A bus is a large road vehicle designed to carry numerous passengers in addition to the driver and sometimes a conductor. Cúcuta (ˈkukuta is a Colombian city, capital of the North Santander Department and located in the northeast of the country Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. This article is about passengers in commercial transportation for other uses see Passenger (disambiguation A passenger is a term broadly used Driving is the controlled operation of a land Vehicle, usually a Motor vehicle such as a Truck or a car. Train Conductor (North America The Conductor is the railway employee charged with the management of a freight passenger or various other types of Train, and is The name is a neologic version of the Latin omnibus, which means "for all. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. "
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History
The omnibus, the first organized public transport system, may have originated in Nantes, France in 1826, when Stanislas Baudry, a retired army officer who had built public baths (run from the surplus heat from his flour mill) on the city's edge, set up a short line between the center of town and his baths. Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast Public baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness Often the term public is misleading to some people as they will have restrictions based upon who can use the facility The service started on the Place du Commerce, outside the hat shop of M. Omnès, who displayed the motto Omnès Omnibus ("Omnès for all") on his shopfront. When Baudry discovered that passengers were just as interested in getting off at intermediate points as in patronizing his baths, he shifted the line's focus. His new voiture omnibus ("carriage for all") combined the functions of the hired hackney carriage with the stagecoach that travelled a predetermined route from inn to inn, carrying passengers and mail. See also Taxicab ||-||-||}A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab or hack) is a Carriage or Automobile For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed His omnibus featured wooden benches that ran down the sides of the vehicle; entry was from the rear.
There is also a claim from the UK where in 1824 John Greenwood operated the first "bus route" from Market Street in Manchester to Pendleton in Salford. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year John Greenwood (died 1851 transport entrepreneur was the keeper of a toll-gate in Pendleton on the Manchester to Liverpool turnpike. Market Street is one of the two principal retail streets in Manchester, England (the other is King Street) Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. [1]
In 1828, Baudry went to Paris where he founded a company under the name Entreprise générale des omnibus de Paris, while his son Edmond Baudry founded two similar companies in Bordeaux and in Lyons[2]. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate A London newspaper reported in July 4, 1829 that "the new vehicle, called the omnibus, commenced running this morning from Paddington to the City". This bus service was operated by George Shillibeer. This article is a general one on buses in London For a specific article on the organization responsible for running most buses in London see London Buses. George Shillibeer ( August 11, 1797, St Marylebone, London – August 21, 1866, Brighton England) was an
In New York, omnibus service began in the same year, when Abraham Brower, an entrepreneur who had organized volunteer fire companies, established a route along Broadway starting at Bowling Green. The history of New York City begins with its Lenape inhabitants prior to the arrival of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and continues with its founding Broadway, as the name implies is a wide avenue in New York City. Bowling Green is a small public park in Lower Manhattan at the foot of Broadway next to the site of the original Dutch fort of New Amsterdam. Other American cities soon followed suit: Philadelphia in 1831, Boston in 1835 and Baltimore in 1844. In most cases, the city governments granted a private company—generally a small stableman already in the livery or freight-hauling business—an exclusive franchise to operate public coaches along a specified route. A livery is a Uniform or other sign worn in a non-military context on a person or object (such as an airplane or Vehicle) to denote a relationship In return, the company agreed to maintain certain minimum levels of service. In 1831, New Yorker Washington Irving remarked of Britain's Reform Act (finally passed in 1832): "The great reform omnibus moves but slowly. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system "
The omnibus encouraged urbanization. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Socially, the omnibus put city-dwellers, even if for only half an hour, into previously-unheard-of physical intimacy with strangers, squeezing them together knee-to-knee. Only the very poor remained excluded. A new division in urban society now came to the fore, dividing those who kept carriages from those who did not. The idea of the "carriage trade", the folk who never set foot in the streets, who had goods brought out from the shops for their appraisal, has its origins in the omnibus crush.
The omnibus also extended the reach of the emerging cities. The walk from the former village of Paddington to the business heart of London in the "City" was a long one, even for a young man in good condition. Paddington is an area of the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. The omnibus offered the suburbs more access to the inner city.
More intense urbanization was to follow. Within a very few years, the New York omnibus had a rival in the streetcar: the first streetcar ran along The Bowery, which offered the excellent improvement in amenity of riding on smooth iron rails rather than clattering over granite setts, called "Belgian blocks". A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Bowery (ˈbaʊɚi or /ˈbaʊri/ is the name of a street and a small neighborhood in the southern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The new streetcars were financed by John Mason, a wealthy banker, and built by an Irish contractor, John Stephenson.
