A borough is an administrative division of various countries. Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population In principle, the term borough designates a self-governing township although, in practice, official use of the term varies widely. A township (or Municipality) is a settlement which has the status and powers of a unit of local government

In the Middle Ages, boroughs were settlements that were granted some self-government. Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany, and Scotland. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In medieval England, boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament. Great Britain during the Middle Ages (from the 5th century withdrawal of Roman forces from the province of Britannia The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The Borough in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' from which all others derive. Southwark or The Borough is an area of south-east London in the London Borough of Southwark, situated 1 Southwark or The Borough is an area of south-east London in the London Borough of Southwark, situated 1 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Usually, a borough is a single town with its own local government. However, in some cities it is a subdivision of the city (e. g. London, New York City, and Montreal). London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The City of New York Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec In such cases, the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government, or no powers at all. At certain times, London has had no overall city government and London boroughs were the main unit of local government for Londoners. In other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not designate a single township, but a whole region. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. In Australia, 'borough' can designate a town and its surrounding area, e. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. g. Borough of Queenscliffe. The Borough of Queenscliffe is a municipality (LGA in Victoria.

Boroughs are to be found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Boroughs also exist in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, in some states of the United States, in Israel, and formerly in New Zealand. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island (In New Zealand a Borough generally had 1,000 - 20,000 inhabitants, and was administered separately from the surrounding County. In 1989, the country was reorganised, and the counties and boroughs were merged to form Districts.

Several places in Britain owe part of their name to borough, but with a variety of spellings; e. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands g. :

• Middlesbrough (brough, especially in the North of England)
• Boroughbridge (borough)
• Edinburgh (burgh, especially in Scotland - see burgh)
• Salisbury (bury, especially in the South of England)

A few places, e. Middlesbrough ( IPA ( Received pronunciation) is a Town in the Tees Valley sub-region of the North East of England Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line Boroughbridge is a small town 13 miles northwest of York in North Yorkshire in England. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the Southern England is an imprecise term used to refer to the southern Counties of England. g. Brough and Bury, are named exclusively for their being a borough. Brough or Brough under Stainmore is a village and Civil parish in the Eden district of Cumbria, England, on the western fringe of Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of It should also be noted that not all places which contain this are named after boroughs, such as in Farnborough, which comes from berga, meaning 'hill'. Farnborough is a Town in the Rushmoor district of Hampshire, England.

These forms of the word borough were carried to North America. The Scottish forms are found in the American South and West. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost The suffix -bury is found in New England. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The ending -boro is also common in the American South, especially in North Carolina. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Borough is a rare surname, most common in the UK and USA; but derivatives of the word, such as Brough, are a little more common. The related German word Burg (castle) is common in German place names and is also found in North American place names.

Nominally self-governing boroughs existed in medieval France and Spain, called bourg in French and burgo in Spanish. Both these terms are found in some place names.

Contents 1 Pronunciation 2 Present-day boroughs 2.1 Canada 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3 United States 2.4 Australia 2.5 Israel 2.6 Republic of Ireland 3 Historical boroughs 3.1 England and Wales 3.1.1 Municipal boroughs 3.1.2 Parliamentary boroughs 3.1.3 Metropolitan boroughs 3.2 Scotland 3.3 Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland 3.4 New Zealand 4 Borough as a place name 5 Etymology 6 References 7 See also

Pronunciation

In many parts of England, "borough" is pronounced /ˈbʌɹə/ (listen (help·info)) as an independent word, and as /bɹə/ when a suffix of a place-name. As a suffix, it is sometimes spelled "-brough".

In the United States, "borough" is pronounced [ˈ/ˈbʌɹoʊ/] or /ˈbʊɹoʊ/. When appearing as the suffix "-burg(h)" in place-names, it's pronounced [ˈ/bɝg/].

