Bosnian War/War in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
The parliament building burns after being hit by artillery fire in Sarajevo May 1992. The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with ; Ratko Mladić with Bosnian Serb soldiers; a Norwegian UN soldier in Sarajevo. Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian Photos by Mikhail Evstafiev
Date April 1, 1992 – December 14, 1995 Location Bosnia and Herzegovina Result Dayton Accords
Belligerents
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia  Croatia	Republika Srpska  Yugoslavia
Commanders
Alija Izetbegović (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer Halilović (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim Delić (Army chief of Staff 1993-1995)	Franjo Tuđman (President of Croatia) Mate Boban (President of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia) Milivoj Petković (HVO Chief of staff) Dario Kordić (political leader of Croats in Central Bosnia)	Slobodan Milošević(President of Serbia) (1989-1997) Radovan Karadžić (President of the Republika Srpska) Ratko Mladić (Commander of the Army of Republika Srpska)
Strength
~100 tanks 250,000 infantry	~200 tanks ~70,000 infantry	750 tanks 120,000 infantry
Casualties and losses
31,270 soldiers killed 32,723 civilians killed	6,439 soldiers killed 1,899 civilians killed	20,649 soldiers killed 3,555 civilians killed

The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state Alija Izetbegović (8 August 1925 &ndash 19 October 2003 was a Bosniak activist Lawyer, Author, Philosopher and Politician, who The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine/Предсједништво Босне и Херцеговине) is the Head of state Sefer Halilović (born January 6, 1952) is a former General and commading officer of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Rasim Delić (born on February 4, 1949 in Čelić, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia) is a former Chief of Staff of Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament Mate Boban ( 1940 - July 7, 1997) was a Herzegovian Croat politician and leader of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Milivoj Petković (* 1949) is a Bosnian-Croat army officer who is among six defendants charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY HVO may refer to Croatian Defence Council Hydrogenated vegetable oil Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, a unit of the Dario Kordić is a former Bosnian Croat politician and military commander of the HVO forces between 1992 and 1994 Radovan Karadžić (Радован Караџић râdovaːn kâraʤiʨ born in Petnjica, SR Montenegro, SFR Yugoslavia) is a former Bosnian Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The war involved several sides. According to numerous ICTY judgments the conflict involved Bosnia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro) ^[1] as well as Croatia. The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between ^[2] According to ICJ judgment, Serbia gave military and financial support to Serb forces which consisted of the Yugoslav People's Army (later Army of Serbia and Montenegro), the Army of Republika Srpska, the Serbian Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of the Interior of Republika Srpska and Serb Territorial Defense Forces. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska The Military of Serbia and Montenegro, or VSCG was the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro (Војска Србије и Црне Горе - ВСЦГ which included The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska Croatia gave military support to Croat forces of self-proclaimed Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of Bosnian government forces were led by the Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH; Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine) was a military force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ^[3] These factions changed objectives and allegiances several times at various stages of the war.

Because the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a consequence of the instability in the wider region of the former Yugoslavia, and due to the involvement of neighboring countries Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro, there was long-standing debate as to whether the conflict was a civil war or a war of aggression. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state A war of aggression is a Military conflict waged in the absence of "a necessity of self-defense instant overwhelming leaving no choice of means and no moment of deliberation Most Bosniaks and many Croats claimed that the war was a war of Serbian and Croatian aggression, while Serbs often considered it a civil war. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, A trial took place before the International Court of Justice, following a 1993 suit by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro alleging genocide (see Bosnian genocide case at the International Court of Justice). See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling of 26 February 2007 effectively determined the war's nature to be international, though exonerating Serbia of responsibility for the genocide committed by Serb forces of Republika Srpska. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska The ICJ concluded, however, that Serbia failed to prevent genocide committed by Serb forces and failed to punish those who carried out the genocide, especially general Ratko Mladić, and bring them to justice. Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian

Despite the evidence of widespread killings, the siege of towns, mass rape, ethnic cleansing and torture in camps and detention centers conducted by different Serb forces including JNA (VJ), especially in Prijedor, Zvornik, Banja Luka and Foča, the judges ruled that the criteria for genocide with the specific intent (dolus specialis) to destroy Bosnian Muslims were met only in Srebrenica or Eastern Bosnia in 1995. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Prijedor ( Serbian Cyrillic: Приједор is a second largest town and municipality in RS. Zvornik ( Cyrillic: Зворник is a city on the Drina river in northeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka or Banjaluka ( Cyrillic: Бања Лука ˌbaɲaˈluːka is the capital and the largest The Foča massacres were a series of killings committed by Serb Military, Police and Paramilitary forces on Bosniak Civilians C D E The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica ^[4] The court concluded that the crimes committed during the 1992-1995 war, may amount to crimes against humanity according to the international law, but that these acts did not, in themselves, constitute genocide per se. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of ^[5] The Court further decided that, following Montenegro's declaration of independence in May 2006, Serbia was the only respondent party in the case, but that "any responsibility for past events involved at the relevant time the composite State of Serbia and Montenegro". ^[6]

The involvement of NATO, during the 1995 Operation Deliberate Force against the positions of the Army of Republika Srpska internationalized the conflict, but only in its final stages. The North Atlantic Treaty The 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (code-named by NATO Operation Deliberate Force) was a sustained air campaign conducted by the The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske

The war was brought to an end after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Paris on 14 December 1995. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 ^[7] Peace negotiations were held in Dayton, Ohio, and were finalized on 21 December 1995. Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The accords are known as the Dayton Agreement. The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol

While wartime figures were propagandized to reflect current political interests of involved parties, the most recent research places the number of victims at around 100,000–110,000 killed (civilians and military), and 1. 8 million displaced (see Casualties). ^[8][9][10] Recent research have shown that most of the 97,207 documented casualties (soldiers and civilians) during Bosnian War were Bosniaks (65%), with Serbs in second (25%) and Croats (8%) in third place. ^[11] However, 83 percent of civilian victims were Bosniaks, 10 percent were Serbs and more than 5 percent were Croats, followed by a small number of others such as Albanians or Romani people. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The percentage of Bosniak victims would be higher had survivors of Srebrenica not reported 1,800 of their loved-ones as soldiers to access social services and other government benefits. The total figure of dead could rise by a maximum of another 10,000 for the entire country due to ongoing research. ^{[12] [13] [14] [15]}

According to a detailed 1995 report about the war made by the Central Intelligence Agency, 90% of the war crimes of the Bosnian War were committed by Serbs. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all ^[16]

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Main article: Breakup of Yugoslavia

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina came about as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian In 1989 Slobodan Milošević became President of Serbia (later indicted by the ICTY of the war crimes including genocide in Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo). The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Crisis emerged in Yugoslavia with the weakening of the Communist system at the end of the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the In Yugoslavia, the national Communist party, officially called Alliance or League of Communists of Yugoslavia, was losing its ideological potency, while the nationalist and separatist ideologies were on the rise in the late 1980s. League of Communists of Yugoslavia ( Savez komunista Jugoslavije) before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Komunistička partija Jugoslavije) was The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy This was particularly noticeable in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to a lesser extent in Slovenia and Macedonia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( Macedonian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was

In March 1989, the crisis in Yugoslavia deepened after adoption of amendments to the Serbian constitution which allowed the Serbian republic's government to impose effective power over the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Until that point, their decision-making had been independent. Each also had a vote on the Yugoslav federal level. Serbia, under president Slobodan Milošević, thus gained control over three out of eight votes in the Yugoslav presidency. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: With additional votes from Montenegro, Serbia was thus able to heavily influence decisions of the federal government. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! This situation led to objections in other republics and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.