When motorized transport proved successful after c. Netphen is a town in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 1905, a motorized omnibus was for a time sometimes called an autobus.
Bus lines proliferated in the U. S. as streetcar lines were torn out of the major cities by "bus manufacturing or oil marketing companies for the specific purpose of replacing rail service with buses. "[3] This was accompanied by a continuing series of technical improvements: pneumatic "balloon" tires during the early 1920s, monocoque body construction in 1931, automatic transmission in 1936, the diesel-engine bus in 1936, the first acceptable 50+ passenger bus in 1948, and the first buses with air suspension in 1953. [4]
Bus services were a focal point in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the period after the American Civil War ended in 1865, racial segregation in public accommodations, including public transport such as rail and bus services, was enforced through Black Codes and Jim Crow laws in the South. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 These were made to prevent African-Americans from doing things that a white person could do. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. For instance, Jim Crow laws required bus drivers to enforce separate seating sections. These laws and enforcement varied among communities and states. In 1955, after a long day of work, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus, bringing attention to the injustice of differential and degrading treatment based solely upon race. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U Montgomery (məntˈgəmɜriː is the Capital, second most populous city and the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U This incident, boycotts of bus services, other protests, and court challenges led to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling banning segregation on public buses and helped lead the U.S. Congress to pass the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act which clarified the unconstitutionality of public racial segregation laws. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving
In some areas of the United States, a school busing system has been used to achieve racial desegregation of public schools. Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as forced busing or busing) is the practice of attempting to integrate schools by assigning students to Desegregation is the process of ending Racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. Under such a busing plan, children do not necessarily go to the nearest school geographically, but to such a public school in the same district where there is an appropriate mix of racial diversity.
Types of bus service
Bus services can fit into several classes. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Local transit buses provide public transit within a city or one or more counties, usually for trips of only a few kilometers. Intercity, interstate or interprovincial buses provide transit between cities, towns, rural areas and places usually tens or hundreds of kilometers away. They generally provide fewer bus stops than local bus routes do. A bus stop is a designated place where a Public transport Bus stops for the purpose of allowing passengers to board or leave a bus Trailways Transportation System is an example of US interstate bus systems. The Trailways Transportation System is a group of 80 independent bus companies that have entered into a Franchising agreement Some local transit systems offer bus lines to nearby cities or towns served by another transit agency. Intercity bus services have become an important travel connection to smaller towns and rural areas that do not have airports or train service. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another
Some public transit bus systems offer express bus service in addition to local bus lines. Local lines provide frequent stops along a route, sometimes two or more per kilometer, while express lines make fewer stops and more speed along that route. For example, an express bus line may provide speedier service between a local airport and the downtown area of a nearby city.
Shuttle bus services provide transit service between two destinations, such as an airport and city center. Shuttle bus services are often provided by colleges, airports, shopping areas, companies, and amusement destinations.
Tour bus service shows tourists notable sights by bus. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel City tour buses often simply pass by the sites while a tour guide describes them. A tour guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural heritage of an area which person normally possesses a specific area Longer distance tour coaches generally allow passengers to disembark at points of interest. Some tourist buses are decorated to resemble pre-PCC streetcars in order to attract tourists or for other appearance purposes. The PCC ( Presidents' Conference Committee) streetcar ( Tram) design was first built in the United States in the 1930s A similar phenomenon is Duck Tours, which uses amphibious DUKWs converted into buses/cruise boats for tours. Duck tours, or DUKW tours, are tours that take place on purpose-built amphibious tour buses or military surplus DUKWs and LARC-Vs Primarily offered The DUKW (popularly pronounced "duck") is a six-wheel-drive amphibious truck that was designed by General Motors Corporation during World War II
School bus service provides transit to and from school for students. A school bus is a Bus used to transport Children and Adolescents to and from School and school events Some private schools use school buses only for field trips or sports events. Some school systems, such as the San Francisco public school system, do not operate their own school bus system but instead rely on the local public transit bus system to provide transportation.