Present-day boroughs

Canada

In Quebec, the term borough refers to an administrative division of a municipality. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

Only eight municipalities in Quebec are divided into boroughs. See List of boroughs in Quebec. This is a list of Boroughs in Quebec. In Quebec boroughs are provincially organized and recognized sub-municipal entities that have mayors and councillors

It was previously used in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, to denote suburban municipalities. The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was the senior level of Municipal government in the Toronto, Ontario, Canada, area from 1954 to Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The Borough of East York was the last Toronto municipality to hold this status, relinquishing it upon becoming part of the City of Toronto on January 1, 1998. East York was formerly a semi-autonomous Borough within the overall municipality of Metropolitan Toronto before East Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)

United Kingdom

Main article: Borough status in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the name "borough" is applied to various types of local government districts. Borough status in the United Kingdom is granted by Royal charter to Local government Districts in England, Wales and Northern The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

In England, there are three types of boroughs: London Boroughs, metropolitan boroughs, and non-metropolitan boroughs. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. The term London Boroughs is used to describe a type of district with borough status that have been in existence in Greater London. The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. Reorganized in 1965, Greater London currently has thirty-two of these type of borough, including the City of Westminster. The City of Westminster ( is a borough of London with city status. Districts with borough status within the six metropolitan counties of England are known as metropolitan boroughs. The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level Administrative division of England. A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England covering urban areas within metropolitan counties. Districts granted a charter outside Greater London and the six metropolitan counties are non-metropolitan districts are simply known as boroughs.

Elsewhere in England a number of district and unitary authority councils are called "borough". The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Historically, this was a status that denoted towns with a certain type of local government (a municipal corporation). A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns Since 1974, it has been a purely ceremonial style granted by royal charter, which entitles the council chairman to bear the title of mayor. Districts may apply to the British Crown for the grant of borough status upon advice of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign.

In Northern Ireland, local government was reorganised in 1973. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Under the legislation that created the twenty-six districts of Northern Ireland, a district council whose area included an existing municipal borough could resolve to adopt the charter of the old municipality and thus continue to enjoy borough status. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts for local government purposes Municipal boroughs were a type of Local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974 in Northern Ireland from 1840 to Districts that do not contain a former borough can apply for a charter in a similar manner to English districts. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Several unitary authorities in Wales are called county boroughs. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City Apart from the title of the authority and its civic head, there is no difference in powers between these and the other Welsh unitary county councils. A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County.

A number of boroughs have additionally been granted the higher status of a city.

For Scottish usage of a cognate term, see burgh. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town.

United States

Main article: Borough (United States)

The word "borough" has many meanings relating to local government in the United States. In principle the word Borough designates a self-governing township Local government in the United States is generally structured in accordance with the laws of the various individual states. Since the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes local government for the most part a matter for the states rather than the federal government, the states are free to have political subdivisions called "boroughs", or not to do so, and to define the word in many different ways. The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government

The following states use, or have used, the word with the following meanings:

• Alaska, as a county-equivalent
• Connecticut, as an incorporated municipality within, or consolidated with, a town
• Minnesota, formerly applied to one municipality
• New Jersey, as a type of independent incorporated municipality - see Borough (New Jersey)
• New York, as one of the five divisions of New York City, each coextensive with a county - See Borough (New York City)
• New Hampshire, Peterborough, Lyndeborough, Moultonborough, Wolfborough, Hillsborough, Marlborough, Tuftonborough; all individually governed towns. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent A county-equivalent in the United States is a term used by the Federal government to describe one of the two following state subdivisions A Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The New England town is the basic unit of local government in each of the six New England states Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. A Borough (sometimes abbreviated Boro on road signs in the context of New Jersey local government refers to one of five types and one of eleven New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The City of New York In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.
• Pennsylvania, as a type of municipality comparable to a town. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Only one incorporated town is chartered in Pennsylvania.
• Virginia, as a division of a city under certain circumstances

Australia

In Australia, the term "borough" is an occasionally used term for a local government area. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Currently there is only one borough in Australia, the Borough of Queenscliffe in Victoria, although there have been more in the past. The Borough of Queenscliffe is a municipality (LGA in Victoria.

