Brigantes
Geography
Capital	Isurium Brigantum (Aldborough)
Location	Yorkshire (NR and WR) - Lancashire - North East - Nottinghamshire - Derbyshire - North & South East Cheshire - East Staffordshire
Origins (Likely)	1) Betanzos, Gallaecia, Spain 2) Briançon or Bregenz, Alps

The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of Northern England and a significant part of the Midlands. Isurium Brigantum was a Town in the Roman province of Britannia. Aldborough is a village in the Civil parish of Boroughbridge, part of the Borough of Harrogate in North Yorkshire, England The counties of the United Kingdom are a type of subnational division of historical origin by the Middle Ages they had become established as a unit of Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. The North Riding of Yorkshire was one of the three historic subdivisions of the English county of Yorkshire, alongside the East and West The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle For the principal settlement of this borough see Macclesfield. Congleton is a local government district and Borough in Cheshire, in North West England. Education The Staffordshire Moorlands ranks highly at GCSE level compared to many other districts in Staffordshire. Betanzos is a municipality in Galicia, Spain, in the Province of A Coruña. Gallaecia (comprising modern Galicia and Northern Portugal) has had human settlers since prehistoric times, dating back to the 30th Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Briançon ( Latin: Brigantium) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. This is a list of Celtic tribes and associated Celtic peoples with their geographical localization In Britain and Ireland the Iron Age lasted from about the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest and until the 5th century in non- Romanised Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. Their kingdom was known as Brigantia and it was centered in what is now known as Yorkshire, the Brigantes were the only Celtic tribe to have a presence in England and Ireland; in the latter of which they could be found around Wexford, Kilkenny and Waterford. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world County Wexford (Contae Loch Garman is a maritime county in the southeast of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. Kilkenny, ( is a city and county town of County Kilkenny in Ireland. County Waterford (Contae Phort Láirge is a County in the province of Munster on the south coast of Ireland. ^[1]

Within England the territory which the Brigantes dwelled was bordered by that of four other Celtic tribes in total; the Carvetii in the North-West (whom they may have been related to), the Parisii to the East and directly below them in the South was the Coritani and the Cornovii. The Carvetii were a people and Civitas of Roman Britain living in what is now Cumbria and North Lancashire in north-west England The Parisii were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled almost all of the area which is now known as the East Riding of Yorkshire. The Corieltauvi (formerly thought to be called the Coritani) were a tribe of people living in Britain prior to the Roman conquest, and thereafter a The Cornovii (perhaps meaning people of the horn) were a people of Iron Age and Roman Britain, who lived principally in the modern counties of North

Etymology

The name Brigantes (Βρίγαντες) is cognate to that of the goddess Brigantia. For other uses see Brigantia. Brigantia was a Goddess in Celtic ( Gallo-Roman and Romano-British) religion ^[2] The name is from a root meaning "high, elevated", and it is unclear whether settlements called Brigantium were so named as "high ones" in a metaphorical sense of nobility, or literally as "highlanders" or inhabitants of physically elevated fortifications. (IEW, s. The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ( IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative v. "bhereg'h-").

There are several ancient settlements named Brigantium around Europe: there was also a tribe called the Brigantes from what is modern day Betanzos, Spain falling within an area referred to as Celtic Gallaecia. The ancient Latin name Brigantium may refer to Betanzos, Galicia Spain Bregenz, Austria Briançon, France Betanzos is a municipality in Galicia, Spain, in the Province of A Coruña. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Gallaecia (comprising modern Galicia and Northern Portugal) has had human settlers since prehistoric times, dating back to the 30th Similarly the Brigantii from the Alps is another example, from settlements bearing the name Brigantium now known as Bregenz and Briançon. Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. Briançon ( Latin: Brigantium) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region ^[2][3]

The Old Italian word brigante, whence English brigand, occurs in medieval Latin in the 14th century n the forms brigancii, brigantii, brigantini, brigantes (OED). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The exact connection of the Italian term to the Celtic ethnonym is opaque. The Italian noun appears to derive from a verb brigare "to brawl, brabble", but the Latin forms show at least a secondary association with the Celtic tribe; during Roman times, the Brigantes were known as the most militant tribe in Britain,^[4]

History

Cartimandua, artistic depiction. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Cartimandua (or Cartismandua, ruled ca 43 - 69) whose name appears to contain the Indo-European element *mandu(a "pony"was a queen of the

Brigantian Theatrical mask. A mask is an artefact normally worn on the face typically for protection concealment performance or amusement

The origins of the Brigantes are obscure, however at least the leaders are thought to have been related to Continental European tribes, either the Brigantes of Celtic Gallaecia or the Brigantii of the Alps. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European Gallaecia (comprising modern Galicia and Northern Portugal) has had human settlers since prehistoric times, dating back to the 30th Once a confederation of smaller Iron Age tribes in Britain which had become one large one, the largest in all of Great Britain, smaller septs or pagi within Brigantia included; Gabrantovices of coastal North Yorkshire, Latenses of the Leeds area, Setantii in coastal Lancashire, the Lopocares and Textoverdi far north near where Hadrian's Wall would be built and the Carvetii of Cumbria who would actually gain autonomy by the time of the Roman conquest of Britain of 43 AD. The names of the Iron Age tribes in Britain were recorded by Roman and Greek historians and geographers especially Ptolemy, although information from coin See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands A sept is an English word for a division of a Family, especially a division of a clan. In the later Western Roman Empire, following the reorganization of Diocletian, a pagus (compare French pays, Spanish pago North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman The Carvetii were a people and Civitas of Roman Britain living in what is now Cumbria and North Lancashire in north-west England Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt.

