35 selenium ← bromine → krypton Cl ↑ Br ↓ I Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	bromine, Br, 35
Chemical series	halogens
Group, Period, Block	17, 4, p
Appearance	gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster
Standard atomic weight	79.904(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 7
Physical properties
Phase	liquid
Density (near r.t.)	(Br2, liquid) 3. Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 1028  g·cm−3
Melting point	265. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 8 K (-7. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 2 °C, 19 °F)
Boiling point	332. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 0 K (58. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 8 °C, 137. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 8 °F)
Critical point	588 K, 10. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Physical chemistry, Thermodynamics, Chemistry and Condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 34 MPa
Heat of fusion	(Br2) 10. The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 571  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	(Br2) 29. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 96  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) (Br2) 75. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 69  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 185 201 220 244 276 332
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Oxidation states	5, 4,[1] 3,[2] 1, -1 (strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 96 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  1139. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 9  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  2103  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  3470  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	115  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	94  pm
Covalent radius	114  pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	nonmagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 7. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 8×1010  Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 0. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 122  W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound	(20 °C) ? 206 m/s
CAS registry number	7726-95-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of bromine iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 79Br 50. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Bromine ( Br)Standard atomic mass 79904(1 u Table Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 69% 79Br is stable with 44 neutrons 81Br 49. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 31% 81Br is stable with 46 neutrons
References

Bromine (pronounced /ˈbroʊmiːn/, /ˈbroʊmaɪn/, /ˈbroʊmɪn/, Greek: βρῶμος, brómos, meaning "stench (of he-goats)" ^[3]), is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at standard room temperature that is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Volatility in the context of Chemistry, Physics and Thermodynamics is a measure of the tendency of a substance to Vaporize. In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Bromine vapours are corrosive and toxic. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Approximately 730,000,000 kg was produced in 1993. ^[4] The main applications for bromine are in fire retardants and fine chemicals. A fire retardant is a substance that helps to delay or prevent Combustion.

History

Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists Antoine Balard and Carl Jacob Löwig in 1825 and 1826. Antoine Jérôme Balard (30 September 1802 - 30 April 1876 was a French Chemist and the discoverer of Bromine. Carl Jacob Löwig (17 March 1803 &ndash 27 March 1890 was a German chemist and discovered Bromine independently from Antoine Jérôme Balard.

Balard found bromide salts in the ash of sea weed from the salt marshes of Montpellier in 1826. A salt marsh is a type of Marsh that is a transitional intertidal between land and salty or Brackish water (e Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display The seaweed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine.

Carl Jacob Löwig working at the laboratory of Leopold Gmelin produced elemental bromine by reacting mineral salts, which contained bromides, with chlorine gas. Carl Jacob Löwig (17 March 1803 &ndash 27 March 1890 was a German chemist and discovered Bromine independently from Antoine Jérôme Balard. Leopold Gmelin (2 August 1788 &ndash 13 April 1853 was a German Chemist. The publication of the results was delayed and Balard published his results first.

Bromine was not produced in quantity until 1860. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The French chemist and physicist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac suggested the name bromine due to the characteristic smell of the vapors. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (also Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac, December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850) was a French chemist Some also suggest that it may have been discovered by Bernard Courtois, the man who discovered iodine. Bernard Courtois, also spelled Barnard Courtois, ( 12 February 1777 &ndash 27 September 1838) was a French Chemist ^[5]

Potassium bromide and sodium bromide were used as anticonvulsants and sedatives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, until it was gradually superseded by chloral hydrate and then the barbiturates. Potassium bromide ( K[[Bromine Br]] is a salt, widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a Salt with the formula Na[[bromine Br]] widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative Chloral hydrate is a Sedative and Hypnotic drug as well as a Chemical reagent and precursor Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system Depressants and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild Sedation

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of bromine

Bromine has 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50. Bromine ( Br)Standard atomic mass 79904(1 u Table 69%) and Br-81 (49. 31%). At least another 23^[6] isotopes are known to exist. Many of the bromine isotopes are fission products. Several of the heavier bromine isotopes from fission are delayed neutron emitters. All of the radioactive bromine isotopes are relatively short lived. The longest half life is the neutron deficient Br-77 at 2. 376 days. The longest half life on the neutron rich side is Br-82 at 1. 471 days. A number of the bromine isotopes exhibit metastable isomers. Stable Br-79 exhibits a radioactive isomer, with a half life of 4. 86 seconds. It decays by isomeric transition to the stable ground state.

Notable characteristics

Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature and one of only six elements on the periodic table that are liquid at or close to room temperature. Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the The pure chemical element has the physical form of a diatomic molecule, Br₂. Diatomic molecules are molecules made only of two Atoms of either the same or different Chemical elements The prefix di- means two in Greek It is a dense, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures to give a red vapor (its color resembles nitrogen dioxide) that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of chlorine. In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Bromine is a halogen, and is less reactive than chlorine and more reactive than iodine. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Bromine is slightly soluble in water, and highly soluble in carbon disulfide, aliphatic alcohols (such as methanol), and acetic acid. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as In Organic chemistry, compounds composed of Carbon and Hydrogen are divided into two classes Aromatic compounds which contain Benzene rings In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste It bonds easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Bromine, like chlorine, is also used in pool maintenance.