Charter bus operators provide buses with properly licensed bus drivers for hire. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified
Bus manufacturing
Early bus manufacturing grew out of carriage coachwork builders, and later out of automobile or truck manufacturing enterprises. Bus manufacturing describes the Manufacturing of Buses and coaches. A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people usually horse-drawn Coachwork is the body of a Motor vehicle ( Automobile, Bus or Truck) which is built around a Chassis, rather than Early buses were merely a bus body fitted to a truck chassis. This body plus chassis approach has continued into modern specialist manufacturers, although there also exists integral manufacturers of complete bus or coach products. Specialist builders also build buses for special uses, or modify standard products. Modern day bus manufacturing combines a number of advanced technologies, including GPS location, passenger information systems and electronic control, and increasingly features technology to aid accessibility. Passenger information is information provided to Public transport users about the nature and state of a Public transport service though visual voice or touchable Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e Manufacturers are also investigating alternatives to the traditional combustion engine powered approach, with electric, fuel cell and hybrid bus technologies. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a An electric bus is a Bus powered by electricity There are two main electric bus categories The Trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered See also Fuel cell vehicle A fuel cell bus is a bus that uses a hydrogen Fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven wheels sometimes augmented As with the auto-industry, bus manufacturing is developing from a localised enterprise to increasingly becoming a globalised industry, with groups of manufacturers forming consortia. As with the car industry, new models are often exhibited at industry motor shows.
Types of bus
- Commuter Bus (also known as Local transit bus or City bus) usually have two axles (duallies on the drive axle), and two doors (one front, one mid-rear). Commuting is the process of Travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work A transit bus (US (also known as a commuter bus, city bus, or public bus) is a Bus used for Public transport purposes While it is the general convention in Britain for buses to have one door, as the tickets are issued by the driver in most cases, in continental Europe and many other places, three doors (one front, one middle, one rear) is normal. Their seats are usually fixed and limited, leaving room for standing passengers. Having no need for a luggage compartment, many have low floor design, further easing entry and exit. Double-decker buses, guided buses, articulated buses or extra-long triple-axled buses are often used on urban routes with heavy passenger loads. A double-decker bus is a Bus that has two levels While double-decker long-distance coaches are in widespread use around the world double-decker city buses are Guided buses are Buses steered for part or all of their route by external means usually on a dedicated track. Articulated buses (either motorbuses or Trolleybuses) also known as tandem buses, bendy buses, banana buses, slinky buses or An articulated bus is sometimes called a bendy bus.
- School buses are similar; though often lighter, they have only one passenger door, seats more closely spaced, and no standing room. A school bus is a Bus used to transport Children and Adolescents to and from School and school events North American versions are based on truck chassis, and must meet special USDOT standards. The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with Transportation
- Tribrid buses have been developed by the University of Glamorgan, Wales. An electric bus is a Bus powered by electricity There are two main electric bus categories The Trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered They are powered by hydrogen fuel cells, batteries and ultra-capacitors. [5]
- A "kneeling bus" is a bus equipped with an accessibility feature that lowers the entrance of the bus to curb-side-level, so that a person in a wheelchair may smoothly board the bus. These buses are often equipped with lifts that help the disabled get on the bus' raised platform.
- Trolleybuses and other electric buses are similar in appearance and function to commuter buses, but powered by an electric motor supplied by overhead power cables rather than by an onboard internal combustion engine. An electric bus is a Bus powered by electricity There are two main electric bus categories The Trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a They are not to be confused with buses that are decorated to look like turn-of-the-20th-century streetcars and which sometimes go by the name of "trolleys".
- Parking lot trams are a specialized form of bus, found in the parking lots of amusement parks such as Disneyland. Parking lot (called a car park in Australia and the UK) is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for Parking vehicles A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group Disneyland, marketed as the happiest place on Earth, is an American Theme park in Anaheim, California, owned and operated by the Walt Those vehicles consist of an engine-car or motor-car (which may or may not be passenger-carrying) chained up to a passenger-carrying trailer or number of trailers, thus making a kind of road train. A road train or roadtrain is a Trucking concept used in remote areas of Australia, the United States, and Western Canada to move
- Motorcoaches, also known as intercity coaches, are heavier, sometimes requiring three axles, with usually one passenger door, and no standing room. In British English and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers Seats are normally soft and able to recline. The floor is high, allowing large under-floor luggage compartments. There is usually a small carry-on luggage rack within the passenger cabin, as well. Besides their use for intercity transportation, motorcoaches are used for long-distance airport shuttle service, local touring and charters for large groups, and so on. An Airport bus, or airport shuttle bus or airport shuttle is a Bus used to transport people to/from or within Airports These vehicles will usually The usual seating capacity is 47 to 62 passengers; though variants with fewer or greater seats - minicoaches and midicoaches; articulated and double-deck coaches.
In the US, due to road restrictions, the maximum width of motorcoaches is 102 inches (2,600 mm), and a maximum length of 40 ft (12 m) or 45 ft (14 m)
- Tour coaches, especially cross-country touring coaches, are often equipped with a lavatory, video system, PA system, and other amenities.