Israel

Under Israeli law, inherited from British Mandate municipal law, the possibility of creating a municipal borough exists. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement However, no borough was actually created under law until 2005-2006, when Neve Monosson and Maccabim-Re'ut, both communal settlements (Heb: yishuv kehilati) founded in 1953 and 1984, respectively, were declared to be autonomous municipal boroughs (Heb: vaad rova ironi), within their mergers with the towns of Yehud and Modi'in. Neve Monosson (נוה מונוסון also known as Monosson, Neve Efraim and Neve Efraim Monosson, is a community in central Israel with Maccabim-Re'ut (or Makkabbim-Re'ut; מַכַּבִּים-רֵעוּת is the unified name of the two community settlements Maccabim and Re'ut in the Yehud (יהוד is a city in the Center District of Israel in Israel. Modi'in (מוֹדִיעִין is a city in the Center District of Israel. Similar structures have been created under different types of legal status over the years in Israel, notably Kiryat Haim in Haifa, Jaffa in Tel Aviv-Yafo and Ramot and Gilo in Jerusalem. Kiryat Haim (קריית חיים is one of the five Krayot suburbs located north of Haifa, Israel. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel For the moshav in the Golan Heights see Ramot Golan Heights. Ramot (רמות lit Gilo (גילֹה is a neighborhood in southern Jerusalem built on land De facto annexed to Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the However, Neve Monosson is the first example of a full municipal borough actually declared under law by the Minister of the Interior, under a model subsequently adopted in Maccabim-Re'ut as well. Maccabim-Re'ut (or Makkabbim-Re'ut; מַכַּבִּים-רֵעוּת is the unified name of the two community settlements Maccabim and Re'ut in the

It is the declared intention of the Interior Ministry to use the borough mechanism in order to facilitate municipal mergers in Israel, after a 2003 wide-reaching merger plan, which generally ignored the sensitivities of the communal settlements, largely failed.

Republic of Ireland

Under the Local Government Act 2001 section 10 (3) and schedule 6 part 1 chapter 1, the following continue to be known as Boroughs (though this is largely a matter of nomenclature) Clonmel, Drogheda, Kilkenny, Sligo, Wexford. The Local Government Act 2001 (No37 of 2001 was enacted by the Oireachtas of the Republic of Ireland on 21 July 2001. Clonmel ( Cluain Meala in Irish) in County Tipperary is the county seat of South Tipperary County Council. Drogheda (ˈdrɒhədə ˈdrɔːdə ( Droichead Átha in Irish, meaning "Bridge of the Ford" is an industrial and port town in County Louth on Kilkenny, ( is a city and county town of County Kilkenny in Ireland. Sligo (disambiguation Sligo ( (ˈslaɪɡoʊ "sly-go" Irish ˈɕlʲɪɟəx is the County town of County Sligo in Ireland. Wexford (derived from Old Norse Veisafjǫrðr (in some sources spelled "Waes Fiord" – veisa meaning "mudflat stagnant pool" In Section 10 (7) continues the "use of the description city in relation to Kilkenny, to the extent that that description was used before (January 1, 2002) and is not otherwise inconsistent with this Act. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. "

Historical boroughs

In its original Anglo-Saxon connection with its modern meaning, a borough was a number of households or an extended household, surrounded by a defensive wall. This might have been a stockade or a walled town. In place-names therefore, it can refer to the walled enclosure of a lord's hall or to a walled town. When the Five Burghs of the Danelaw were given that name, this was people's view of them. The Five Burghs or more usually The Five Boroughs or The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw were the five main towns of Danish Mercia The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: By the late medieval period, a charter from the king and a civic organization became more significant in defining a borough than the wall was.