Certain bromine-related compounds have been evaluated to have an ozone depletion potential or bioaccumulate in living organisms. The ozone depletion potential ( ODP) of a Chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the Ozone layer it can cause with Trichlorofluoromethane As a result many industrial bromine compounds are no longer manufactured, are being restricted, or scheduled for phasing out.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound It reacts vigorously with metals, especially in the presence of water, as well as most organic compounds, especially upon illumination. Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of Chemistry, is the study of the interactions between Atoms, small Molecules, and light (or Electromagnetic radiation

Bromine has no known role in human health. Organobromine compounds do occur naturally, a famous example being Tyrian purple. Most organobromine compounds in nature arise via the action of vanadium bromoperoxidase. Vanadium bromoperoxidase is a Haloperoxidase, used to synthesize Halogenated organic compounds associated with defense and pygmentation in seaweeds and algai

Occurrence and production

See also Halide minerals.

World bromine production trend

The diatomic element Br₂ does not occur naturally. Instead, bromine exists exclusively as bromide salts in diffuse amounts in crustal rock. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Due to leaching, bromide salts have accumulated in sea water (85 ppm), but at a lower concentration than chloride. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly Bromine may be economically recovered from bromide-rich brine wells and from the Dead Sea waters (up to 50000 ppm). The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between

Approximately 500,000 metric tons (worth around US$350 million) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the United States and Israel being the primary producers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Bromine production has increased sixfold since the 1960s. The largest bromine reserve in the United States is located in Columbia and Union County, Arkansas, U. Columbia County is a County located in the US state of Arkansas. Union County is a County located in the US state of Arkansas. S. ^[7] Israel's bromine reserves are contained in the waters of the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between The bromide-rich brines are treated with chlorine gas, flushing through with air. In this treatment, bromide anions are oxidized to bromine by the chlorine gas.

2 Br⁻ + Cl₂ → 2 Cl⁻ + Br₂

Because of its commercial availability and long shelf-life, bromine is not typically prepared. Small amounts of bromine can however be generated through the reaction of solid sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a Salt with the formula Na[[bromine Br]] widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The first stage is formation of hydrogen bromide (HBr), which is a gas, but under the reaction conditions some of the HBr is oxidized further by the sulfuric acid to form bromine (Br₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Hydrogen bromide is the diatomic molecule H[[Bromine Br]] Under standard conditions HBr is a gas but it can be liquified

NaBr (s) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → HBr (aq) + NaHSO₄ (aq)

2 HBr (aq) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → Br₂ (g) + SO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O (l)

Similar alternatives, such as the use of dilute hydrochloric acid with sodium hypochlorite, are also available. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO The most important thing is that the anion of the acid (in the above examples, sulfate and chloride, respectively) be more electronegative than bromine, allowing the substitution reaction to occur. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons In a substitution reaction, a Functional group in a particular Chemical compound is replaced by another group

Compounds

See also: Category:Bromine compounds

Organic chemistry

Organic compounds are brominated by either addition or substitution reactions. An addition reaction, in Chemistry, is in its simplest terms an Organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one In a substitution reaction, a Functional group in a particular Chemical compound is replaced by another group Bromine undergoes electrophilic addition to the double-bonds of alkenes, via a cyclic bromonium intermediate. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon In non-aqueous solvents such as carbon disulfide, this affords the di-bromo product. For example, reaction with ethylene will produce 1,2-dibromoethane. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. Bromine also undergoes electrophilic addition to phenols and anilines. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N When used as bromine water, the corresponding bromohydrin is formed instead. The halohydrin formation reaction is a Chemical reaction in which a Halogen is added to an Alkene in Aqueous solution to form a Halohydrin So reliable is the reactivity of bromine that bromine water is employed as a reagent to test for the presence alkenes, phenols, and anilines. Like the other halogens, bromine participates in free radical reactions. A free radical reaction is any Chemical reaction involving Free radicals This reaction type is abundant in Organic reactions Two pioneering studies For example hydrocarbons are brominated upon treatment with bromine in the presence of light.

Bromine, sometimes with a catalytic amount of phosphorus, easily brominates carboxylic acids at the α-position. Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H This method, the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction, is the basis of the commercial route to bromoacetic acid. The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation reaction halogenates Carboxylic acids at the α Carbon.

N-Bromosuccinimide is commonly used as a substitute for elemental bromine, being easier to handle, and reacting more mildly and thus more selectively. N -Bromosuccinimide or NBS is a Chemical reagent which is used in Radical substitution and Electrophilic addition reactions

Organic bromides are often preferable relative to the less reactive chlorides and more expensive iodide-containing reagents. Thus, Grignard and organolithium compound are most often generated from the corresponding bromides. The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl -

Inorganic chemistry

Bromine is an oxidizer, and it will oxidize iodide ions to iodine, being itself reduced to bromide:

Br₂ + 2 I⁻ → 2 Br⁻ + I₂

Bromine will also oxidize metals and metaloids to the corresponding bromides. An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides Anhydrous bromine is less reactive toward many metals than hydrated bromine, however. As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. Dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminium, titanium, mercury as well as alkaline earths and alkali metals. WikipediaNaming Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling

Applications

A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from hydrogen bromide, which is obtained by burning hydrogen in bromine. Hydrogen bromide is the diatomic molecule H[[Bromine Br]] Under standard conditions HBr is a gas but it can be liquified Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 ^[4]

Illustrative of the addition reaction^[8] is the preparation of 1,2-Dibromoethane, the organobromine compound produced in the largest amounts:

C₂H₄ + Br₂ → CH₂BrCH₂Br

Ethylene bromide is an additive in gasolines containing lead anti-engine knocking agents. Knocking (also called knock, detonation or spark knock, pinking in UK English or pinging in US English in spark-ignition It scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine. This application has declined since the 1970s due to environmental regulations. Ethylene bromide is also used as a fumigant, but again this application is declining.

Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance. Brominated flame retardants are a group of Flame retardants that consist of organic compounds containing Bromine. Specific compound used produced for this purpose include tetrabromobisphenol A, decabromodiphenyl ether, and vinyl bromide. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA is a Brominated flame retardant. Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE deca-BDE DBDE deca decabromodiphenyl oxide DBDPO bis(pentabromophenyl ether is a Brominated flame retardant which belongs to the group Vinyl bromide is a simple Vinyl halide. It is soluble in Chloroform, Ethanol, Diethyl ether, Acetone and Benzene.

The bromides of calcium, sodium, and zinc account for a sizable part of the bromine market. These salts form dense solutions in water that are used as drilling fluids. Drilling a very deep hole is a very costly business The hole size is kept very small as the drilled depth increases because it is to cased and cemented after wards

Miscellaneous uses:

• Several dyes, agrichemicals, and pharmaceuticals are organobromine compounds. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane, 1-bromoethylbenzene, and 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by the antimarkovnikov addition of HBr to alkenes. In Chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule is an Observation based on Zaitsev's rule. Ethidium bromide, EtBr, is used as a DNA stain in gel electrophoresis. Ethidium bromide (sometimes abbreviated as "EtBr", the abbreviation also confusingly used for Bromoethane) is an intercalating agent Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known
• Bromine is also used in for the production of brominated vegetable oil, which is used as an emulsifier in many citrus-flavored soft drinks. Brominated vegetable oil (BVO is Vegetable oil that has had atoms of the element Bromine bonded to it An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or
• High refractive index compounds
• Water purification compounds, Disinfectants
• Potassium bromide is used in some photographic developers to inhibit the formation of fog (undesired reduction of silver). The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection.

Safety

Elemental bromine is toxic and causes burns. As an oxidizing agent, it is incompatible with most organic and inorganic compounds. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Care needs to taken when transporting bromine, it is commonly carried in steel tanks lined with lead, supported by strong metal frames.

When certain ionic compounds containing Bromine are mixed with Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), they will form a pale brown cloud of Bromine gas. This gas smells like bleach and is very irritating to the mucus membranes. This form of Bromine will appear to diffuse slowly, but it will suddenly disappear. Upon exposure, one should move to fresh air immediately. If symptoms arise, medical attention is needed.

References

1. ^ Bromine: bromine(IV) oxide compound data. WebElements. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
2. ^ Bromine: bromine(III) fluoride compound data. WebElements. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
3. ^ Gemoll W, Vretska K: Griechisch-Deutsches Schul- und Handwörterbuch ("Greek-German dictionary"), 9th ed. , published by öbvhpt, ISBN 3-209-00108-1
4. ^ ^{a b} Jack F. Mills "Bromine" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Wiley-VCH Verlag; Weinheim, 2002. DOI: 10. 1002/14356007. a04_391
5. ^ Bromine. vanderkrogt. net.
6. ^ GE Nuclear Energy (1989). Chart of the Nuclides, 14th Edition.  
7. ^ Bromine:An Important Arkansas Industry, Butler Center for Arkansas Studies
8. ^ N. A. Khan, F. E. Deatherage, and J. B. Brown (1963). "Stearolic Acid". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 4: 851.  

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Bromine

External links

• WebElements.com – Bromine
• Theodoregray.com – Bromine
• USGS Minerals Information: Bromine
• Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF)
• Thermal Conductivity of BROMINE
• Viscisity of BROMINE