Bollywood (Hindi: बॉलीवूड, Urdu: بالی وڈ) is the informal term popularly used for Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry in India. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The film industry consists of the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking i India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Bollywood is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema; it is only a part of the Indian film industry. The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales and number of films produced annually (877 feature films and 1177 short films were released in the year 2003 Bollywood is one of the largest film producers in the world. ^[1]

The name is a portmanteau of Bombay (the former name for Mumbai) and Hollywood, the center of the American film industry. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial However, unlike Hollywood, Bollywood does not exist as a real physical place. Though some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood, it seems likely to persist and now has its own entry in the Oxford English Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English

Bollywood is commonly referred to as Hindi cinema, even though Hindustani, understood as the colloquial base common to both Hindi and Urdu, might be more accurate. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of The use of poetic Urdu words is fairly common. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised ^[2] There has been a growing presence of Indian English in dialogue and songs as well. Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora It is not uncommon to see films that feature dialogue with English words and phrases, even whole sentences. There is a growing number of films made entirely in English.

History

The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931)

Raja Harishchandra (1913) was the first silent feature film made in India. Ardeshir Irani ( December 5, 1886 - October 14, 1969) was a writer director producer actor film distributor film showman and cinematographer Alam Ara ( The Light of the World; 1931) directed by Ardeshir Irani, was the first Indian Sound film. Raja Harishchandra (राजा हरिश्चंद्र is a 1913 silent Indian film directed and produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, and It was made by Dadasaheb Phalke. Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke (Marathi दादासाहेब फाळके ( April 30, 1870 - February 16 By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931), was a super hit. Ardeshir Irani ( December 5, 1886 - October 14, 1969) was a writer director producer actor film distributor film showman and cinematographer Alam Ara ( The Light of the World; 1931) directed by Ardeshir Irani, was the first Indian Sound film. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming.

The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times: India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots. In the late 1950s, Bollywood released its first color films; however, the majority of films continued to be black-and-white until the mid-1960s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema. Successful actors included Dev Anand, Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor and actresses like Nargis, Meena Kumari, Nutan and Madhubala. DharamDev Pishorimal Ānand (देव आनन्द دیو آنند (born September 26, 1923) better known simply as Dev Anand, is a legendary Yusuf Khan (यूसुफ़ ख़ान Urdu: یوسف خان; jusʊf xan (born December 11, 1922) popularly known as Dilip Kumar Ranbirraj Kapoor 'The Show-man' ( Hindi: राज कपूर Rāj Kapūr December 14, 1924 - June 2, 1988) was an Indian For the town in France see Nargis Loiret; For the 2008 cyclone which devastated the Irrawaddy Delta and the city of Yangon see Cyclone Nargis Meena Kumari or Mahjabeen Bano ( August 1, 1932 - March 31, 1972) was a prominent Indian movie actress Nutan ( Marathi: नूतन ( June 4, 1936 - February 21, 1991) was a popular Bollywood actress of her time who Madhubala ( Hindi: मधुबाला مدھو بالا ( February 14, 1933 &ndash February 23, 1969) born Mumtaz Begum In the late 1960s and early 1970s, romance movies and action films starred actors like Rajesh Khanna and Dharmendra. Rajesh Khanna ( Hindi: राजेश खन्ना Punjabi: ਰਾਜੇਸ਼ ਖੰਨਾ (born Jatin Khanna on December 29, Dharamendra Singh Deol (धर्मेन्द्र सिंह देओल (ਧਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਉਲ born 8 December 1935 in In the mid-1970s, romantic confections made way for gritty, violent films about gangsters and bandits. Amitabh Bachchan, the star known for his "angry young man" roles, rode the crest of this trend with actors like Mithun Chakraborty and Anil Kapoor, which lasted into the early 1990s. Mithun Chakraborty (মিঠুন চক্রবর্তী ''Miṭhun Chôkroborti'', Hindi: मिथुन चक्रवर्ती (born Gouranga Anil Kapoor (अनिल कपूर born December 29, 1959) is a prominent National Film Award -winning Indian actor and producer who appears Actresses from this era included Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan and Rekha. Hema Malini ( Tamil: ஹேமமாலினி Hindi:हेमा मालिनी (born October 16 1948) is an Indian actress Jaya Bhaduri Bachchan ( April 10, 1948) ( Bengali: জয়া ভাদুড়ী বচ্চন Hindi: जया बच्चन is an Rekha ( Tamil: ரேகா Hindi: रेखा Urdu: ریکھا born 10 October 1954 is a National Film Award -winning Indian