At the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, on 20 January 1990, the delegations of the republics could not agree on the main issues in the Yugoslav federation. As a result, the Slovenian and Croatian delegates left the Congress. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Slovenian delegation, headed by Milan Kučan demanded democratic changes and a looser federation, while the Serbian delegation, headed by Milošević, opposed this. Milan Kučan (born in Križevci, Slovenia, then a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on January 14, 1941) is a Slovene This is considered the beginning of the end of Yugoslavia. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian

Moreover, nationalist parties attained power in other republics. Among them, the Croatian Franjo Tuđman's Croatian Democratic Union was the most prominent. Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica HDZ is the main Center-right Political party in Croatia. On December 22, 1990, the Parliament of Croatia adopted the new Constitution, taking away some of the rights from the Serbs granted by the previous Socialist constitution. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution This created ground for nationalist action among the indigenous Serbs of Croatia. Furthermore, Slovenia and Croatia shortly after began the process towards independence, which led to a short armed conflict in Slovenia, and all-out war in Croatia, in the areas that had a substantial Serb population. The Ten-Day War (Desetdnevna vojna sometimes called the Slovenian Independence War (Slovenska osamosvojitvena vojna was a brief military conflict between Slovenia The Croatian War of Independence was a War in Croatia from 1991 to 1995

Karađorđevo agreement

Main article: Karađorđevo agreement

Secret discussions between Franjo Tuđman and Slobodan Milošević on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Serbia and Croatia were held as early as March 1991 known as Karađorđevo agreement. Karađorđevo meeting was an meeting between Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to redistribute Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Karađorđevo meeting was an meeting between Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to redistribute Following the declaration of independence of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs attacked different parts of the country. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising The state administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina effectively ceased to function having lost control over the entire territory. The Serbs wanted all lands where Serbs had a majority, eastern and western Bosnia. The Croats and their leader Franjo Tuđman also aimed at securing parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Croatian. Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament The policies of the Republic of Croatia and its leader Franjo Tuđman towards Bosnia and Herzegovina were never totally transparent and always included Franjo Tuđman’s ultimate aim of expanding Croatia’s borders. Bosnian Muslims, the only ethnic group loyal to the Bosnian government, were an easy target, because the Bosnian government forces were poorly equipped and unprepared for the war. ^[17]

The pre-war situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ethnic map based on the 1991 census. The 1991 Bosnia and Herzegovina Population Census was the last Census of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina taken before the Bosnian War. The different colors show absolute majority in every settlement:      Serbs      Bosniaks      Croats      others      unknown or uninhabited      no majority

The distribution of the three main ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991 by municipalities. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Bosnian Serbs are shown in red, Bosniaks in green, and Bosnian Croats in blue. The post-Dayton Inter-Entity Boundary Line is shown in white.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has historically been a multi-ethnic state. In 1990, its population included approximately 43% of Bosniaks, 31% of Serbs, and 17% of Croats. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries

On the first multi-party elections that took place in November 1990 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the three largest ethnic parties in the country won: the Bosniak Party of Democratic Action, the Serbian Democratic Party and the Croatian Democratic Union. The Party of Democratic Action ( Bosnian: Stranka Demokratske Akcije) is a Bosniak national Political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Serbian Democratic Party ( Serbian: Српска демократска Странка Srpska Demokratska Stranka, СДС SDS) is a Republika The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica HDZ is the main Center-right Political party in Croatia. .

Parties divided the power along the ethnic lines so that the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a Bosniak, president of the Parliament was a Serb and the prime minister a Croat. Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Serbo-Croat: Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina/Социјалистичка Pепублика Босна и Херцеговина Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries

Establishment of the "Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"

The Serb members of parliament, consisting mainly of the Serb Democratic Party members, but also including some other party representatives (which would form the "Independent Members of Parliament Caucus"), abandoned the central parliament in Sarajevo, and formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina on October 24, 1991, which marked the end of the tri-ethnic coalition that governed after the elections in 1990. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Serbian Democratic Party ( Serbian: Српска демократска Странка Srpska Demokratska Stranka, СДС SDS) is a Republika Independent Members of Parliament Caucus (IMPC was a group of members of the National Assembly of the Republika Srpska from 1992-1996 lead by Milorad Dodik, which The National Assembly of the Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Народна скупштина Републике Српске / Narodna skupština Republike Srpske) is Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. This Assembly established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on January 9, 1992, which became Republika Srpska in August 1992. Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska The official aim of this act, stated in the original text of the Constitution of Republika Srpska, later amended, was to preserve the Yugoslav federation. The Constitution of Republika Srpska is the chief legal act of Republika Srpska, an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Establishment of the "Croat Community of Herzeg-Bosnia"

The objectives of nationalists from Croatia were shared by Croat nationalists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan ^[18] The ruling party in the Republic of Croatia, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), organized and controlled the branch of the party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica HDZ is the main Center-right Political party in Croatia. By the latter part of 1991, the more extreme elements of the party, under the leadership of Mate Boban, Dario Kordić, Jadranko Prlić, Ignac Koštroman and local leaders such as Anto Valenta^[18], and with the support of Franjo Tuđman and Gojko Šušak, had taken effective control of the party. Mate Boban ( 1940 - July 7, 1997) was a Herzegovian Croat politician and leader of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Dario Kordić is a former Bosnian Croat politician and military commander of the HVO forces between 1992 and 1994 Jadranko Prlić (born 1959) is a Bosnian-Croat politician who is among six defendants charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament Gojko Šušak ( 16 April, 1945 &ndash 3 May, 1998) was a Croatian nationalist politician Minister of Defence from 1991 to 1998 On November 18, 1991, the party branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina, proclaimed the existence of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole," on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of ^[19]

Independence referendum in Bosnia and Herzegovina

After Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina organized a referendum on independence as well. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The decision of the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on holding the referendum was taken after the majority of Serb members had left the assembly in protest. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia,

These Bosnian Serb assembly members invited the Serb population to boycott the referendum held on February 29 and March 1, 1992. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The turnout in the referendum was 67% and the vote was 99. 43% in favor of independence. ^[20] Independence was declared on March 5, 1992 by the parliament. The referendum were utilized by the Serb political leadership as a reason to start road blockades in protest.

Cutileiro-Carrington Plan

The Carrington-Cutileiro plan, named for its creators Lord Peter Carrington and Portuguese Ambassador José Cutileiro, resulted from the EEC-hosted conference held in September 1991 in an attempt to prevent Bosnia and Herzegovina sliding into war. Peter Alexander Rupert Carington 6th Baron Carrington and Baron Carington of Upton It proposed ethnic power-sharing on all administrative levels and the devolution of central government to local ethnic communities. However, all Bosnia and Herzegovina's districts would be classified as Bosniak, Serb or Croat under the plan, even where ethnic majority was not evident. Initially the plan was accepted by all three sides but eventually President Alija Izetbegović decided not to accept ethnic division of the country and withdrew his consent. Alija Izetbegović (8 August 1925 &ndash 19 October 2003 was a Bosniak activist Lawyer, Author, Philosopher and Politician, who