England and Wales

Municipal boroughs

In England and Wales, boroughs developed as a method of providing a corporate identity for a town, particularly in relation to rights obtained from local barons or from the English Crown. The formal status of borough came to be conferred by Royal Charter. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company

These boroughs were generally governed by a self-selecting corporation (i. e. , when a member died or resigned his replacement would be by co-option). A co-option or more often co-optation is an election where members of a Committee (or similar group vote in order to fill a vacancy on that committee Sometimes boroughs were governed by bailiffs or headboroughs. Bailiff (from Late Latin baiulivus, Adjectival form of baiulus) is a Governor or Custodian (cf

Debates on the Reform Bill (eventually the Reform Act 1832) had highlighted the variations in systems of governance of towns, and a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the issue. The term Royal Commission may also be used in the United Kingdom to describe the group of Lords Commissioners who may act in the stead of the This resulted in a regularisation of municipal government (Municipal Corporations Act 1835), with all municipal corporations to be elected according to a standard franchise based on property ownership. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm IV c76 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act - required members of town councils ( Municipal corporations At the same time, a procedure was established whereby a town could petition Parliament to be given borough status. A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity The 178 reformed boroughs, and those that followed them, became known as municipal boroughs. Municipal boroughs were a type of Local government which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974 in Northern Ireland from 1840 to A number of unreformed boroughs remained after 1835, these being finally abolished in 1886. Unreformed boroughs were those corporate towns in England and Wales which had not been reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.

The reform of county government in 1888 established the county borough, a city or town that had a corporation as any other borough, but with additional powers equivalent to those of a county council. The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict c 41 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1888 and established County councils and County borough County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County.

As part of a large-scale reform of local government in England and Wales in 1974, both county boroughs and municipal boroughs were abolished. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales However, the civic traditions of many boroughs were continued by the grant of a charter to their successor district councils. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company In smaller boroughs, a town council was formed for the area of the abolished borough, while charter trustees were formed in other former boroughs. A Parish council is a unit of Local government in Great Britain. In England and Wales, Charter Trustees are set up to maintain the continuity of a Town charter or City charter after a district with the status In each case, the new body was allowed to use the regalia of the old corporation, and appoint ceremonial office holders such as sword and mace bearers as provided in their original charters. The council or trustees may apply for an Order in Council or Royal Licence to use the former borough coat of arms. An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in Commonwealth Realms. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people

Parliamentary boroughs

From 1265, two burgesses from each borough were summoned to the Parliament of England, alongside two knights from each county. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. Representation in the House of Commons was decided by the House itself, which resulted in many cases of a borough being represented in Parliament despite it having no corporation or mayor (or vice versa). The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords

By the 19th century, the population changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution had created a situation in which a major conurbation might have no representation in Parliament, whilst towns which had declined in size to mere villages still retained their seat. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Additionally, the electoral franchise varied from borough to borough, some of which had become rotten boroughs. The term "rotten" or "decayed" borough referred to a parliamentary borough or Constituency in Great Britain and Ireland

The Reform Act 1832 sought to rationalise this system to some extent, as well as eliminating corrupt practices. The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system Many boroughs, some of which existed in little more than name, were disenfranchised, whilst some of the industrial towns which had developed in the North came to be represented in Parliament for the first time. Northern England, The North, The North of England or (less commonly The North Country refers to the parts of England north of an ill-defined line

Subsequent Reform Acts gave more parliamentary seats to the expanding boroughs, whilst disenfranchising the smaller ones. From 1884, voters in county and borough seats had the same franchise, so the distinction between the two was essentially eliminated; however, on the assumption that the smaller, urban boroughs would require less travelling for electoral candidates than in the larger, more rural county seats, the distinction between the two sorts of constituency was retained for the purposes of calculating maximum permitted electoral expenses.

Metropolitan boroughs

In 1899, as part of a reform of local government in the County of London, the various parishes in the county were reorganised as a new entity, the metropolitan borough. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. These became reorganised as London Boroughs in a subsequent reform, in 1965. The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs.

As part of the 1974 reform of local government in England, six major urban areas were established as "metropolitan counties", divided into "metropolitan districts". A number of those districts over time were granted the dignity of "borough", and thus became known as a metropolitan borough.

