: Islamic Calligraphy. Sam Fogg Ltd. London
• Geddes, A. , & Dion, C. (2004) Miracle: a celebration of new life. Photogenique Publishers Auckland.
• Henning, W. E. (2002) An elegant hand : the golden age of American penmanship and calligraphy ed. Melzer, P. Oak Knoll Press New Castle, Delaware
• Johnston, E. (1909) Manuscript & Inscription Letters: For schools and classes and for the use of craftsmen, plate 6. San Vito Press & Double Elephant Press 10th Impression
• Lamb, C. M. ed. (1956) Calligrapher's Handbook. Pentalic 1976 ed.
• Letter Arts Review
• Mediavilla, C. (2006) Histoire de la CALLIGRAPHIE Francaise. Albin Michel, France.
• Mediavilla, C. (1996) Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications
• Pott, G. (2006) Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz
• Pott, G. (2005) Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz
• Propfe, J. (2005) SchreibKunstRaume: Kalligraphie im Raum Verlag George D. W. Callwey GmbH & Co. K. G. Munich
• Reaves, M. , & Schulte, E. (2006) Brush Lettering: An Instructional Manual in Western Brush Calligraphy Revised Edition, Design Books New York.
• Zapf, H. (2007) Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Develoments Cary Graphic Arts Press Rochester New York
• Zapf, H. (2006) The world of Alphabets: A kaleidoscope of drawings and letterforms, CD-ROM
• Anderson, D. M. (2008), Indic calligraphy, Encyclopedia Britannica 2008 .

External links

Western Calligraphy

• Cynscribe World Wide Web Calligraphy Directory
• Society of Scribes, New York City, NY, US
• Society of Scribes and Illuminators, London, England
• International Association of Master Penmen, Engrossers and Teachers of Handwriting, Webster, NY, US
• Kaligrafos - The Dallas Calligraphy Society Promoting the calligraphic arts
• New Zealand Calligraphers A national network of affiliated calligraphy guilds
• The Edward Johnston Foundation - Research centre for calligraphy
• The Teachers Guide to Calligraphy - photocopiable masters for curriculum usage
• Modern Calligraphy Collection. Prints & Books. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
• Alcuino - Association for the Recovery of Ancient Calligraphy Association ALCUINO, España

Islamic calligraphy

• Calligraphy Islamic - Islamic Calligraphy
• Gallery of Arabic calligraphy - National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education
• Samples of Islamic calligraphy
• Islamic Calligraphy in the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

Calligraphy of other scripts

• Persian: PersianCalligraphy.org
• Mongolian: Inkway Calligraphy
• Nepali: The first website on Nepali Calligraphy - Calligraphy
• Tibetan: History and reproductions of Tibetan Calligraphy
• Tibetan: Tibetan Calligraphy - How to write the script.