Arms embargo

On September 25, 1991 the United Nations Security Council passed UNSC Resolution 713 imposing an arms embargo on all of former Yugoslavia. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The embargo hurt the Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina the most because Serbia inherited the lion's share of the former JNA arsenal and the Croatian army could smuggle weapons through its coast. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Over 55% of the armories and barracks of the former Yugoslavia were located in Bosnia owing to its mountainous terrain, in anticipation of a guerrilla war, but many of those factories were under Serbian control (such as the UNIS PRETIS factory in Vogošća), and others were inoperable due to a lack of electricity and raw materials. Vogošća ( Cyrillic: Вогошћа is a secondary suburb and municipality of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located about 6 kilometers The Bosnian government lobbied to have the embargo lifted but that was opposed by the United Kingdom, France and Russia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending US proposals to pursue this policy were known as lift and strike. Lift and strike was the name of a proposal made by the administration of United States President Bill Clinton in 1993, which sought The US congress passed two resolutions calling for the embargo to be lifted but both were vetoed by President Bill Clinton for fear of creating a rift between the US and the aforementioned countries. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Nonetheless, the United States used both "black" C-130 transports and back channels including Islamist groups to smuggle weapons to the Bosnian government forces via Croatia. A Black Operation or Black Op is a Covert operation typically involving activities that are highly Secret due to questionable Ethics and In telecommunications A back-channel (also reverse channel or return channel) is typically a low-speed or less-than-optimal transmission channel Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only ^[21]

The war

General information

Alija Izetbegović during his visit to the United States in 1997. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) officially left Bosnia and Herzegovina on May 12, 1992 shortly after independence was declared in April 1992. The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) However, most of the command chain, weaponry, and higher ranked military personnel, including general Ratko Mladić, remained in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Army of Republika Srpska. Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske The Croats organized a defensive military formation of their own called the Croatian Defense Council (Hrvatsko Vijeće Obrane, HVO) as the armed forces of the self-proclaimed Herzeg-Bosnia. The Croatian Council of Defence (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane HVO) was the main military formation of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia during the Bosnian The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of The Bosniaks mostly organized into the Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, Armija RBiH). The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH; Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine) was a military force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina This army had a number of non-Bosniaks (around 25%), especially in the 1st Corps in Sarajevo. The deputy commander of the Bosnian Army's Headquarters, was general Jovan Divjak, the highest ranking ethnic Serb in the Bosnian Army. Jovan Divjak ( Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Дивјак (Born March 11, 1937 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was a general General Stjepan Šiber, an ethnic Croat was the second deputy commander. President Izetbegović also appointed colonel Blaž Kraljević, commander of the Croatian Defence Forces in Herzegovina, to be a member of Bosnian Army's Headquarters, seven days before his assassination, in order to assemble multi-ethnic pro-Bosnian defence front. Alija Izetbegović (8 August 1925 &ndash 19 October 2003 was a Bosniak activist Lawyer, Author, Philosopher and Politician, who Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Blaž Kraljević ( September 17, 1947 - August 9, 1992) was a Bosnian Croat paramilitary leader during the first few months of the The Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage or HOS) was one of the first armed forces assembled by the Croats during the Croatian War of Independence Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally ^[22]

Various paramilitary units were operating in Bosnian war: the Serb "White Eagles" (Beli Orlovi), Arkan's "Tigers", "Serbian Volunteer Guard" (Srpska Dobrovoljačka Garda), Bosniak "Patriotic League" (Patriotska Liga) and "Green Berets" (Zelene Beretke), and Croatian "Croatian Defense Forces" (Hrvatske Obrambene Snage), etc. For the other Serbian military group named White Eagles, see White Eagles (anticommunist. For the other Serbian military group named White Eagles, see White Eagles (anticommunist. Željko Ražnatović (ˈʑěʎko raˈʑnâtovitɕ Serbian cyrillic: Жељко Ражнатовић widely known as Arkan (Аркан (April 17 1952 The Serb Volunteer Guard - SDG ( Српска добровољачка гарда/Srpska dobrovoljačka garda) was a Volunteer Paramilitary unit The Patriotic League was the first military unit of Bosnia formed after the Bosnian Territorial Defense Forces were gained by the SDS party The green beret is the official Headgear as part of the uniform of several military forces The Serb and Croat paramilitaries involved volunteers from Serbia and Croatia, and were supported by nationalist political parties in those countries. Allegations exist about the involvement of the Serbian and Croatian secret police in the conflict. Forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina were divided in 5 corps'. 1st Corps operated at the region of Sarajevo and Gorazde while a stronger 5th Corps was positioned in the western Bosanska Krajina pocket which cooperated with the HVO units in and around the city of Bihac. Bosanska Krajina or Bosnian Frontier ( Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian: Bosanska Krajina or Босанска Крајина Turkish Bihać is a town and municipality on the Una River in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, center of the Una-Sana Canton of the The Serbs received support from Christian Slavic fighters from countries including Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Greek volunteers are also reported to have taken part in the Srebrenica Massacre, with the Greek flag being hoisted in Srebrenica when the town fell to the Serbs. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica The Flag of Greece ( Σημαία της Ελλάδος, popularly referred to as the Γαλανόλευκη or the Κυανόλευκη ^[23]

Russian soldier and politician Dmitry Rogozin discussing the role of Russian volunteers with Bosnian Serb Army leader Ratko Mladić in besieged Sarajevo, January 1996

The Bosniaks received support from Islamic groups commonly known as "holy warriors" (Mujahideen). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin or Dmitri Rogozin (Дмитрий Олегович Рогозин (born 21 December 1963 in Moscow) is a Russian politician The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or There were also several hundred Iranian Revolutionary Guards assisting the Bosnian government during the war. The Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution ( Sepáh e Pásdárán e Enqeláb e Eslámi) is an ideologically motivated branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran's ^[24]

Initially the Serb forces attacked the non-Serb civilian population in Eastern Bosnia. Once towns and villages were securely in their hands, the Serb forces - military, police, the paramilitaries and, sometimes, even Serb villagers – applied the same pattern: Bosniak houses and apartments were systematically ransacked or burnt down, Bosniak civilians were rounded up or captured, and sometimes beaten or killed in the process. Men and women were separated, with many of the men detained in the camps. The women were kept in various detention centres where they had to live in intolerably unhygienic conditions, where they were mistreated in many ways including being raped repeatedly. Serb soldiers or policemen would come to these detention centres, select one or more women, take them out and rape them. ^[25] The Serbs had the upper hand due to heavier weaponry (despite less manpower) that was given to them by the Yugoslav People's Army and established control over most areas where Serbs had relative majority but also in areas where they were a significant minority in both rural and urban regions excluding the larger towns of Sarajevo and Mostar. Demographics 1971 Croats - 37782 (396% Bosniaks ( ie Bosnian Muslims - 33645 (36 The Serb military and political leaders, from ICTY received the most accusations of war crimes many of which have been confirmed after the war in ICTY trials. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied

Most of the capital Sarajevo was predominantly held by the Bosniaks although the official Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina government continued to function in its relative multiethnic capacity. TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with In the 44 months of the siege, the terror against Sarajevo and its residents varied in its intensity, but the purpose remained the same: to inflict the greatest possible suffering on the civilians in order to force the Bosnian authorities to accept the Serb demands. ^[26] The Army of Republika Srpska surrounded it (alternatively, the Serb forces situated themselves in the areas surrounding Sarajevo the so-called Ring around Sarajevo), deploying troops and artillery in the surrounding hills in what would become the longest siege in the history of modern warfare lasting nearly 4 years. The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske See Siege of Sarajevo. The Siege of Sarajevo was conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed to the