In the mid-1990s, the pendulum swung back towards family-centric romantic musicals with the success of such films as Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) making stars out of a new generation of actors (such as Aamir Khan, Salman Khan and Shahrukh Khan) and actresses (such as Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit and Kajol). Hum Aapke Hain Koun! ( Hindi: हम आपके हैं कौन Urdu: ہم آپ کے ہیں کون Translation: Who Am I to You? Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (दिलवाले दुल्हनिया ले जाएँगे Urdu دلوالے دلہانیہ لے جائنگے also known Aamir redirects here For the Indian movie see Aamir (2008 film. Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan ( Hindi: सलमान ख़ान Urdu: سلمان خان səlˈmɑːn ˈxɑːn born December 27, 1965) Sridevi ( Tamil:ஸ்ரீதேவி Hindi:श्रीदेवी born on August 13, 1963, is an Indian actress Madhuri Dixit Madhuri Dixit ( Marathi: माधुरी दीक्षित (born Madhuri Shankar Dixit on May 15, 1967) Kajol Devgan, Née Mukherjee ( Bengali: কাজল দেবগন Kajol Debgôn, Hindi: काजोल देवगन born In that point of time, action and comedy films were also going strong with actors like Govinda and Akshay Kumar and actresses such as Raveena Tandon and Karisma Kapoor. Govinda (गोविंदा Punjabi: ਗੋਵਿਨ੍ਦ ( born Govind Arun Ahuja, on December 21 1963 is a Filmfare award-winning Indian Akshay Kumar (अक्षय कुमार born Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia on September 9 1967 is an Indian Bollywood film actor Raveena Tandon (रवीना टंडन born October 26 1974 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) is a National Karisma Kapoor, nicknamed "Lolo" ( Hindi: करिश्मा कपूर born June 25, 1974 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Furthermore, this decade marked the entry of new performers in art and independent films, some of which were successful at the box-office, with critically acclaimed performances by actors like Nana Patekar, Ajay Devgan, Manisha Koirala, Tabu and Urmila Matondkar. An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U Nana Patekar ( Marathi: नाना पाटेकर (born 1 January, 1951 as Vishwanath Patekar is a highly acclaimed Indian Actor Vishal Veeru Devgan, Hindi:विशाल देवगन born (April 2 1969 in New Delhi, India) popularly known as Ajay Devgan is Manisha Koirala (born on August 16, 1970 in Kathmandu, Nepal) is a Nepali actress who works in Indian films as well as a UNFPA Goodwill Tabu ( Hindi: तब्बू born Tabassum Hashmi Khan (तबस्सुम हाश्मी on November 4, 1970 in Hyderabad Andhra Urmila Matondkar ( Marathi: उर्मिला मातोंडकर (born on February 4, 1974 in Mumbai, Maharashtra,

The 2000s meant a growth in Bollywood's popularity in the world. This led the filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical quality advances. ^[3] Some of the largest production houses, among them Yash Raj Films and Dharma Productions were the producers of new modern films. Yash Raj Films (YRF is a company set up by Yash Chopra, an Indian film director and producer Dharma Productions is a film company founded by Yash Johar in 1976. ^[3] The opening up of the overseas market, the more Bollywood releases abroad and the explosion of multiplexes in big cities, led to wider box office successes in India and abroad, including Devdas, Koi... Mil Gaya, Kal Ho Naa Ho, Veer-Zaara and Dhoom 2, delivering a new generation of popular actors (Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan) and actresses (Aishwarya Rai, Preity Zinta, Shilpa Shetty and Rani Mukerji), and keeping the popularity of actors of the previous decade. Devdas ( Hindi: देवदास is a 2002 Hindi film based on the Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay novella Devdas KoīMil Gaya ( Hindi: कोई मिल गया Urdu: کوئی مل گیا Translation: I Found Someone) is a 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho ( Devanagari कल हो ना हो Nastaliq: کل ہو نہ ہو English: Tomorrow May or May Not Be is a 2003 Veer-Zaara ( Hindi: वीर-ज़ारा Urdu: ویر زارا) is a 2004 Indian Hindi film directed Dhoom 2 ( Hindi: धूम २ Urdu: ٢ ﺩﻬﻭﻡ Telugu: ధూమ్ 2 Tamil: தூம் 2 is a 2006 Hrithik Roshan ( Hindi: ऋतिक रोशन pronunciation /rɪt̪ɪk roːʃən/ / born 10 January, 1974) is an award-winning Bollywood Abhishek Bachchan (अभिषेक बच्चन born February 5, 1976 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) is an award-winning Aishwarya Rai-Bachchan or Aishwarya Bachchan (Birthname Aishwarya Rai; Tulu: ಐಶ್ವರ್ಯಾ ರೈ born 1 November 1973 is an internationally Preity Zinta (प्रीति ज़िंटा priːt̪ɪ zɪɳʈaː born January 31 1975 is an Indian Film actress. Shilpa Shetty ( Tulu: ಶಿಲ್ಪ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ born 8 June 1975) is an Indian film actress and model. Rani Mukerji (রাণী মুখার্জী रानी मुखर्जी born on March 21, 1978, is an award winning Indian Film actress

The Indian film industry has preferred films that appeal to all segments of the audience (see the discussion in Ganti, 2004, cited in references), and has resisted making films that target narrow audiences. It was believed that aiming for a broad spectrum would maximise box office receipts. However, filmmakers may be moving towards accepting some box-office segmentation, between films that appeal to rural Indians, and films that appeal to urban and overseas audiences.

Genre conventions

Bollywood films are mostly musicals, and are expected to contain catchy music in the form of song-and-dance numbers woven into the script. The musical film is a Film genre in which several Songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative A film's success often depends on the quality of such musical numbers. ^[4] Indeed, a film's music is often released before the movie itself and helps increase the audience.

Indian audiences expect full value for their money, with a good entertainer generally referred to as paisa vasool, (literally, "money's worth"). This article is about paisa the coin used in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Songs and dances, love triangles, comedy and dare-devil thrills — all are mixed up in a three-hour-long extravaganza with an intermission. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Such movies are called masala films, after the Hindustani word for a spice mixture. Masala (also transliterated as "massala" ( Hindi: मसाला Urdu: مصالہ‏) is a term used in Indian cuisine Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering Like masalas, these movies are a mixture of many things.