Scotland

See Burgh. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town.

Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland

For the similar situation in Ireland cf Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. The Municipal Corporations Act (Ireland 1840 (3 & 4 Vict c 108 An Act for the Regulation of Municipal Corporations in Ireland, was passed by the Parliament of

New Zealand

New Zealand formerly used the term borough to designate self-governing towns of more than 1,000 people. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A borough of more than 20,000 people could become a city by proclamation. Boroughs and cities were collectively known as municipalities, and were enclaves separate from their surrounding counties.

In the 1980s, some boroughs and cities began to be merged with their surrounding counties to form districts with a mixed urban and rural population. Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. In 1989, a nationwide reform of local government completed the process. Counties and boroughs were abolished and all boundaries were redrawn. Under the new system, most territorial authorities cover both urban and rural land. The more populated councils are classified as cities, and the more rural councils are classified as districts. Only Kawerau District, an enclave within Whakatane District, continues to follow the tradition of a small town council that does not include surrounding rural area. Kawerau is a Town in the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand. Whakatane (ɸakaˈtaːne in Māori; fɒkəˈtɑːni or /ʍɒkəˈtɑːni/ in English is a City in the Bay of Plenty region in the North Island

Borough as a place name

There is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Southwark simply called The Borough, south of London Bridge across the Thames from the City. The London Borough of Southwark ( is a London borough in south east London, England. Southwark or The Borough is an area of south-east London in the London Borough of Southwark, situated 1 For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically There are several villages in England, such as those in Cumbria and the East Riding of Yorkshire, called Brough, pronounced /brʌf/. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy Brough, brʌf or Brough-on-Humber is a small Town in the Civil parish of Elloughton-cum-Brough in the East Riding of Yorkshire,

El Burgo in Spain is across the river Ucero from the smaller City of Osma; also in Spain lies the city of Burgos. Osma redirects here Distinguish from Ozma. Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma is the History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago See also below under the places mentioned in the next section on Etymology.

Etymology

The word borough has cognates in other Germanic languages. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. For example, burgh in Scots and Middle English, Burg in German and Old English^[1], and borg in both Danish and Swedish; the equivalent word is also to be found in Frisian, Dutch, Norwegian, and Icelandic. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500000 members of Frisian Ethnic groups who live on the southern Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Alternate forms and spellings in English include bury and burrow.

The English borough and the Scots burgh are derived from the Anglian word burh (with other dialectal variants including burg, beorh, beorg, and byrig). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. The word originally indicated a fortified town, and was related to the verb beorgan (cf. Dutch and German bergen), meaning "to keep, to save, to make secure".

A number of other European languages have cognate words which were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning "wall, rampart" in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan, borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish (hence the place-name Burgos). Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Borgo is an Italian word (plural borghi) cognate with English Borough, German Burg, French bourg, that now usually means the new Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago

Also related are the words bourgeois and belfry (both from the French), and burglar; more distantly, it is related to words meaning "hill" or "mountain" in a number of languages (cf. the second element of iceberg). An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater Ice that has broken off from a snow-formed Glacier or Ice shelf and is floating in open water

References

See also

• Boroughs incorporated in England and Wales 1835 - 1882
• Boroughs incorporated in England and Wales 1882 - 1974
• Boroughs in New York City
• Burgh
• History of the English borough
• List of burghs in Scotland
• The Borough, a long poem by George Crabbe

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed 178 existing boroughs The following is a list of towns in England and Wales which were granted charters of incorporation conferring borough status under the Municipal Corporations Act 1882. Administrative divisions of New York State differ from those in certain other countries and most U A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. Borough is a term for an historic unit of lower-tier local government in England and Wales. A burgh (pronounced burruh) is the Scots' term for a town or a municipality A Poem by George Crabbe published in 1810. Written in Heroic couplets, the poem is arranged as a series of 24 letters covering various aspects of borough George Crabbe ( 24 December 1754 - 3 February 1832) was an English Poet and naturalist.

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