Numerous cease-fire agreements were signed, and breached again when one of the sides felt it was to their advantage. The United Nations repeatedly, but unsuccessfully attempted to stop the war and the much-touted Vance-Owen Peace Plan made little impact. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Four major peace plans were offered before and during the Bosnian-Herzegovina War, commonly known as the Bosnian War, by European Community (EC and

Chronology

1992

fronts of bosnian war

The first casualty in Bosnia is a point of contention between Serbs and Bosniaks. Serbs consider Nikola Gardović, a groom's father who was killed at a Serb wedding procession on the second day of the referendum, on March 1, 1992 in Sarajevo's old town Baščaršija, to be the first victim of the war. Baščaršija (Başçarşı is considered to be the main street of Sarajevo and one of its most important landmarks Bosniaks and Croats meanwhile consider the first casualties of the war before the independence to be Croat civilians massacred by the Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed in Army of Republika Srpska and Army of Serbia and Montenegro) in Ravno village located in Herzegovina on September 30, 1991 during the course of its siege of the city of Dubrovnik (which was on the territory of Croatia itself). The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske The Military of Serbia and Montenegro, or VSCG was the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro (Војска Србије и Црне Горе - ВСЦГ which included Ravno is a town and the seat of its municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||} Dubrovnik (ˈdǔbro̞ːʋniːk Dalmatian: Ragusa; Latin: Ragusium, also Rhausium, Rhaugia; Bosniaks also consider the first individual casualty of the war after the independence of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to be Suada Dilberović, who was shot during a peace march by unidentified gunmen on April 5 from a Serb sniper nest in a Holiday Inn hotel. Suada Dilberović ( May 24, 1968 - April 5, 1992) was a Bosnian medical student at the University of Sarajevo who became

On September 19, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) moved some extra troops to the area around the city of Mostar, which was publicly protested by the local government. Demographics 1971 Croats - 37782 (396% Bosniaks ( ie Bosnian Muslims - 33645 (36 On October 13, 1991 future president of Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadžić expressed his view about future of Bosnia and Bosnian Muslims: "In just a couple of days, Sarajevo will be gone and there will be five hundred thousand dead, in one month Muslims will be annihilated in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Radovan Karadžić (Радован Караџић râdovaːn kâraʤiʨ born in Petnjica, SR Montenegro, SFR Yugoslavia) is a former Bosnian ^[27]

fall of posavina

Vedran Smailovic playing in the destroyed building of the National Library in Sarajevo, 1992. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev

Manjača camp detainees in 1992

During the months of March-April-May 1992 fierce attacks raged in eastern Bosnia as well as the northwestern part of the country. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Evstafiev ( Russian: Михаил Александрович Евстафьев born in 1963 is a Russian Artist, Photographer Manjača camp (pronounced Mañacha) was a detention camp (also referred to as Prison and Concentration camp) on mountain Manjača near the In March attacks by the SDS leaders, together with field officers of the Second Military Command of former JNA, were conducted in eastern part of the country with the objective to take strategically relevant positions and carry out a communication and information blockade. Attacks carried out resulted in a large number of dead and wounded civilians. ^[28]

JNA under control of Serbia was able to take over 70% of the country during these months. Much of this is due to the fact that they were much better armed and organized than the Bosniak and Bosnian Croat forces. Attacks also included areas of mixed ethnic composition. Doboj, Foča, Rogatica, Vlasenica, Bratunac, Zvornik, Prijedor, Sanski Most, Kljuc, Brcko, Derventa, Modrica, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi,Glamoc, Bosanski Petrovac, Cajnice, Bijeljina, Višegrad, and parts of Sarajevo are all areas where Serbs established control and expelled Bosniaks and Croats. Doboj ( Serbian Cyrillic: Добој is a city and a Municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, situated on the river Foča ( Cyrillic: Фоча is a town and municipality in southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Drina river in the Foča Region region Rogatica ( Cyrillic: Рогатица is a municipality and town in eastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, located 60 kilometres east of Vlasenica ( Cyrillic: Власеница is a municipality and town in the northeastern part of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bratunac ( Cyrillic: Братунац is a town and municipality located in eastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Zvornik ( Cyrillic: Зворник is a city on the Drina river in northeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Prijedor ( Serbian Cyrillic: Приједор is a second largest town and municipality in RS. Sanski Most is a town and municipality in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ključ is a town and municipality by the same name in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Derventa ( Cyrillic: Дервента is a town and municipality in the northern part of entity Republika Srpska which is part of Bosnia and Herzegovina Modriča ( Cyrillic: Модрича is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosanska Krupa is a town and municipality in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the Una river Bosanski Brod ( Serbian: Босански Брод or Bosanski Brod; Bosnian: Bosanski Brod; Croatian: Bosanski Brod Bosanski Novi previously known as Bosanski Novi is a town and municipality in northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity Bosnia and Herzegovina Glamoč ( Serbian Cyrillic: Гламоч is a town and municipality of the same name in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosanski Petrovac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Босански Петровац is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Čajniče ( Cyrillic: Чајниче is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bijeljina ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бијељина is a city and municipality in northeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Višegrad ( Cyrillic: Вишеград is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, the eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Also areas in which were more ethnically homogeneous and were spared from major fighting such as Banja Luka, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bileca, Gacko, Han Pijesak, Kalinovik, Nevesinje, Trebinje, Rudo saw their non-Serb populations expelled. Banja Luka or Banjaluka ( Cyrillic: Бања Лука ˌbaɲaˈluːka is the capital and the largest Bosanska Dubica ( Cyrillic: Босанска Дубица or Kozarska Dubica ( Cyrillic: Козарска Дубица is a town and municipality located Gradiška ( Cyrillic: Градишка is a town and municipality in northwestern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bileća ( Serbian Cyrillic: Билећа is a town and municipality in the southeast of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Gacko ( Cyrillic: Гацко is a town and municipality by the same name in southeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Han Pijesak ( Cyrillic: Хан Пијесак is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kalinovik ( Cyrillic: Калиновик is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nevesinje ( Cyrillic: Невесиње is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in eastern Herzegovina between Mostar Trebinje ( Cyrillic: Требиње is the Southern most Municipality and Town in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Rudo ( Cyrillic: Рудо, Ottoman Turkish Sokul or Sokullu) is a town and municipality in eastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Similarly, the regions of central Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo, Zenica, Maglaj, Zavidovici, Bugojno, Mostar, Konjic, etc. TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Zenica ( Cyrillic: Зеница is an industrial city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Maglaj is a town and municipality in Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is situated in the northern part of Bosnia-Herzegovina, in the Zenica-Doboj canton Zavidovići is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Doboj and Zenica on the confluence of rivers Bosna, Bugojno (Cyrillic Бугојно is a town and municipality of the same name in central Bosnia and Herzegovina on the river Vrbas. Demographics 1971 Croats - 37782 (396% Bosniaks ( ie Bosnian Muslims - 33645 (36 Konjic is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in northern Hercegovina, around 50 kilometres south-west of Sarajevo. ) saw the flight of its Serb population, migrating to the Serb-held areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In June 1992, the United Nations Protection Force which had originally been deployed in Croatia had its mandate extended into Bosnia and Herzegovina, initially to protect the Sarajevo International Airport. The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR, was the first UN peacekeeping force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Sarajevo International Airport, also known as Butmir Airport, is the main International airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located just a few kilometers In September, the role of the UNPROFOR was expanded in order to protect humanitarian aid and assist in the delivery of the relief in the whole Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as aid in the protection of civilian refugees when required by the Red Cross. "ICRC" redirects here For other uses see ICRC (disambiguation.