Bollywood plots have tended to be melodramatic. Melodrama refers to theatre in which music is used to increase the spectator's emotional response or to suggest character types They frequently employ formulaic ingredients such as star-crossed lovers and angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, corrupt politicians, kidnappers, conniving villains, courtesans with hearts of gold, long-lost relatives and siblings separated by fate, dramatic reversals of fortune, and convenient coincidences. The hooker with a heart of gold (also the whore with a heart of gold Aldonza ( Sophia Loren) in Man of La Mancha Belle

There have always been Indian films with more artistic aims and more sophisticated stories, both inside and outside the Bollywood tradition (see Art cinema in India). The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales and number of films produced annually (877 feature films and 1177 short films were released in the year 2003 They often lost out at the box office to movies with more mass appeal. Bollywood conventions are changing, however. A large Indian diaspora in English speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have nudged Bollywood films closer to Hollywood models. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Film kisses are no longer taboo. Plots now tend to feature Westernised urbanites dating and dancing in clubs rather than arranged marriages.

Film critic Lata Khubchandani writes,". . our earliest films. . . [had] liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures. "^[5]

Cast and crew

for further details see Indian movie actors, Indian movie actresses, Indian film directors, Indian film music directors and Indian playback singers

Bollywood employs people from all parts of India. A Aamir Khan Amol Palekar Amrish Puri Anil Kapoor Anupam Kher Subscript text This is an alphabetical list of notable Indian film actresses. India has many regional film centres Bollywood, the largest in Mumbai, producing films in the Hindi language Kolkata, for films in Bengali Most Indian films are musicals and their Music directors are among the best known musicians in India This is a list of Indian Playback singers. The list is alphabetized by first name It attracts thousands of aspiring actors and actresses, all hoping for a break in the industry. Models and beauty contestants, television actors, theatre actors and even common people come to Mumbai with the hope and dream of becoming a star. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Just as in Hollywood, very few succeed.

Stardom in the entertainment industry is very fickle, and Bollywood is no exception. The popularity of the stars can rise and fall rapidly. Directors compete to hire the most popular stars of the day, who are believed to guarantee the success of a movie (though this belief is not always supported by box-office results). A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. Hence many stars make the most of their fame, once they become popular, by making several movies simultaneously.

Only a very few non-Indian actors are able to make a mark in Bollywood, though many have tried from time to time. There have been some exceptions, one recent example is the hit film Rang de Basanti, where the lead actress is Alice Patten, an Englishwoman. Rang De Basanti ( Hindi: रंग दे बसंती Urdu: رنگ دے بسنتی IAST: Raṅg De Basantī; rəŋg d̪e bəsənt̪i Alice Patten (彭雅思 born 1980 is an English actress and the daughter of Chris Patten, a prominent British conservative politician and the last governor of Hong Kong Kisna, Lagaan, and The Rising: Ballad of Mangal Pandey also featured foreign actors. Kisna is a Hindi film that was released in 2005, starring Vivek Oberoi (who plays the title role Isha Sharvani, and Antonia Lagaan ( Bhojpuri / Hindi: लगान Urdu: لگان translation Land tax also known as Lagaan Once upon a time in India Mangal Pandey The Rising (Indian title or The Ballad of Mangal Pandey (international title (released in India on August 12

Bollywood can be very clannish, and the relatives of film-industry insiders have an edge in getting coveted roles in films and/or being part of a film's crew. However, industry connections are no guarantee of a long career: competition is brutal and if film industry scions do not succeed at the box office, their careers will falter. Some of the biggest stars, such as Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, and Shahrukh Khan have succeeded despite total lack of show business connections. Dharamendra Singh Deol (धर्मेन्द्र सिंह देओल (ਧਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਉਲ born 8 December 1935 in For film clans, see List of Bollywood film clans. The Indian film industry, particularly that part known as " Bollywood " is renowned for being very clannish with the relatives of film-industry insiders having an edge

Sound

Sound in Bollywood films is rarely recorded on location (otherwise known as sync sound). Therefore, the sound is usually created (or recreated) entirely in the studio, with the actors reciting their lines as their images appear on-screen in the studio in the process known as "looping in the sound" or ADR—with the foley and sound effects added later. In filmmaking, dubbing or looping is the process of recording or replacing voices for a Motion picture. Voice Foley refers to the non-talking Foley, or sound effects, that a voice actor makes to enhance a performance This creates several problems, since the sound in these films usually occurs a frame or two earlier or later than the mouth movements or gestures. The actors have to act twice—once on-location, once in the studio—and the emotional level on set is often very difficult to recreate. Commercial Indian films—not just the Hindi-language variety—are known for their lack of ambient sound, so there is a strange silence underlying everything instead of the proper sound to create some sort of depth.

The ubiquity of ADR in Bollywood cinema became prevalent in the early 1960s with the arrival of the Arriflex 3 camera, which required a blimp (cover) in order to shield the sound of the camera, for which it was notorious, from on-location filming. The Arri Group has been the largest world wide supplier of high quality Motion picture film equipment since 1917 Commercial Indian filmmakers, known for their speed, never bothered to blimp the camera, and its excessive noise required that everything had to be recreated in the studio. Eventually, this became the standard for Indian films.

The trend was bucked in 2001, after a 30-year hiatus of synchronized sound, with the film Lagaan, in which producer-star Aamir Khan insisted that the sound be done on location. Lagaan ( Bhojpuri / Hindi: लगान Urdu: لگان translation Land tax also known as Lagaan Once upon a time in India Aamir redirects here For the Indian movie see Aamir (2008 film. This opened up a heated debate on the use and economic feasibility of on-location sound, and several Bollywood films have employed on-location sound since then.

Bollywood Song and Dance

Songs in Bollywood are sung by professional playback singers, rather than actors, who lip-sync the lyrics. A playback singer is a Singer whose singing is prerecorded for use in movies Lip-sync or Lip-synch (short for lip Synchronization) is a technical term for matching lip movements with voice Pictured here is Mukesh, a famed playback singer. Mukesh ( Hindi: मुकेश) ( 22 July 1923 &ndash 27 August 1976) was an Indian playback singer of Bollywood

Bollywood film music is called filmi music (from Hindi, meaning "of films"). Filmi (or Filmy used as an adjective is a colloquial term which refers to anything relating to the Bollywood film industry Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is

Songs from Bollywood movies are generally pre-recorded by professional playback singers, with the actors then lip synching the words to the song on-screen, often while dancing. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Lip-sync or Lip-synch (short for lip Synchronization) is a technical term for matching lip movements with voice While most actors, especially today, are excellent dancers, few are also singers. One notable exception was Kishore Kumar, who starred in several major films in the 1950s while also having a stellar career as a playback singer. Kishore Kumar ( Hindi: किशोर कुमार ( August 4, 1929 &ndash October 13, 1987) was an Indian film K. L. Saigal, Suraiyya, and Noor Jehan were also known as both singers and actors. Kundan Lal ( KL) Saigal ( April 11, 1904 &ndash January 18, 1947) was an Indian singer and actor who is considered the Noor Jehan ( was the adopted stage name for Allah Wasai (born September 21, 1926 – December 23, 2000) who was a Pakistani Some actors in the last thirty years have sung one or more songs themselves; for a list, see Singing actors and actresses in Indian cinema. Singing actors and actresses in Indian cinema are Indian film actors who do their own singing

Playback singers are prominently featured in the opening credits and have their own fans who will go to an otherwise lackluster movie just to hear their favourites. Fans in Little Italyjpg|thumb|right|Fans in Little Italy Manhattan celebrating the victory of the Italian association football team after the 2006 FIFA World Cup]][[Image Wm-oly-de-cr Going by the quality as well as the quantity of the songs they rendered, most notable singers of Bollywood are Suraiyya, Noor Jehan, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Geeta Dutt, Shamshad Begum, Alka Yagnik, etc among female playback singers and K. Lata Mangeshkar (लता मंगेशकर born September 28, 1929) لتا منگیشکر is a singer from India. Asha Bhosle (आशा भोंसले (born September 8, 1933) آشا بھونسلے is an Indian singer Geetā Dutt (গীতা দত্ত born Geetā Ghosh Roy Chowdhuri) 23 1930 – July 20 1972 was a prominent Indian Playback singer in Hindi Shamshad Begum ( April 14, 1919] ref name="indiapost"> India Post, South Asia Bureau August 1998 Available online is Alka Yagnik (अल्का यागनिक (born March 20 1966 in Calcutta, West Bengal, India) is an Indian singer L. Saigal, Talat Mahmood, Mukesh, Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey, Hemant Kumar, Kishore Kumar, Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Sonu Nigam among male playback singers. Mukesh ( Hindi: मुकेश) ( 22 July 1923 &ndash 27 August 1976) was an Indian playback singer of Bollywood Mohammed Rafi (Hindi मोहम्मद रफ़ी Urdu محمد رفیع December 24, 1924 – July 31, 1980) was a popular Indian Prabodh Chandra Dey (born May 1, 1920) better known by his nickname Manna Dey (মান্না দে Manna De is one of the greatest playback singers Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay ( Bangla: হেমন্ত কুমার মুখোপাধ্যায় Hemonto Kumar Mukhopaddhae) also known as Hemanta Kishore Kumar ( Hindi: किशोर कुमार ( August 4, 1929 &ndash October 13, 1987) was an Indian film Mohammed Rafi is often considered arguably the finest of the singers that have lent their voice to Bollywood songs, followed by Lata Mangeshkar, who, through the course of a career spanning over six decades, has recorded thousands of songs for Indian movies. The composers of film music, known as music directors, are also well-known. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Their songs can make or break a film and usually do. Remixing of film songs with modern beats and rhythms is a common occurrence today, and producers may even release remixed versions of some of their films' songs along with the films' regular soundtrack albums. A remix is an alternative version of a song different from the original version

Bollywood dances usually follow songs

The dancing in Bollywood films, especially older ones, is primarily modelled on Indian dance: classical dance styles, dances of historic northern Indian courtesans (tawaif), or folk dances. Tawaif was a Concubine who catered to the Muslim nobility of South Asia, particularly during the Mughal era. Folk dance is a term used to describe a large number of dances mostly of European origin that tend to share the following attributes originally danced in about the In modern films, Indian dance elements often blend with Western dance styles (as seen on MTV or in Broadway musicals), though it is not unusual to see Western pop and pure classical dance numbers side by side in the same film. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. The hero or heroine will often perform with a troupe of supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines in Indian films feature unrealistically instantaneous shifts of location and/or changes of costume between verses of a song. If the hero and heroine dance and sing a pas-de-deux (a dance and ballet term, meaning "dance of two"), it is often staged in beautiful natural surroundings or architecturally grand settings. Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance This staging is referred to as a "picturisation".

Songs typically comment on the action taking place in the movie, in several ways. Sometimes, a song is worked into the plot, so that a character has a reason to sing; other times, a song is an externalisation of a character's thoughts, or presages an event that has not occurred yet in the plot of the movie. In this case, the event is almost always two characters falling in love.

Bollywood films have always used what are now called "item numbers". " Item number " is a term commonly used in the Indian film industries, such as Bollywood, Kollywood and Tollywood, to describe a catchy A physically attractive female character (the "item girl"), often completely unrelated to the main cast and plot of the film, performs a catchy song and dance number in the film. In older films, the "item number" may be performed by a courtesan (tawaif) dancing for a rich client or as part of a cabaret show. Tawaif was a Concubine who catered to the Muslim nobility of South Asia, particularly during the Mughal era. The dancer Helen was famous for her cabaret numbers. Helen Jairag Richardson Khan (born October 21 1939) is a Hindi dancer and actress of Anglo-Burmese extraction best known for playing vamps and In modern films, item numbers may be inserted as discotheque sequences, dancing at celebrations, or as stage shows. A discothèque, diskoˈtɛk̚ compare the Spanish "discoteca" is an Entertainment venue or Club with recorded music played by "Discaires"

For the last few decades Bollywood producers have been releasing the film's soundtrack, as tapes or CDs, before the main movie release, hoping that the music will pull audiences into the cinema later. Often the soundtrack is more popular than the movie. In the last few years some producers have also been releasing music videos, usually featuring a song from the film. However, some promotional videos feature a song which is not included in the movie.

Dialogues and lyrics

Main article: Bollywood songs

The film script or lines of dialogue (called "dialogues" in Indian English) and the song lyrics are often written by different people. Bollywood songs (often termed filmi songs) are heard far beyond the borders of India. Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora

Dialogues are usually written in an unadorned Hindi or Hindustani that would be understood by the largest possible audience. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Some movies, however, have used regional dialects to evoke a village setting, or old-fashioned courtly Urdu in Mughal-era historical films. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Contemporary mainstream movies also make great use of English. In fact, many movie scripts are first written in English, and then translated into Hindi. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Characters may shift from one language to the other to express a certain atmosphere (for example, English in a business setting and Hindi in an informal one).

Cinematic language, whether in dialogues or lyrics, is often melodramatic and invokes God, family, mother, duty, and self-sacrifice liberally.

Music directors often prefer working with certain lyricists, to the point that the lyricist and composer are seen as a team. This phenomenon is not unlike the pairings of American composers and songwriters that created old-time Broadway musicals (e. g. , Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, or Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe). Richard Charles Rodgers ( June 28, 1902, Arverne Queens, New York City &ndash December 30, 1979, New York Oscar Hammerstein II (ˈhæmɚstaɪn (born Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein) ( July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was Alan Jay Lerner ( August 31, 1918 &ndash June 14, 1986) was an American Broadway Lyricist and Librettist Song lyrics are usually about love. Bollywood song lyrics, especially in the old movies, frequently use Arabo-Persic Urdu vocabulary. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Another source for love lyrics is the long Hindu tradition of poetry about the mythological amours of Krishna, Radha, and the gopis. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism For Radha the mother of Karna from Mahabharata see Radha (Mahabharata Radha (Devanagari राधा IAST Rādhā is the principal Gopi is a word of Sanskrit (गोपी origin meaning 'cow-herd girl' Many lyrics compare the singer to a devotee and the object of his or her passion to Krishna or Radha.

Finances

Bollywood films are multi-million dollar productions, with the most expensive productions costing up to $10 million. More ambitious projects are reportedly planned, the most expensive of which is an epic film Mahabharata, by Ravi Chopra, estimated to cost up to $30 million and will start rolling in 2008. Sets, costumes, special effects, and cinematography were less than world-class up until the mid-to-late 1990s, although with some notable exceptions. Set construction is a process by which a set designer works in collaboration with the director of the production to create the set for a theatrical film or television The term costume can refer to Wardrobe and dress in general or to the distinctive style of dress of a particular people class or period The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called See also Filmmaking Cinematography (from Greek: kinesis κινησις (movement and grapho γραφω (to record is the discipline As Western films and television gain wider distribution in India itself, there is increasing pressure for Bollywood films to attain the same production levels. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic In particular, in areas such as action and special effects. Recent Bollywood films have employed international technicians to improve in these areas, such as Krrish(2006) which has action choreographed by Hong Kong based Tony Ching. And Love Story 2050(2007) has 5 international studios doing the special effects for it, including the Oscar winning WETA. The increasing accessibility to professional action and special effects, coupled with rising film budgets, has seen an explosion in the action and sci-fi genres.

Sequences shot overseas have proved a real box office draw, so Mumbai film crews are increasingly filming in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, continental Europe and elsewhere. A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European Nowadays, Indian producers are winning more and more funding for big-budget films shot within India as well, such as Lagaan, Devdas and other recent films. Lagaan ( Bhojpuri / Hindi: लगान Urdu: لگان translation Land tax also known as Lagaan Once upon a time in India Devdas ( Hindi: देवदास is a 2002 Hindi film based on the Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay novella Devdas

Funding for Bollywood films often comes from private distributors and a few large studios. A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. Indian banks and financial institutions were forbidden from lending money to movie studios. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money In Financial economics, a financial institution acts as an agent that provides Financial services for its clients or members However, this ban has now been lifted. ^[6] As finances are not regulated, some funding also comes from illegitimate sources, such as the Mumbai underworld. The Indian mafia refers to certain criminal organizations found in some of India 's major cities The Mumbai underworld has been known to be involved in the production of several films, and are notorious for their patronisation of several prominent film personalities; On occasion, they have been known to use money and muscle power to get their way in cinematic deals. In January, 2000, Mumbai mafia hitmen shot Rakesh Roshan, a film director and father of star Hrithik Roshan; it had been reported that he had rebuffed mob attempts to meddle with his film distribution. Rakesh Roshan ( Hindi: राकेश रोशन Urdu: راکیش روشن (born Rakesh Roshan Lal Nagrath on September 6, 1949 Hrithik Roshan ( Hindi: ऋतिक रोशन pronunciation /rɪt̪ɪk roːʃən/ / born 10 January, 1974) is an award-winning Bollywood In 2001, the Central Bureau of Investigation seized all prints of the movie Chori Chori Chupke Chupke after the movie was found to be funded by members of the Mumbai underworld. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI is India 's premier investigating agency responsible for a wide variety of Criminal and National security matters Chori Chori Chupke Chupke ( Hindi: चोरी चोरी चुपके चुपके Urdu: چوری چوری چپکے چپکے is a 2001 The Indian mafia refers to certain criminal organizations found in some of India 's major cities ^[7]

Another problem facing Bollywood is widespread copyright infringement of its films. 'Copyright infringement' (or copyright violation) is the unauthorized use of material that is covered by Copyright law in a manner that violates Often, bootleg DVD copies of movies are available before the prints are officially released in cinemas. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue Manufacturing of bootleg DVD, VCD, and VHS copies of the latest movie titles is a well established 'small scale industry' in parts of South Asia and South East Asia. Besides catering to the homegrown market, demand for these copies is large amongst some sections of the Indian diaspora, too. A non-resident Indian (NRI is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country a person of Indian origin who is born outside India or a person of (In fact, bootleg copies are the only way people in Pakistan can watch Bollywood movies, since the Government of Pakistan has banned their sale, distribution and telecast). The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected Films are frequently broadcast without compensation by countless small cable TV companies in India and other parts of South Asia. Small convenience stores run by members of the Indian diaspora in the U. S. and the UK regularly stock tapes and DVDs of dubious provenance, while consumer copying adds to the problem. The availability of illegal copies of movies on the Internet also contributes to the piracy problem.

Satellite TV, television and imported foreign films are making huge inroads into the domestic Indian entertainment market. In the past, most Bollywood films could make money; now fewer tend to do so. However, most Bollywood producers make money, recouping their investments from many sources of revenue, including selling ancillary rights. There are also increasing returns from theatres in Western countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, where Bollywood is slowly getting noticed. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the As more Indians migrate to these countries, they form a growing market for upscale Indian films.

For an interesting comparison of Hollywood and Bollywood financial figures, see this chart. It shows tickets sold in 2002 and total revenue estimates. Bollywood sold 3. 6 billion tickets and had total revenues (theatre tickets, DVDs, television etc. ) of US$1. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 3 billion, whereas Hollywood films sold 2. 6 billion tickets and generated total revenues (again from all formats) of US$51 billion.

Advertising

Many Indian artists used to make a living by hand-painting movie billboards and posters. (The well-known artist M.F. Hussain was a poster painter early in his career. Maqbool Fida Husain, (born 1915 Pandharpur, Maharashtra popularly known as M F Husain, is one of India 's best known ) This was because human labour was found to be cheaper than printing and distributing publicity material. Now, a majority of the huge and ubiquitous billboards in India's major cities are created with computer-printed vinyl. The old hand-painted posters, once regarded as ephemera, are becoming increasingly collectible as folk art. Folk art describes a wide range of objects that reflect the Craft traditions and traditional social values of various social groups

Releasing the film music, or music videos, before the actual release of the film can also be considered a form of advertising. A popular tune is believed to help pull audiences into the theaters.

Bollywood publicists have begun to use the Internet as a venue for advertising. Most of the better-funded film releases now have their own websites, where browsers can view trailers, stills, and information about the story, cast, and crew.

Bollywood is also used to advertise other products. Product placement, as used in Hollywood, is widely practiced in Bollywood. Product placement, or embedded marketing, is a type of Advertising, in which promotional Advertisements placed by marketers using ^[8]

Bollywood movie stars appear in print and television advertisements for other products, such as watches or soap (see Celebrity endorsement). For the use of the term testimonial in sport (especially Football) see Testimonial match. Advertisers say that a star endorsement boosts sales.

Awards

The Filmfare Awards ceremony is one of the most prominent film events given for Hindi films in India. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[9] The Indian screen magazine Filmfare started the first Filmfare Awards in 1954, and awards were given to the best films of 1953. Filmfare is a Bollywood magazine published fortnightly in India. The ceremony was referred to as the Clare Awards after the magazine's editor. Modelled after the poll-based merit format of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, individuals may submit their votes in separate categories. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization ostensibly dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of Motion A dual voting system was developed in 1956. ^[10] Like the Oscars, the Filmfare awards are frequently accused of bias towards commercial success rather than artistic merit.

As the Filmfare, the National Film Awards were introduced in 1954. The National Film Awards is the most prestigious film award ceremony in India, and the country's oldest award ceremony alongside the Filmfare Awards. Since 1973, the Indian government has sponsored the National Film Awards, awarded by the government run Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF). The National Film Awards is the most prestigious film award ceremony in India, and the country's oldest award ceremony alongside the Filmfare Awards. The Directorate of Film Festivals in India is a organization set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt The DFF screens not only Bollywood films, but films from all the other regional movie industries and independent/art films. These awards are handed out at an annual ceremony presided over by the President of India. The President of India or Rashtrapati ( Hindi: राष्ट्रपति a Sanskrit Neologism, lit Under this system, in contrast to the National Film Awards, which are decided by a panel appointed by Indian Government, the Filmfare Awards are voted for by both the public and a committee of experts. ^[11]

Additional ceremonies held within India are:

• Stardust Awards
• Star Screen Awards

Ceremonies held overseas are:

• Bollywood Movie Awards - Long Island, New York, United States
• Global Indian Film Awards - (different country each year)
• IIFA Awards - (different country each year)
• Zee Cine Awards- (different country each year)

Most of these award ceremonies are lavishly staged spectacles, featuring singing, dancing, and lots of stars and starlets. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Stardust Awards is an award ceremony which congratulates the superstars of the new generation who will make an impact in the future The Star Screen Awards has been the only Awards ceremony in India which has involved the Executive Director and the Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Bollywood Movie Awards, is an annual film award ceremony held in Long Island, New York, United States, celebrating films and actors from the Bollywood Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Global Indian Film Awards (GIFA were first held in 2005 in Dubai. The International Indian Film Academy (IIFA Awards, is an awards ceremony that honours Bollywood ( Hindi language film industry films around the world since 2000 The Zee Cine Awards or "ZCA" for short is an Awards Ceremony in India.

Film education

• Asian Academy Of Film & Television
• Film and Television Institute of India
• Satyajit Ray Institute of Film And Television

Popularity and appeal

Over the years, Bollywood, whose annual output of over 800 films a year,^[12][13] and has sold 3. The Asian Academy of Film & Television is the pioneer most Film school in this part of the world Film and Television Institute of India ( FTII) is an autonomous Institute under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt 6 billion tickets,^[14] has shown progress in its popularity, and has been entering the consciousness of Western audiences and producers. ^[13]

Asia

Bollywood films are watched in South Asian countries, such as Bangladesh , Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Most Pakistanis watch Bollywood films^[15], in part because many Pakistanis speak or at least understand Hindi (due to its linguistic similarity to Urdu). Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Despite a government ban on Indian films^[15], a few Bollywood films have been legally released there, such as Taj Mahal. For the most part, Bollywood movies are watched on cable in Pakistan, and there is a huge market for Bollywood movies in local video stores.

Bollywood movies are popular in Afghanistan due to the country's close proximity with the Indian subcontinent and certain cultural perspectives present in the movies. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, ^[16] Several Bollywood actors have their roots connected to Afghanistan. A number of Bollywood movies were filmed inside Afghanistan while some dealt with the country, including Dharmatma, Kabul Express, Khuda Gawah and Escape From Taliban. Dharmatama is a 1975 Hindi movie, which was produced and directed by Feroz Khan. Kabul Express ( Hindi: काबुल एक्स्प्रेस Urdu: کابل ایکسپریس is a Bollywood film that was released Khuda Gawah ( Hindi: ख़ुदा गवाह Urdu: خدا گواہ Translation: God is witness) is a 1992 Bollywood Escape From Taliban is a 2003 Indian film that is directed by Ujjal Chattopadhyaya. ^[17][18]

Recently Bollywood has progressed in Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Special channels dedicated to Indian films have been displayed on cable.

Indian films have been popular in a few Arab countries, particularly in the Gulf countries. The Arab states of the Persian Gulf are made of the kingdoms of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the States Imported Indian films are usually dubbed in Arabic upon their release. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Africa

Bollywood is recognised in parts of Africa. The Indian population in countries such as South Africa, Nigeria, and Morocco allows for box office successes for Bollywood products. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa

Russia and Eastern Europe

Bollywood films are particularly popular in the former Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Bollywood films were being dubbed to Russian, and shown in prominent theatres such as Mosfilm and Lenfilm. In filmmaking, dubbing or looping is the process of recording or replacing voices for a Motion picture. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Mosfilm ( Russian: Мосфильм məs'fʲɨlʲm is a Film studio, which is often described as the largest and oldest in Russia and in Kinostudiya "Lenfilm" (in Russian, Киностудия Ленфи́льм is a production unit of the Russian film industry with its own Film

Ashok Sharma, Indian Ambassador to Suriname, who has served three times in the Commonwealth of Independent States region during his diplomatic career said:

After the collapse of the Soviet film distribution system, Hollywood occupied the void created in the Russian film market. This made things difficult for Bollywood as it was losing market share to Hollywood. However, Russian newspapers report that there is a renewed interest in Bollywood among young Russians. ^[20]

Europe and the Americas

Bollywood has experienced a marked growth in revenue in North American markets, and is particularly popular amongst the South Asian communities of the larger cities such as Chicago and New York City. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City of New York ^[3] Yash Raj Films, one of India's largest production houses and distributors, reported in September 2005 that Bollywood films in the United States earn around $100 million a year through theater screenings, video sales and the sale of movie soundtracks. Yash Raj Films (YRF is a company set up by Yash Chopra, an Indian film director and producer The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[3] In other words, films from India do more business in the United States than films from any other country. ^[3] During the last decade, Bollywood films filmed in North America have largely been shot in New York, Los Angeles, Vancouver and Toronto. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario

Bollywood films also do well in the U.K. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[21] Many films, such as Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham have been set in London, the U.K. is also one of the most filmed locations for Bollywood films, however there is no official report claiming this as there are many Indian films shot in the U.K., yet no mention of the U.K. itself in the film. Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ( Devanagari: कभी ख़ुशी कभी ग़म - "Sometimes Happiness Sometimes Sadness" is a Bollywood London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Bollywood is also appreciated in Germany as well as France. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Various Bollywood movies are dubbed in German and shown on the German Television channel RTL II on a regular basis. RTL II (RTL 2 is a privately owned commercial general-interest German Television channel.

Bollywood is not as popular in South American countries, however it has its recognition in Caribbean nations with large Indian diasporas, such as Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago — all of which have people of Indian descent as a majority of their population. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Bollywood culture and dance has also been recognised in Peru. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. In 2006, Dhoom 2 became the first Bollywood film to be shot in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Dhoom 2 ( Hindi: धूम २ Urdu: ٢ ﺩﻬﻭﻡ Telugu: ధూమ్ 2 Tamil: தூம் 2 is a 2006 Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld ^[22]

Oceania

Bollywood is not as successful in Oceanic Countries such as New Guinea and Indonesia. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. ^[23] However, it ranks second to Hollywood in countries such as Fiji, Australia and New Zealand. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island ^[23]

Australia is one of the countries where there is a large South Asian Diaspora. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. ^[23] Bollywood is popular amongst non-Asians in the country as well. ^[23] Since 1997 the country has provided a backdrop for an increasing number of Bollywood films. ^[23] Indian filmmakers have been attracted to Australia's diverse locations and landscapes, and initially used it as the setting for song-and-dance sequences, which demonstrated the contrast between the values. ^[23] However, nowadays, Australian locations are becoming more important to the plot of Bollywood films. ^[23] Hindi films shot in Australia usually incorporate aspects of Australian lifestyle. The Yash Raj Film Salaam Namaste (2005) became the first Indian film to be shot entirely in Australia and was the most successful Bollywood film of 2005 there. Yash Raj Films (YRF is a company set up by Yash Chopra, an Indian film director and producer Salaam Namaste ( Hindi: सलाम नमस्ते Urdu: سلام نمستے English: Urdu and Hindi greetings respectively is a This was followed by Heyy Babyy and Chak De! India which turned out as box office successes. Heyy Babyy is a Hindi film starring Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan, Fardeen Khan, Riteish Deshmukh and Boman Irani Chak De India ( Hindi: चक दे इंडिया English: "Go For It India!" is a fictional 2007 Hindi sports film ^[23]

See also

• Bollywood songs
• Cinema of India
• List of Bollywood films
• List of Bollywood film clans
• Bollywood films and plagiarism

References

Further reading

• Alter, Stephen. Fantasies of a Bollywood Love-Thief: Inside the World of Indian Moviemaking. (ISBN 0-15-603084-5)
• Bernard 'Bollywood' Gibson. Passing the envelope, 1994.
• Ganti, Tejaswini. Bollywood, Routledge, New York and London, 2004.
• Jolly, Gurbir, Zenia Wadhwani, and Deborah Barretto, eds. Once Upon a Time in Bollywood: The Global Swing in Hindi Cinema, TSAR Publications. 2007. (ISBN 978-1-89-4770-40-8)
• Joshi, Lalit Mohan. Bollywood: Popular Indian Cinema. (ISBN 0-9537032-2-3)
• Kabir, Nasreen Munni. Bollywood, Channel 4 Books, 2001.
• Mehta, Suketu. Maximum City, Knopf, 2004.
• Mishra, Vijay. Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire. (ISBN 0-415-93015-4)
• Pendakur, Manjunath. Indian Popular Cinema: Industry, Ideology, and Consciousness. (ISBN 1-57273-500-5)
• Raheja, Dinesh and Kothari, Jitendra. Indian Cinema: The Bollywood Saga. (ISBN 81-7436-285-1)
• Raj, Aditya (2007) “Bollywood Cinema and Indian Diaspora” IN Media Literacy: A Reader edited by Donaldo Macedo and Shirley Steinberg New York: Peter Lang
• Rajadhyaksha, Ashish and Willemen, Paul. Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Oxford University Press, revised and expanded, 1999.

External links

General guides

• IMDB - A database for International Movies
• An article on Bollywood in National Geographic archives
• Cinema India. Asia. Victoria and Albert Museum. The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design housing a permanent collection Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.