- Short-distance tour buses are simpler, having a PA system and sometimes a video system. Some retired double-deckers and specialty vehicles are used in the local tour bus business.
- Minibuses are one size up from large passenger vans, and seat up to 25 passengers. "Microbus" redirects here For the Volkswagen Microbus see Volkswagen Type 2. Some may include a small space for luggage. Usually derived from heavy-duty small truck platforms such as cutaway van chassis, minibuses are often used for short-distance shuttles, city tours, and local charters. Cutaway van chassis are used by Second stage manufacturers for a wide range of completed Motor vehicles primarily Many are wheelchair-lift equipped and used in paratransit capacities. A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits Paratransit is an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules
- Midibuses, or mid-sized buses, are larger than minibuses, but smaller than motorcoaches, thus seating between 26 and 47. OptareSolojpg|thumb|right|An Optare Solo midibus]]A midibus is a classification of single decker buses which are identified as neither being Minibuses or full They can be front- or rear-engined. They may be used to transport airport passengers between the terminal and distant parking lots; such vehicles may sacrifice seats for interior luggage space. The truck-based ones, such as the ABC M1000 series, can pack in enough seats to rival a motorcoach, but lack the luggage space and other amenities. However, they are also much cheaper.
Bus service operation and scheduling
Operation of a bus service inevitably varies from the published schedule and timetables due to a range of factors including traffic, weather, passenger loading variations, and operating staff behaviour. Schedules may be focussed on maintaining a headway between each vehicle on a route, rather setting out the exact time a bus will arrive at each bus stop. The headway between vehicles in Public transit systems is the time between two vehicles passing the same point traveling in the same direction on a given route
Bus crews may behave in ways which affect these headways:
- 'Scratching' is the colloquial term for the bus being driven slowly, or the crew holding it at a bus stop for no apparent reason.
- 'Punching-up' is the act of closing the headway with the bus in front, but never overtaking it, in this case two buses arrive at the same time.
- 'Measuring off' is similar to punching up, except the crew of the second bus keeps a small headway so that all passengers at the bus stops board the bus in front, and they arrive at a bus stop with little chance of needing to service any passengers. The headway between vehicles in Public transit systems is the time between two vehicles passing the same point traveling in the same direction on a given route
See also
- Bus lane
- Bus manufacturers
- Bus operating companies
- Bus rack
- Bus spotting
- Bus stop
- Bus types
- Battery semi-trailer for electric buses. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page A bus lane or bus only lane is a lane on a road restricted to Buses and generally used to speed up public transport otherwise held up by traffic congestions This is a list of the world's Bus operating companies listed alphabetically by continent and country A bicycle carrier, also commonly called a bike rack, is a device attached to an Automobile or Bus for transporting bicycles Bus spotting is a pastime in which one seeks to see all Buses in a particular fleet or those produced by a particular manufacturer A bus stop is a designated place where a Public transport Bus stops for the purpose of allowing passengers to board or leave a bus In American English a semi-trailer is a trailer without a front axle
- Biodiesel
- Commercial driver's license
- Coach body
- Diesel-electric (hybrid) buses are the diesel version of the hybrid electric vehicle. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by A commercial driver's license ( CDL) is required in the United States to operate any type of vehicle with a gross weight of 26001 lb (11793 kg or over including In British English and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric Powertrain for providing locomotion. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS
- Kneeling bus for buses for the disabled.
- Malta bus
- Night bus
- Public transport timetables
- Queueing theory
- The man on the Clapham omnibus
- Vehicle safety
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. A Malta bus ( xarabank, karozza tal-linja) is both the Bus used for Public transport on the Mediterranean island of Malta, and also See also Timetable A public transport timetable is a listing of the times that public transport services arrive and depart specified locations Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines (or queues ' The man on the Clapham omnibus is a descriptive formulation of a reasonably educated and intelligent but non-specialist person — a Reasonable man, a hypothetical person against The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
Notes
- ^ Greater Manchester's Museum of Transport: Public Transport in Greater Manchester.
- ^ Internet site of Musée départemental Dobrée, Nantes, retrieved 18 August 2007
- ^ [1], American Public Transportation Association
- ^ General Motors and the Demise of Streetcars, Cliff Slater
- ^ "Green 'tribrid' minibus unveiled", BBC, 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
External links
- Bus type definitions
- Buses in Europe
- Bus versus Car saving calculator
- Bikes-on-board
- U.S. National Coalition of School Bus Safety
- Florida district to receive hybrid buses
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