Gornji Vakuf and Novi Travnik were initially attacked by Croats on June 20, 1992, but the attack failed. Novi Travnik ( English translation "New Travnik " is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located south of Travnik Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Graz agreement caused deep division inside the Croat community and strengthened the separation group, which led to the conflict with Bosniaks. The Graz agreement was a military pact signed between Serb and Croat leaders in Bosnia and Herzegovina Radovan Karadžić and Mate Boban One of the primary pro-union Croat leaders, Blaž Kraljević (leader of the HOS armed group) was killed by HVO soldiers in August 1992, which severely weakened the moderate group who hoped to keep the Bosniak-Croat alliance alive^[29]. Blaž Kraljević ( September 17, 1947 - August 9, 1992) was a Bosnian Croat paramilitary leader during the first few months of the The Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage or HOS) was one of the first armed forces assembled by the Croats during the Croatian War of Independence

In October of 1992 the Serbs captured the town of Jajce and expelled the Croat and Bosniak population. Jajce is a town and municipality located in the central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The fall of the town was largely due to a lack of Bosniak-Croat cooperation and rising tensions, especially over the previous four months.

1993

Vance-Owen Peace Plan
Serb - red
Croat - blue
Bosniak - green
Split control - white

On January 8, 1993 the Serbs killed the deputy prime minister of Bosnia Hakija Turajlić after stopping the UN convoy which was taking him from the airport. Four major peace plans were offered before and during the Bosnian-Herzegovina War, commonly known as the Bosnian War, by European Community (EC and Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Hakija Turajlić ( 1937 - January 8, 1993) was a Bosnian politician and businessman who served as the deputy Prime Minister of Bosnia and On May 15-16 96% of Serbs voted to reject the Vance-Owen plan. After the failure of the Vance-Owen peace plan, which practically intended to divide the country into three ethnic parts, an armed conflict sprung between Bosniaks and Croats over the 30 percent of Bosnia they held. The peace plan was one of the factors leading to the escalation of the conflict, as Lord Owen avoided moderate Croat authorities (pro-unified Bosnia) and negotiated directly with more extreme elements (which were for separation). Escalation is the phenomenon of something getting more intense step by step for example a quarrel or notably military presence and nuclear armament during the Cold War. David Anthony Llewellyn Owen Baron Owen of Plymouth, CH PC FKC (born 2 July 1938) is a British Politician, ^[30]

Map of Bosniak-Croat conflict; green Bosniaks, blue croats

Much of 1993 was dominated by the Croat-Bosniak war that became more serious in October 1992 when Croat forces attacked Bosniak civilian population in Prozor burning their homes and killing civilians. The Croat-Bosniak war was a conflict between self-proclaimed Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia supported by the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Prozor-Rama is a municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town of Prozor is located in the northern part of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. On January 1993 Croat forces attacked Gornji Vakuf again in order to connect Herzegovina with Central Bosnia.

The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing campaign against Bosniak civilians planned by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia's political and military leadership from May 1992 to March 1993 and erupting the following April, was meant to implement objectives set forth by Croat nationalists in November of 1991. The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, also known as the Lašva Valley case, refers to numerous War crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Croatian The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The word leadership can refer to Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation ^[18] The Lašva Valley's Bosniaks were subjected to persecution on political, racial and religious grounds^[31], deliberately discriminated against in the context of a widespread attack on the region's civilian population^[32] and suffered mass murder, rape, imprisonment in camps, as well as the destruction of cultural sites and private property. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos This article deals with mass killings that are not considered Genocide. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of This was often followed by anti-Bosniak propaganda, particularly in the municipalities of Vitez, Busovača, Novi Travnik and Kiseljak. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Vitez (Cyrillic Витез is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Busovača is a small Town and municipality in the heart of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Novi Travnik ( English translation "New Travnik " is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located south of Travnik Kiseljak is a small town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located northeast of Sarajevo and south of Zenica.

The Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia took control of many municipal governments and services in Herzegovina as well, removing or marginalising local Bosniak leaders. The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally Herzeg-Bosnia took control of the media and imposed Croatian ideas and propaganda. An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Croatian symbols and currency were introduced, and Croatian curricula and the Croatian language were introduced in schools. The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is Many Bosniaks and Serbs were removed from positions in government and private business; humanitarian aid was managed and distributed to the Bosniaks' and Serbs' disadvantage; and Bosniaks in general were increasingly harassed. Many of them were deported into concentration camps: Heliodrom, Dretelj, Gabela, Vojno and Šunje. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Heliodrom camp was Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia run Concentration camp during the Bosnian War.

The Croat-Bosniak alliance held in some areas of Bosnia, notably Bihać pocket (northwest Bosnia) and the Bosanska Posavina (north), where both were heavily outmatched by Serb forces. This conflict caused the creation of more ethnic enclaves and further bloodshed.

Mostar was also surrounded by the Croat forces for nine months, and much of its historic city was severely destroyed in shelling including the famous Stari Most bridge. Demographics 1971 Croats - 37782 (396% Bosniaks ( ie Bosnian Muslims - 33645 (36 A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles Stari Most ( English translation "The Old Bridge" is a 16th century Turkish Bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and

Bosnian Army launched an operation known as Neretva 93 against the Croatian Defence Council and Croatian Army in September 1993 in order to end the siege of Mostar and to recapture areas of Herzegovina, which were included in self-proclaimed Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia. The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH; Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine) was a military force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Croatian Council of Defence (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane HVO) was the main military formation of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia during the Bosnian The Croatian Ground Army (Hrvatska kopnena vojska commonly referred to as the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Demographics 1971 Croats - 37782 (396% Bosniaks ( ie Bosnian Muslims - 33645 (36 The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of The operation was stopped by Bosnian authorities after it received the information about the incidents against Croat civilians and POWs in villages of Grabovica and Uzdol.

The Croat leadership (Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić and Berislav Pušić) is presently on trial at the ICTY on charges including crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva conventions and violations of the laws or customs of war. Jadranko Prlić (born 1959) is a Bosnian-Croat politician who is among six defendants charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY Bruno Stojić is a Bosnian - Croat politician who has been indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY. Slobodan Praljak (born on January 1, 1945 in Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia) is a Milivoj Petković (* 1949) is a Bosnian-Croat army officer who is among six defendants charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY Valentin Ćorić (*1956 is a Bosnian-Croat politician who is among six defendants charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY Background Berislav Pušić is a Croatian politician who was among 6 Croatian defendants charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY Background The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of Dario Kordić, political leader of Croats in Central Bosnia was convicted of the crimes against humanity in Central Bosnia i. Dario Kordić is a former Bosnian Croat politician and military commander of the HVO forces between 1992 and 1994 In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of e. ethnic cleansing and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity ^[33] Bosnian commander Sefer Halilović was charged with one count of violation of the laws and customs of war on the basis of superior criminal responsibility of the incidents during Neretva 93 and found not guilty. Sefer Halilović (born January 6, 1952) is a former General and commading officer of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during

In an attempt to protect the civilians, UNPROFOR's role was further extended in 1993 to protect the "safe havens" that it had declared around Sarajevo, Goražde, Srebrenica, Tuzla, Žepa and Bihać. Goražde is a city and municipality in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Drina river Srebrenica ( Cyrillic: Сребреница srɛbrɛnitsa is a Town and municipality in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Republika Srpska Tuzla is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the time of the 1991 census it had 131000 inhabitants Žepa ( Cyrillic: Жепа) is a village in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Municipality of Rogatica. Bihać is a town and municipality on the Una River in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, center of the Una-Sana Canton of the

1994

In 1994, NATO became actively involved, when its jets shot down four Serb aircraft over central Bosnia on February 28 1994 violating the UN no-fly zone. The North Atlantic Treaty The Banja Luka incident, February 28, 1994, was an incident in which six Republika Srpska Air Force -owned J-21 Jastreb single-seat light attack Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule

The Croat-Bosniak war officially ended on February 23, 1994 when the Commander of HVO, general Ante Roso and commander of Bosnian Army, general Rasim Delić, signed a ceasefire agreement in Zagreb. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. In March 1994 a peace agreement mediated by the USA between the warring Croats (represented by Republic of Croatia) and Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was signed in Washington and Vienna which is known as the Washington Agreement. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Washington Agreement was a peace agreement mediated between the warring Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (a government Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Croat and Bosnian government forces was divided into ten autonomous cantons, establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine Федерација Босне и Херцеговине) is one of the two political This effectively ended the war between Croats and Bosniaks, and narrowed the warring parties down to two.