In 47, the governor of Britain, Publius Ostorius Scapula, was forced to abandon his campaign against the Deceangli of North Wales because of "disaffection" among the Brigantes. Publius Ostorius Scapula (died 52 was a Roman statesman and general who governed Britain from 47 until his death and was responsible for the defeat and capture of The Deceangli or Deceangi were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Isles prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. A few of those who had taken up arms were killed and the rest were pardoned. ^[5] In 51, the defeated resistance leader Caratacus sought sanctuary with the Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, but she showed her loyalty to the Romans by handing him over in chains. Caratacus ( Brythonic *Caratācos, Greek Καράτακος; variants Latin Caractacus, Greek Καρτάκης Cartimandua (or Cartismandua, ruled ca 43 - 69) whose name appears to contain the Indo-European element *mandu(a "pony"was a queen of the ^[6]. She and her husband Venutius are described as loyal and "defended by Roman arms", but they later divorced, Venutius taking up arms first against his ex-wife, then her Roman protectors. Venutius was a 1st century king of the Brigantes in northern Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. During the governorship of Aulus Didius Gallus (52-57) he gathered an army and invaded her kingdom. Aulus Didius Gallus was a Roman general and politician of the 1st century AD The Romans sent troops to defend Cartimandua and Venutius's rebellion was defeated after fierce fighting. ^[7] After the divorce, Cartimandua married Venutius's armour-bearer, Vellocatus, and raised him to the kingship. Vellocatus was a 1st century king of the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain. Venutius staged another rebellion in 69, taking advantage of Roman instability in the Year of four emperors. The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession This time the Romans were only able to send auxiliaries, who succeeded in evacuating Cartimandua but left Venutius in possession of the kingdom. Auxiliaries (from Latin: auxilia = "supports" formed the standing non-citizen corps of the Roman army of the Principate (30 BC&ndash284 AD ^[8]

After the accession of Vespasian, Quintus Petillius Cerialis was appointed governor of Britain and the conquest of the Brigantes was begun. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian ( November 17 9 &ndash June 23 79) was a Roman Emperor who Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born ca 30 was a Roman general ^[9] It seems to have taken many decades to complete. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (governor 78-84) appears to have engaged in warfare in Brigantian territory. Gnaeus Julius Agricola ( June 13, 40 &ndash August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of ^[10] The Roman poet Juvenal, writing in the early 2nd century, depicts a Roman father urging his son to win glory by destroying the forts of the Brigantes. ^[11] It is possible that one of the purposes of Hadrian's Wall (begun in 122) was to keep the Brigantes from making discourse with the tribes in what is now the lowlands of Scotland on the other side. Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161) is said by Pausanias to have defeated them after they began an unprovoked war against Roman allies,^[12] perhaps as part of the campaign that led to the building of the Antonine Wall (142-144). Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf Fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the Central belt of Scotland

Tacitus, in a speech put into the mouth of the Caledonian leader Calgacus, refers to the Brigantes, "under a woman's leadership", almost defeating the Romans. The Caledonians ( Latin: Caledonii) or Caledonian Confederacy, is a name given by historians to a group of the Indigenous Calgacus (sometimes Calgacos or Galgacus) was the leader of the Caledonian Confederacy who fought the Roman army of Gnaeus Julius Agricola ^[13] This appears to be a reference to Boudica of the Iceni, attributed to the Brigantes in error. Boudica (also spelled Boudicca, formerly known as Boadicea, and known in Welsh culture and legends as "Buddug" (d The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic Tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk The Brigantes are attested in Ireland as well as Britain in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. ^[14]

Settlements

Ptolemy named nine principal poleis or towns belonging to the Brigantes, these were;

Other settlements known in Brigantian territory include:

• Bremetenacum Veteranorum (Ribchester, Lancashire)
• Calcaria (Tadcaster, North Yorkshire) - mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary and the Ravenna Cosmography
• Luguvalium (Carlisle, Cumbria) - probably a settlement of the Carvetii
• Coria (Corbridge, Northumberland) - perhaps a settlement of the Lopocares

References

Further reading

• Branigan, Keith (1980). Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. Rome and the Brigantes: the impact of Rome on northern England. University of Sheffield. The University of Sheffield is a research University, located in Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. ISBN 0906090040.  
• Hartley, Brian (1988). The Brigantes. Sutton. ISBN 0862995477.  

External links

• Brigantes Nation
• Brigantes at Roman-Britain.org
• Brigantes at Romans in Britain