1995

The war continued through most of 1995.

In July 1995. Serb troops under general Ratko Mladić, occupied the UN "safe area" of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia where around 8,000 men were killed (most women were expelled to Bosniak-held territory and some of them were killed and raped). Srebrenica ( Cyrillic: Сребреница srɛbrɛnitsa is a Town and municipality in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Republika Srpska The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica ^[34] The ICTY ruled this event as genocide in the case Prosecutor vs. The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Krstić.

Standing, from left to right: Felipe Gonzalez, Bill Clinton, Jacques Chirac, Helmut Kohl, John Major, Viktor Chernomyrdin. Felipe González Márquez (born 5 March 1942 is a Spanish socialist politician William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born 3 April 1930 is a German conservative politician and statesman Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin ( Ви́ктор Степа́нович Черномы́рдин) (born 9 April 1938 is a Russian politician Seated from left to right: Slobodan Milošević, Franjo Tuđman, Alija Izetbegovic signing the final peace agreement in Paris on December 14, 1995. Franjo Tuđman ( May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999. Tuđman was elected to the position of President of Croatia by the Parliament Alija Izetbegović (8 August 1925 &ndash 19 October 2003 was a Bosniak activist Lawyer, Author, Philosopher and Politician, who

In line with the Croat-Bosniak agreement, Croatian forces operated in western Bosnia (Operation Summer '95) and in early August launched Operation Storm, taking over the Serb Krajina in Croatia. Operation Summer '95 (Operacija Ljeto '95 was a joint military offensive of Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council forces launched in Western Bosnia Operation Storm ( Croatian: Operacija Oluja, Serbian Cyrillic: Oпeрaциja Oлуja was the Code name given to a large-scale military operation The Republic of Serbian Krajina abbreviated RSK (Република Српска Крајина РСК sometimes also translated "Republic of Serb Krajina" With this, the Bosniak-Croat alliance gained the initiative in the war, taking much of western Bosnia from the Serbs in several operations, including: Mistral and Sana. Operation Mistral ( Croatian: Operacija Maestral Operation Sana was the last military operation undertaken by the Bosnian Army during the Bosnian War. These forces now came to threaten the Bosnian Serb capital Banja Luka with direct ground attack. Banja Luka or Banjaluka ( Cyrillic: Бања Лука ˌbaɲaˈluːka is the capital and the largest

The second Markale massacre occurred and NATO responded by opening wide air strikes against Bosnian Serb infrastructure and units in September. The Markale massacres were two massacres committed by the Army of Republika Srpska on Civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian The North Atlantic Treaty The 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (code-named by NATO Operation Deliberate Force) was a sustained air campaign conducted by the

Military actions in western bosnia which caused end of Bosnian war; blue Croats, green Bosniaks, red Serbs, light green West Bosnia

At that point, the international community pressured Milošević, Tuđman and Izetbegović to the negotiation table and finally the war ended with the Dayton Peace Agreement signed on November 21, 1995. The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. The final version of the peace agreement was signed December 14, 1995 in Paris. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people

Casualties

The death toll after the war was originally estimated at around 200,000 by the Bosnian government. They also recorded around 1,326,000 refugees and exiles. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race

Research done by Tibeau and Bijak in 2004 determined a number of 102,000 deaths and estimated the following breakdown: 55,261 were civilians and 47,360 were soldiers. Of the civilians: 16,700 were Serbs while 38,000 were Bosniaks and Croats. Of the soldiers, 14,000 were Serbs, 6,000 were Croats, and 28,000 were Bosniaks. ^[35]

Another research was conducted by the Sarajevo-based Research and Documentation Center (RDC) that was based on creating lists and databases, rather than providing estimates. TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with The Research and Documentation Center (RDC is an institution based in Sarajevo, which aims to gather facts documents and data on Genocide, War crimes and ICTY's Demographic Unit in the Hague, provide a similar total death toll, but a somewhat different ethnic distribution. The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 ^[36] As of October 2006 the count of the number of casualties has reached 97,884. ^[37] Further research is ongoing.

On June 21 2007, the Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo published the most extensive research on Bosnia-Herzegovina's war casualties titled: The Bosnian Book of the Dead - a database that reveals 97,207 names of Bosnia and Herzegovina's citizens killed and missing during the 1992-1995 war. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. The Research and Documentation Center (RDC is an institution based in Sarajevo, which aims to gather facts documents and data on Genocide, War crimes and An international team of experts evaluated the findings before they were released. More than 240,000 pieces of data have been collected, processed, checked, compared and evaluated by international team of experts in order to get the final number of more than 97,000 of names of victims, belonging to all nationalities. Of the 97,207 documented casualties in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 83 percent of civilian victims were Bosniaks, 10 percent of civilian victims were Serbs and more than 5 percent of civilian victims were Croats, followed by a small number of others such as Albanians or Romani people. The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The percentage of Bosniak victims would be higher had survivors of Srebrenica not reported their loved-ones as 'soldiers' to access social services and other government benefits. The total figure of dead could rise by a maximum of another 10,000 for the entire country due to ongoing research. ^{[38] [39]}

Large discrepancies in all these estimates are generally due to the inconsistent definitions of who can be considered victims of the war. Some research calculated only direct casualties of the military activity while other also calculated indirect casualties, such as those who died from harsh living conditions, hunger, cold, illnesses or other accidents indirectly caused by the war conditions. Original higher numbers were also used as many victims were listed twice or three times both in civilian and military columns as little or no communication and systematic coordination of these lists could take place in wartime conditions. Manipulation with numbers is today most often used by historical revisionist to change the character and the scope of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, most of above independent studies have not been accredited by either government involved in the conflict and there are no single official results that are acceptable to all sides.

It should not be discounted that there were also significant casualties on the part of International Troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some 320 soldiers of UNPROFOR were killed during this conflict in Bosnia. The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR, was the first UN peacekeeping force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the

War Crimes

Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing was a common phenomenon in the war. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity This typically entailed intimidation, forced expulsion and/or killing of the undesired ethnic group as well as the destruction or removal of the physical vestiges of the ethnic group, such as places of worship, cemeteries and cultural and historical buildings. According to numerous ICTY verdicts, Serb^[40] and Croat^[33] forces performed ethnic cleansing of their territories planned by their political leadership in order to create ethnically pure states (Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia). Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of Furthermore, Serb forces committed genocide in Srebrenica at the end of the war. The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica ^[41]

Based on the evidence of numerous HVO attacks, the ICTY Trial Chamber concluded in the Kordić and Čerkez case that by April 1993 Croat leadership had a common design or plan conceived and executed to ethnically cleanse Bosniaks from the Lašva Valley in Central Bosnia. The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, also known as the Lašva Valley case, refers to numerous War crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Croatian Dario Kordić, as the local political leader, was found to be the planner and instigator of this plan. Dario Kordić is a former Bosnian Croat politician and military commander of the HVO forces between 1992 and 1994 ^[42]

Mass rape

Main article: Mass rape in the Bosnian War

During the Bosnian war, Serb forces conducted sexual abuse strategy on Bosnian Muslim girls and women which will later be known as mass rape phenomenon. During the Bosnian war, Serb forces conducted Sexual abuse strategy on the thousands of Bosnian Muslim girls and women which will be later known as mass Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person upon another Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Between 20,000 and 44,000 women were systematically raped by the Serb forces. ^[43] Mass rapes were mostly done in Eastern Bosnia (during Foča massacres), and in Grbavica during the Siege of Sarajevo. The Foča massacres were a series of killings committed by Serb Military, Police and Paramilitary forces on Bosniak Civilians The Siege of Sarajevo was conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed to the Women and girls were kept in various detention centres where they had to live in intolerably unhygienic conditions and were mistreated in many ways including being repeatedly raped. Serb soldiers or policemen would come to these detention centres, select one or more women, take them out and rape them. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is a warranted employee of a Police force. All this was done in full view, in complete knowledge and sometimes with the direct involvement of the Serb local authorities, particularly the police forces. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. The head of Foča police forces, Dragan Gagović, was personally identified as one of the men who came to these detention centres to take women out and rape them. There were numerous rape camps in Foča. “Karaman’s house” was one of the most notable rape camps. While kept in this house, the girls were constantly raped. Among the women held in "Karaman's house" there were minors as young as 15 years of age. ^[25][44]

Muslim women were specifically targeted as the rapes against them were one of the many ways in which the Serbs could assert their superiority and victory over the Bosniaks. For instance, the girls and women, who were selected by convicted war criminal Dragoljub Kunarac or by his men, were systematically taken to the soldiers’ base, a house located in Osmana Đikić street no 16. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied The Foča massacres were a series of killings committed by Serb Military, Police and Paramilitary forces on Bosniak Civilians There, the girls and women, who Kunarac knew were civilians, were raped by his men or by the convicted himself. Some of the girls were just 14. Serb soldiers demonstrated a total disregard for Bosniak in general, and Bosniak women in particular. Serb soldiers removed many Muslim girls from various detention centres and kept some of them for various periods of time for him or his soldiers to rape. ^[25]

The other example includes Radomir Kovač,convicted also by ICTY. The Foča massacres were a series of killings committed by Serb Military, Police and Paramilitary forces on Bosniak Civilians The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 While four girls were kept in his apartment, the convicted Radomir Kovač abused them and raped three of them many times, thereby perpetuating the attack upon the Bosnian Muslim civilian population. Kovač would also invite his friends to his apartment, and he sometimes allowed them to rape one of the girls. Kovač also sold three of the girls. Prior to their being sold, Kovač had given two of these girls, to other Serb soldiers who abused them for more than three weeks before taking them back to Kovač, who proceeded to sell one and give the other away to acquaintances of his. ^[25]

The events inspired the Golden Bear winner at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival in 2006, called Grbavica. The 56th Berlin International Film Festival was held from February 9 to February 19 2006. Grbavica is a film by Jasmila Žbanić about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in the aftermath of systematic rapes of Bosniak

Genocide

Main article: Bosnian genocide

A trial took place before the International Court of Justice, following a 1993 suit by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro alleging genocide (see Bosnian genocide case at the International Court of Justice). This article refers to Genocide during the 1992-1995 Bosnian War. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling of 26 February 2007 determined that Serbia had no responsibility for the genocide committed by Bosnian Serb forces in Srebrenica massacre in 1995. See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica The ICJ concluded, however, that Serbia failed to act to prevent the Srebrenica massacre and failed to punish those believed to be responsible, especially general Ratko Mladić. Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian Finally, the court concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to find that there had been a wider genocide committed against the Bosniak population, as alleged by the Bosnian government.

In popular culture

The Bosnian War has been depicted in a number of films including Hollywood movies such as The Hunting Party, about an attempt at catching the accused war criminal and fugitive Radovan Karadžić, Behind Enemy Lines and Savior, a number of British movies such as Welcome to Sarajevo, which is about the life of Sarajevo citizens during the siege and an award-winning British television drama, Warriors, aired on BBC One in 1999 about the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing. The Hunting Party is an action - adventure - thriller with Dark comedy elements released on September 7 2007, starring Radovan Karadžić (Радован Караџић râdovaːn kâraʤiʨ born in Petnjica, SR Montenegro, SFR Yugoslavia) is a former Bosnian Behind Enemy Lines is a 2001 thriller War film directed by John Moore and starring Gene Hackman and Owen Wilson Savior is a 1998 War film starring Dennis Quaid, Stellan Skarsgård, Nastassja Kinski, and Nataša Ninković Welcome to Sarajevo is a British War film from 1997. It is directed by Michael Winterbottom. The Siege of Sarajevo was conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed to the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Warriors ( 1999) is a British Television drama serial written by Leigh Jackson and directed by Peter Kosminsky. The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, also known as the Lašva Valley case, refers to numerous War crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Croatian The Polish film "Demony wojny" ("Demons of War", 1998), set during the Bosnian conflict, portrays a Polish group of IFOR soldiers who accidentally come to help a pair of journalist tracked by a local warlord whose crimes they had taped. The Implementation Force ( IFOR) was a NATO -led multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina under a one year mandate from 20 December Bosnian director Danis Tanović's No Man's Land won the Best Foreign Language Film awards at the 2001 Academy Awards and the 2002 Golden Globes. Danis Tanović (born February 20 1969) is an acclaimed Academy Award - and Golden Globe -winning Bosnian Film director No Man's Land ( Ničija zemlja) is a Tragicomedy war drama that is set in the midst of the Bosnian war in 1993. The 74th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 2001, were held on March 24 2002, for the first time at the Kodak Theatre in 59th Golden Grbavica, about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in the aftermath of systematic rape of Bosniak women by Serbian troops during the war, won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. Grbavica is a film by Jasmila Žbanić about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in the aftermath of systematic rapes of Bosniak TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with During the Bosnian war, Serb forces conducted Sexual abuse strategy on the thousands of Bosnian Muslim girls and women which will be later known as mass The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin Documentaries include Bernard-Henri Lévy's Bosna! about Bosnian resistance against well equipped Serbian troops at the beginning of the war, Slovenian documentary Tunel upanja (A Tunnel of Hope) about the Sarajevo Tunnel constructed by the besieged citizens of Sarajevo in order to link the city of Sarajevo, which was entirely cut-off by Serbian forces, with the Bosnian government territory and British documentary A Cry from the Grave about the Srebrenica massacre, as well as BBC's lengthy series "The Death of Yugoslavia", documenting the outbreak of the war from the earliest roots of the conflict, in the 1980s. Bernard-Henri Lévy (born November 5, 1948 in Béni Saf, Algeria) is a French Public intellectual and journalist Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west During the Siege of Sarajevo during Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, the Sarajevo Tunnel was constructed by the besieged citizens of Sarajevo The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica A number of Western films made the Bosnian conflict the background of their stories - some of those include "Avenger", based on Frederick Forsyth's novel in which a mercenary tracks down a Serbian warlord responsible for war crimes, and "The Peacemaker", in which a Serbian activist emotionally devastated by the losses of war plots to take revenge on the United Nations by exploding a nuclear bomb in New York.

Plays about the war include Necessary Targets, written by Eve Ensler. Eve Ensler (b May 25 1953 in New York) is an American Playwright, Performer, Feminist and Activist

In the video game Grand Theft Auto 4, the protagonist Niko Belić is a Bosnian Serb veteran of the Bosnian War.

Dampyr is an Italian comic book, created by Mauro Boselli and Maurizio Colombo and published in Italy by Sergio Bonelli Editore about Harlan Draka, half human, half vampire, who wages war on the multifaceted forces of Evil. A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative Sergio Bonelli Editore (formerly CEPIM is a publishing house of Italian comics. The first two episodes are located in Sarajevo during the Bosnian war. The war in Eastern Bosnia is a subject of Joe Sacco's comic book Safe Area Goražde. Joe Sacco (born October 2, 1960) is a Maltese -American Comics artist and Journalist. Safe Area Goražde is a journalistic Comic book about the Bosnian War, written by Joe Sacco.

Galleries

Gallery of maps

Former Yugoslavia during war	Ethnic Composition of towns/regional centers in 1991	Ethnic composition in 1991	Ethnic composition in 1991 by municipalities
Estimated ethnic composition in 2005	The front lines in 1993, while HVO (blue) was still allied with the Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) (green)	The front lines in 1994, at the end of the Bosniak-Croat war and after the signing of the Washington Agreement	The front lines in 1995, before Operation Storm
			The front lines in 1995, before the Dayton Agreement
Territories controlled by ABiH during the war	Territories controlled by HVO/Croatian Army during the war	Territories controlled by BSA during the war	Animation of the various republics control

Notes

Bibliography

• Howard, Les "Winter Warriors - Across Bosnia with the PBI", ISBN 978-1846240775 Critical account of a Peacekeeper's contribution to the end of the war
• Gutman, Roy, A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia, ISBN 978-0020329954
• Macqueen, Angus; Mitchell, Paul, The Death of Yugoslavia, [11]
• Hoare, Marko Attila, How Bosnia Armed Saqi Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0863563676
• Cigar, Norman, Genocide in Bosnia: The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing, Texas A&M University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-1585440047
• Shrader, Charles R. The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia Texas A&M University Press, 2003 ISBN 1-58544-261-5
• Simms, Brendan. Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia. Penguin, 2003. ISBN 0-14-028983-6
• Raguz, Vitomir Miles. Who Saved Bosnia Naklada Stih, 2005 ISBN 953-6959-28-3
• Beloff, Nora. Yugoslavia: An Avoidable War. New European Publications, 1997. ISBN 1-872410-08-1
• Loyd, Anthony. "My War Gone By, I Miss It So. " Penguin, 1999. ISBN 0-14-029854-1
• Maas, Peter. Love Thy Neighbor: A Story of War. Vintage Books, 1996. ISBN 0-679-76389-9
• Dr. R. Craig Nation. "War in the Balkans 1991-2002. " Strategic Studies Institute, 2002, ISBN 1-58487-134-2 [12]
• Srebrenica, Potocari, [13]

See also

• Croat-Bosniak war
• Cvetković-Maček Agreement
• 1991 Bosnia and Herzegovina Population Census
• Bosnian Genocide
• Command responsibility
• High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Keraterm camp
• Manjača camp
• Markale massacres
• Mass rapes in the Bosnian War
• Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
• Mujahideen in the Bosnian war
• Omarska camp
• Operation Deliberate Force
• Peace plans offered before and during the Bosnian War
• Religious war
• Serb propaganda
• Siege of Sarajevo
• Srebrenica massacre
• Trnopolje camp
• The role of foreign fighters in the Bosnian war
• Mrkonjić Grad incident (June 1995)
• Banja Luka incident
• Operation Bøllebank
• Operation Amanda
• Operation Sana
• Role of Serb media in the 1991-1999 wars in the former Yugoslavia

External links

• Summary of the ICTY verdicts related to the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• Summary of the ICTY verdicts related to the conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatia
• List of people missing from the war
• Stanislav Galic judgement
• Research and Documentation Center Sarajevo
• Srebrenica 1994
• The Death of Yugoslavia Part I (Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian)
• The Death of Yugoslavia Part II (Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian)
• UN report on prison camps during the war
• Open UN document on Serb attrocities towards non-Serbs
• Guardian Unlimited special report on Serb soldier crimes (Guardian Unlimited)
• Genocide in Yugoslavia
• Serbian War Crime Testimonies
• hWeb - Convoy to Sarajevo, a personal account of relief work during Bosnian War
• Interview with Haris Silajdzic
• WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 - 4. The Croat-Bosniak war was a conflict between self-proclaimed Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia supported by the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of The Cvetković-Maček Agreement ( Croatian / Serbian: Sporazum Cvetković-Maček}} was a political agreement on the The 1991 Bosnia and Herzegovina Population Census was the last Census of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina taken before the Bosnian War. This article refers to Genocide during the 1992-1995 Bosnian War. Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard or the Medina standard, is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the Office of the High Representative (OHR in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was created in 1995 immediately after Keraterm camp was a Concentration camp (also referred to as Prison and Detention camp) near the town of Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Manjača camp (pronounced Mañacha) was a detention camp (also referred to as Prison and Concentration camp) on mountain Manjača near the The Markale massacres were two massacres committed by the Army of Republika Srpska on Civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian During the Bosnian war, Serb forces conducted Sexual abuse strategy on the thousands of Bosnian Muslim girls and women which will be later known as mass The Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was a draft document produced by a committee of the Serbian Academy from 1985 to 1986 Mujahideen (also referred to as El Mujaheed or El Mujahid) were Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosnian government side during the 1992-1995 Bosnian Omarska camp was a notorious prisoners of war or detainee camp (also referred to as Concentration camp) in Omarska, a mining town near Prijedor The 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (code-named by NATO Operation Deliberate Force) was a sustained air campaign conducted by the Four major peace plans were offered before and during the Bosnian-Herzegovina War, commonly known as the Bosnian War, by European Community (EC and A religious war is a War caused by religious differences It can involve one state with an established religion against another state with a different religion or a different In the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia indictments of former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic, one of his alleged contributions to the Joint The Siege of Sarajevo was conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed to the The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica Trnopolje camp was a detention camp (also referred to as Ghetto, Prison and Concentration camp) established in the village of Trnopolje near the city of The Bosnian War, which was fought between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia, attracted large numbers of foreign fighters and mercenaries The Mrkonjić Grad incident was the destruction of a United States Air Force (USAF F-16 by a Bosnian Serb Army SA-6 Surface-to-air missile The Banja Luka incident, February 28, 1994, was an incident in which six Republika Srpska Air Force -owned J-21 Jastreb single-seat light attack During the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Operation Bøllebank ( Danish for "Hooligan Bashing", name given after the incident was Operation Amanda was an UNPROFOR mission led by Danish peacekeeping troops with the aim of recovering an observation post near Gradačac, Operation Sana was the last military operation undertaken by the Bosnian Army during the Bosnian War. In the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia indictments of former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic, one of his alleged contributions to the Joint Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between guardiancouk, formerly known as Guardian Unlimited, is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. The Land of Hate: Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992-95, R. Craig Nation (2003)

Related films

• Warriors at the Internet Movie Database
• The Death of Yugoslavia at the Internet Movie Database - Part III. The Struggle for Bosnia. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan