Boeing 707/720
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Yugoslav Airlines 707 at Belgrade International Airport, Serbia
Type	Airliner
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Boeing Airplane Company
Maiden flight	20 December 1957
Introduction	October 1958 with Pan American
Produced	1958-1978
Number built	1,010
Unit cost	US$4. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Jat Airways is the national Airline of Serbia and the former national carrier of Yugoslavia, based in Belgrade. Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport ( Serbian: Аеродром Београд - Никола Тесла or Aerodrom Beograd - Nikola Tesla) is Serbia 's busiest Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Boeing Commercial Airplanes is a unit of The Boeing Company, based in Renton, Washington consisting of the Seattle -based former Boeing The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) 3 million (1955 dollars)[1]
Developed from	Boeing 367-80
Variants	C-137 Stratoliner VC-137C (Air Force One)

The Boeing 707 is a four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A jet airliner, sometimes contracted to jetliner, is a passenger Airplane (passenger Aeroplane) that is powered by Jet engines. Boeing Commercial Airplanes is a unit of The Boeing Company, based in Renton, Washington consisting of the Seattle -based former Boeing Its name is most commonly spoken as "Seven Oh Seven". Boeing delivered a total of 1,010 Boeing 707s, which dominated passenger air transport in the 1960s and remained common through the 1970s. Boeing also offered a smaller, faster version of the aircraft that was marketed as the Boeing 720.

Although it was not the first commercial jet in service (that distinction belongs to the de Havilland Comet), the 707 was the first to be commercially successful, and is credited as ushering in the Jet Age. A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Aviation history The De Havilland Comet was the first jet airliner to fly the first in service in 1952 and the first to offer a transatlantic jet service It established Boeing as one of the largest makers of passenger aircraft, and led to the later series of aircraft with "7x7" designations. Boeing 7x7, or simply 7x7, is a term used to describe Boeing 's "7-Series" of airliners, the Boeing 707, 717, 727

Development

An ex-Qantas Boeing 707, owned by John Travolta, repainted in vintage Qantas livery

The 707 was based on an aircraft known as the 367-80. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The "Dash 80" took less than two years from project launch in 1952 to rollout on 14 May 1954. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) This was powered by the Pratt & Whitney JT3C engine which was the civilian version of the J57 used on many military aircraft of the day including the F-100, F-101, F-102, and the B-52. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

The prototype was conceived for both military and civilian use: the United States Air Force was the first customer for the design, using in the KC-135 Stratotanker midair refueling platform. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It was far from certain that the passenger 707 would be profitable. At the time, Boeing was making nearly all of its money from military contracts: its last passenger transport, the Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, had netted the company a $15 million loss before it was purchased by the Air Force as the KC-97 Stratotanker. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[2]

The 132-inch (3,400 mm) fuselage of the Dash 80 was only wide enough to fit two-plus-two seating (in the manner of the Stratocruiser). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Boeing soon realized that this would not provide a viable payload, so decided to widen the fuselage to 144 inches (3,700 mm), the same as the KC-135 Stratotanker, which would allow six-abreast seating - and the shared use of the KC-135's tooling. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[3] However, Douglas had launched its DC-8 with a fuselage width of 147 inches (3,700 mm). The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The airlines liked the extra space, and so Boeing was obliged to increase the 707's cabin width again, this time to 148 inches (3,800 mm). ^[4] This meant that little of the tooling that was made for the Dash 80 was usable for the 707. The extra cost meant the 707 did not become profitable until some years after it would have if these modifications were not necessary.

The first flight of the first production 707-120 took place on 20 December 1957, and FAA certification followed on 18 September 1958. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A number of changes were incorporated into the production models from the prototype. A krueger flap was installed along the leading edge. The height of the vertical fin was increased, and a small fin was added to the underside of the fuselage, and acted as a bumper during excessively nose high takeoffs. ^[1]

While the 707-120 was the initial standard model with Pratt & Whitney JT3C engines, Qantas ordered a shorter body version called the 707-138 and Braniff ordered the higher-thrust version with Pratt & Whitney JT4A engines, the 707-220. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Braniff International Airways was an American Airline that existed from 1928 until 1982 The final major derivative was the 707-320 which featured an extended-span wing and JT4A engines, while the 707-420 was the same as the -320 but with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofan engines, in response to a request from Air Canada. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout (and how to find a free use picture? A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine Air Canada () is Canada 's largest Airline and Flag carrier. The airline founded in 1937 has had its corporate headquarters in Montreal British certification requirements relating to engine-out go-arounds also forced Boeing to increase the height of the tail fin on all 707 variants, as well as add a ventral fin. The vertical stabilizers, or fins, of Aircraft, Missiles or Bombs are typically found on the aft end of the Fuselage or body

Eventually, the dominant engine for the Boeing 707 family was the Pratt & Whitney JT3D, a turbofan variant of the JT3C with even lower fuel consumption as well as higher thrust. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout JT3D-engined 707s and 720s were denoted with a "B" suffix. While many 707-120Bs and 720Bs were conversions of existing JT3C-powered machines, 707-320Bs were only available as new-built aircraft as they had a stronger structure to support a maximum take-off weight increased by 19,000 lb (8,600 kg), along with minor modifications to the wing.

The ultimate 707 variant was the 707-320C, (C for "Convertible") which was fitted with a large fuselage door for cargo applications. This aircraft also had a significantly revised wing featuring three-section leading-edge flaps. This provided an additional improvement to takeoff and landing performance, as well as allowed the ventral fin to be removed (although the taller fin was retained). 707-320Bs built after 1963 used the same wing as the -320C and were known as 707-320B Advanced aircraft.

Production of the passenger 707 ended in 1978. In total, 1,010 707s were built for civil use, though many of these found their way to military service. The purpose-built military variants remained in production until 1991.

Traces of the 707 are still found in the 737, which uses a modified version of the 707's fuselage, as well as essentially the same external nose and cockpit configuration as the 707. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout These were also used on the previous Boeing 727, while the Boeing 757 also used the 707 fuselage cross-section. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Chinese government sponsored development of the Shanghai Y-10 during the 1970s, which was a near carbon-copy of the 707; however, this did not enter production. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Operational service

The first commercial orders for the 707 came on 13 October 1955,^[3] when Pan Am committed to 20 707s and 25 Douglas DC-8s, a dramatic increase in passenger capacity over its existing fleet of propeller aircraft. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The competition between the 707 and DC-8 was fierce. Several major airlines committed only to the DC-8, as Douglas Aircraft was a more established maker of passenger aircraft at the time. The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. To stay competitive, Boeing made a late and costly decision to redesign and enlarge the 707's wing to help increase range and payload. The new version was numbered 707-320.

Pan Am was the first airline to operate the 707; the aircraft's first commercial flight was from New York to Paris on 26 October 1958 with stopover in Bangor, Maine. An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license The City of New York Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. American Airlines operated the first domestic 707 flight on 25 January 1959. American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Airlines which had only ordered the DC-8, such as United, Delta and Eastern, were left jetless for months until September and lost market share on transcontinental flights. United Air Lines Inc, trading as United Airlines ( is a major airline of the United States. Delta Air Lines Inc ( is a United States Airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Eastern Air Lines was a major United States Airline that existed from the late 1920s until 1991

The 707 quickly became the most popular jetliner of its time. Its popularity led to rapid developments in airport terminals, runways, airline catering, baggage handling, reservations systems and other air transport infrastructure. The advent of the 707 also led to the upgrading of air traffic control systems to prevent interference with military jet operations. Air traffic control ( ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct Aircraft on the ground and in the air ^[5]

BOAC 707 at London Heathrow Airport in 1964. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946

As the 1960s drew to a close, the exponential growth in air travel led to the 707 being a victim of its own success. The 707 was now too small to handle the increased passenger densities on the routes for which it was designed. Stretching the fuselage was not a viable option because the installation of larger, more powerful engines would in turn need a larger undercarriage, which was not feasible given the design's limited ground clearance. Boeing's answer to the problem was the first twin aisle airliner - the Boeing 747. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The 707's first-generation engine technology was also rapidly becoming obsolete in the areas of noise and fuel economy.

Trans World Airlines flew the last scheduled 707 flight for passengers by a US carrier on 30 October 1983,^[6] although 707s remained in scheduled service by airlines from other nations for much longer. Trans World Airlines ( TWA) renamed TWA Airlines LLC in 2001 was a major U Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) For example Middle East Airlines (MEA) of Lebanon flew 707s and 720s in front-line passenger service until the end of the 1990s. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Since LADE of Argentina took its 707-320B from regular service in 2007, Saha Airlines of Iran is the last airline to keep 707s in scheduled passenger service. LADE - Líneas Aéreas del Estado is an Airline based in Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Saha Air Lines (ساها is an Airline based in Tehran, Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Saha's 707-320C is listed for the nightly domestic flight between Tehran and Kish Island as well as a weekly flight between Tehran and Mashhad on Friday morning as of February 2008. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Kish ( is a resort island in the Persian Gulf. It is part of the Hormozgān Province of Iran. Mashhad ( literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia

In 1984, a Boeing 720 that was flown by remote control was intentionally crashed at Edwards AFB as a part of the FAA and NASA Controlled Impact Demonstration program. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Controlled Impact Demonstration (or more colloquially the Crash In the Desert) was a joint project between NASA and the Federal Aviation Administration The test provided peak accelerations during a crash. ^[7]

While not used as an airliner, Honeywell operates a Boeing 720 to aid in turbine engine development. Honeywell ( is a major American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of consumer products engineering services and aerospace systems The aircraft has been modified with an extra engine nacelle to allow testing of a turbine engine at altitude. This is the last Boeing 720 in operation in the United States, flying out of Sky Harbor airport in Phoenix, operating on special certification allowing it to be used for experimental use. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is a joint civil-military public Airport located three miles (5 km east of the Central business district of Phoenix The aircraft's experimental flight certification is set to expire in 2008 when it will be replaced. ^[8]

Design

Engines

View of the port (left) number 1 & 2 Pratt & Whitney JT3D jet engines of a British Caledonian Boeing 707 showing the peculiarity of the number 1 engine mount which is different from the other three, June 1975. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout specific --->A jet engine is a Reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of Fluid to British Caledonian came into being in November 1970 when the Scottish Charter airline Caledonian Airways, at the time Britain 's second-largest An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input

The 707's engines could not supply sufficient bleed air for pressurization without a serious loss of thrust, so the aircraft instead used engine-driven turbocompressors to supply high-pressure air for this purpose. Bleed air in gas turbine engines is compressed air taken from within the engine after the compressor stage(s and before the fuel is injected in the burners Pressurization generally refers to the application of Pressure in a given situation or environment and more specifically refers to the process by which Atmospheric pressure A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the Pressure of a Gas by reducing its Volume. On many commercial 707s the outer port (#1) engine mount is distinctly different from the other three, as this is the only engine not fitted with a turbocompressor. The Boeing 707 was the first commercially successful airliner to use podded engines. A podded engine is a jet engine in a pod typically attached below the wing or to the tail of the aircraft

Wings

The 707 wings are swept back at 35 degrees and, like all swept-wing aircraft, displayed an undesirable "Dutch roll" flying characteristic which manifested itself as an alternating yawing and rolling motion. Dutch roll is a type of Aircraft motion consisting of an out-of- phase combination of "tail-wagging" and rocking from side to side Boeing already had considerable experience with this on the B-47 and B-52, and had developed the yaw damper system on the B-47 that would be applied to later swept wing configurations like the 707. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A yaw damper is a device used on many aircraft (usually jets and turboprops and railway vehicles to damp (reduce the rolling and yawing oscillations due to Dutch roll A swept-wing is a wing Planform common on high-speed Aircraft, with the wing swept back instead of being set at right angles to the Fuselage. However, many new 707 pilots had no experience with this phenomenon as they were transitioning from straight-wing propeller driven aircraft such as the Douglas DC-7 and Lockheed Constellation. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

On one customer acceptance flight, where the yaw damper was turned off to familiarize the new pilots with flying techniques, a trainee pilot exacerbated the Dutch Roll motion causing a violent roll motion which tore two of the four engines off the wing. The plane, a brand new 707-227 N7071 destined for Braniff, crash landed on a river bed north of Seattle at Arlington, Washington, killing four of the eight occupants. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. ^[9]

In his autobiography, test pilot Tex Johnston described a Dutch Roll incident he experienced as a passenger on an early commercial 707 flight. Test pilots are Aviators who fly new and modified Aircraft in specific maneuvers allowing the results to be measured and the design to be evaluated Alvin M "Tex" Johnston ( August 18, 1914 - October 29, 1998) was a Test pilot for Bell Aircraft and the As the aircraft's movements gradually became more severe, he went to the cockpit and found the crew frantically attempting to resolve the situation. He introduced himself and relieved the ashen-faced captain who immediately left the cockpit feeling ill. Johnston quickly stabilized the plane and later, even landed it for the crew.

Upgrades and modifications

Omega Air's 707-330C testbed for the 707RE program takes off from the Mojave Airport

JT8D engines

Pratt & Whitney, in a joint venture with Seven Q Seven (SQS) and Omega Air, has developed the JT8D-219 as a re-engine powerplant for Boeing 707-based aircraft, calling their modified configuration a 707RE. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[10] Northrop Grumman has selected the -219 to re-engine the United States Air Force’s fleet of 19 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (E-8 Joint STARS) aircraft, which will allow the JSTARS more time on station due to the engine's greater fuel efficiency. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout NATO also plans to re-engine their fleet of E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The -219 is publicized as being half the cost of the competing 707 re-engine powerplant, the CFM-56, and is 40dB quieter than than JT3D engines that are being replaced. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[10]

Variants

Civilian

British Caledonian Boeing 707 shown at Prestwick International Airport, South Ayrshire, Scotland, c. Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Port-adhair Ghlaschu Phreastabhaig is an International airport serving Glasgow, situated north of the town of Prestwick South Ayrshire ( Gaelic: Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Deas, ʃir̴əxg̊ iɲɪɾʲˈaːɾʲ ə d̊ʲes̪ is one of 32 Council areas of Scotland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. 1972.

• 367-80 (Dash-80): The original prototype jet transport layout. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Used to develop the 707, it was fitted with four Pratt & Whitney JT3C engines producing 10,000 lbf (44 kN) each. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This article deals with the unit of force For the unit of mass see Pound (mass. First flight was 15 July 1954. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)

• 707-120: 69 of the first production 707s were built, with a longer fuselage and greater wingspan than the original Dash-80. A full set of rectangular cabin windows was included for the interior, which was capable of a seating 179 passengers. The version was designed for transcontinental routes and often required a refuelling stop when used on the North Atlantic route. It was fitted with four Pratt and Whitney JT3C-6 turbojets, civilian versions of the military J57 model, which produced 12,500 lbf (56 kN) each, allowing a 257,000 lb (117,000 kg) takeoff gross weight. Pratt & Whitney is an American Aircraft engine manufacturer of products widely used in both civil and military aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout TurboJET (噴射飛航 is the brand name for the operations of the Hong Kong -based Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited (信德中旅船務管理有限公司 First flight was on 20 December 1954. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Other major orders were the launch order for 20 707-121 aircraft by Pan American and an American Airlines order for 30 707-123 aircraft. American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size Pan Am service began the 707 career on 26 October 1958. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• 707-138: Qantas has been assigned the Boeing customer number of 38. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Boeing customer codes have been used by Boeing Commercial Airplanes to identify the original customer of an aircraft since the Boeing 707. The 13 -138 were based on the -120 but had a 10-foot (3. 0 m) reduction to the rear fuselage and were capable of increased range.

• 707-220: Designed for hot and high operations with powerful Pratt & Whitney JT4A-3 turbojets, only five of these were ultimately produced. In Aviation, hot and high refers to very warm climates or very high Elevations that may compromise an aircraft's ability to operate safely WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout All were for Braniff International Airways and carried the model number 707-227. Braniff International Airways was an American Airline that existed from 1928 until 1982 This version was made obsolete by the arrival of the turbofan-powered 707-120B.

• 707-320 Intercontinental: A stretched version of the turbojet-powered original model, powered by JT4A-3 turbojets producing 15,800 lbst each. The interior allowed for up to 189 passengers due to a 100-inch (2,500 mm) stretch, while a longer wing carried more fuel, increasing range by 1,600 miles (2,600 km) and allowing the aircraft to operate as true transoceanic aircraft. Takeoff weight was increased to 316,000 lb (143,000 kg). First flight was on 11 January 1958, and 69 turbojet -320s were produced. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• 707-120B: The first major upgrade to the design was a re-engining with JT3D-3 turbofans, which were quieter, more powerful, and more fuel-efficient, producing 18,000 lbf (80 kN) each. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The aircraft also received extra leading-edge slats, and the tailplane was enlarged. A total of 72 of these were built, and many more were converted from 707-120 aircraft, including Qantas' aircraft, which became 707-138B aircraft upon conversion. The first flight of the -120B was on 22 June 1960. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• 707-320B: A re-engining of the stretched version was undertaken in parallel with the -120B, using the same JT3D-3 turbofans and incorporating many of the same airframe upgrades as well. Takeoff gross weight was increased to 335,000 lb (152,000 kg). 175 of the 707-300B aircraft were produced, as well as upgrades from original -320 models. One of the final orders was by the Iranian Government for 14 707-3J9C aircraft capable of VIP transportation, communication, and inflight refuelling tasks.

• 707-320B Advanced: A minor improvement made available to -320B aircraft, adding three-section leading-edge flaps. These reduced takeoff and landing speeds, and also altered the lift distribution of the wing, allowing the ventral fin found on earlier 707s to be removed. The same wing was also used on the -320C.

• 707-320C: A convertible passenger/freight configuration which ultimately became the most widely produced variant of the 707, the -320C added a strengthened floor and a new cargo door to the -320B model. 335 of these variants were built, including a small number with uprated JT3D-7 engines and a takeoff gross weight of 336,000 lb (152,000 kg). Despite the convertible option, a number of these were delivered as pure freighters.

• 707-420: A version of the 707-320 originally produced at specific request for BOAC and powered by Rolls-Royce Conway 508 turbofans, producing 17,500 lbf (78 kN) each. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout (and how to find a free use picture? Although BOAC initiated the programme, Lufthansa was the launch customer and Air India was the first to receive a 707-420 on February 18 1960. Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services A total of 37 were built to this configuration.

• 707-700: A test aircraft used to study the feasibility of using CFM International's CFM56 powerplants on a 707 airframe and possibly retrofitting them to existing aircraft. CFM International is a joint venture between GE Aviation of the United States, and Snecma of France. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout After a testing in 1979, N707QT, the last commercial 707 airframe, was refitted to 707-320C configuration and delivered to the Moroccan Air Force as a tanker aircraft. (This purchase was considered a "civilian" order and not a military one. ) Boeing abandoned the program, since they felt it would be a threat to the Boeing 757 program. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The information gathered in the test led to the eventual retrofitting program of CFM56 engines to the USAF C-135/KC-135R models, and some military versions of the 707 also used the CFM56. Ironically the Douglas DC-8 "Super 70" series by Cammacorp did develop commercially, extending the life of DC-8 airframes in a stricter noise regulatory environment, so there are today more DC-8s in commercial service than there are 707s. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

• 720: Originally designated 707-020 but later changed for marketing reasons, was a modification of the 707-120 designed for medium-range operation from shorter runways. It was lighter and faster than the Boeing 707 and had a simplified wing design. This model had few sales but was still profitable due to the minimal R&D costs associated with modifying an existing type. At one point in the promotion stage to airlines it was known as the 717, although this was the Boeing model designation of the KC-135 and remained unused for a commercial airliner until it was applied to the MD-95 following Boeing's merger with McDonnell Douglas. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft ^[11] The 720 was used before the Boeing 727 replaced it in the market. First flight was on 23 November 1959, and 64 of the original version were built. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• 720B: The turbofan-powered version of the 720, with JT3D-1-MC6 turbofans producing 17,000 lbf (76 kN) each. Takeoff gross weight was increased to 235,000 lb (107,000 kg). 88 of these were built in addition to conversions of existing 720 models. ^[12]

Military

RAAF 707-368C, Perth International airport, Australia.

USAF E-3 Sentry in flight.

Boeing 707s at AMARC being used for salvage parts for the KC-135s.

Main article: C-137 Stratoliner

The militaries of the United States and other countries have used the civilian 707 aircraft in a variety of roles, and under different designations. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout (Note: The U. S. Air Force's C-135 Stratolifter is not a 707 variant, but was developed in parallel to the 707 from the original Boeing 367-80. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout )

Operators

See also: List of Boeing 707 operators

Although 707s are no longer employed by major airlines 63 aircraft remain in commercial use, mainly with air cargo operators. Current military/government operators Angolan government Argentine Air Force/LADE

In the 1980s, the USAF acquired around 250 used 707s to provide parts for the KC-135E Stratotanker program. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[13]

As of August 2007, commercial operators of the Boeing 707 with more than one aircraft include: African Airlines International (4), Air Charter Express (2), Angola Air Charter (3), Azza Transport (2), Beta Cargo (4), Hewa Bora Airways (3), Interair (2), Iran Air (4), Iraqi Airways (2), Libyan Arab Airlines (4), Saha Airlines (4), Sky Aviation FZE (2), Skymaster Airlines (5), Sudan Airways (2), Sudanese States Aviation (2) and TMA (5). Angola Air Charter is a Charter airline based in Luanda, Angola. Azza Transport is an Airline based in Khartoum, Sudan. It operates a cargo charter service throughout Africa and the Middle East and BETA Cargo (Brazilian Express Transportes Aéreos is a Cargo airline based in Brazil. Hewa Bora Airways is an Airline based in Barumbu, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Iran Air ( is the Flag carrier Airline of Iran, based in Tehran. Iraqi Airways ( Arabic: الخطوط الجوية العراقية also known as Air Iraq) is the National carrier of Iraq, based in Libyan Airlines ( Arabic: الخطوط الجوية الليبية transliterated: al-Khutut al-Jawiyah al-Libiyah formerly known as Libyan Arab Airlines Saha Air Lines (ساها is an Airline based in Tehran, Iran. Skymaster Airlines is a Cargo airline based in Manaus, Brazil. Sudan Airways (الخطوط الجوية السودانية is the national Airline of Sudan and is a member of the Arab Air Carriers Organization ^[14] American actor John Travolta owns, and is qualified to fly as second in command, an ex-Qantas 707-138B, registration N707JT. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. ^[15]

The list of customer codes used by Boeing to identify specific options and trim specified by customers was started with the 707, and has been maintained through all Boeing's models. Boeing customer codes have been used by Boeing Commercial Airplanes to identify the original customer of an aircraft since the Boeing 707. Essentially the same system as used on the earlier Boeing 377, the code consisted of two digits affixed to the model number to identify the specific aircraft version. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout For example, Pan American Airlines was assigned code "21. " Thus a 707-300B sold to Pan Am had the model number 707-321B. The number remained constant as further aircraft were purchased, thus when Pan American purchased the 747-100 it had the model number 747-121.

Accidents and incidents

As of May 2007, the 707 has been in a total of 166 hull-loss occurrences^[16] with 2,733 fatalities. ^[17]

Notable accidents

• On 15 February 1961, Sabena Flight 548 crashed while on approach to Brussels Airport, Belgium. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sabena Flight 548, registration OO-SJB was a Boeing 707 aircraft en route from New York International Airport (later renamed John F Brussels Airport (also called Brussel Nationaal/Bruxelles-National (Brussels National The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those A total of 73 people were killed, including the entire United States Figure Skating team. ^[18]

• On 1 March 1962, American Airlines Flight 1 crashed into Jamaica Bay after taking off from Idlewild Airport (now JFK Airport) while heading for Los Angeles International Airport All 95 people on board died. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. American Airlines Flight 1, registration, took off from Idlewild Airport (now John F See also Geography and environment of New York City Jamaica Bay is a Lagoon that lies in the shadow of New York City 's skyscrapers and is adjacent John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 Los Angeles International Airport is the primary Airport serving Los Angeles, California, the second-most populated metropolitan area of

• On 22 May 1962 a bomb destroyed Continental Airlines Flight 11, killing everyone on board. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Continental Airlines Flight 11, registration N70775 was a Boeing 707 aircraft which exploded close to Centerville Iowa while en route from O'Hare

• On 24 January 1966, an Air India 707-437 flying Flight 101 crashed into Glacier des Bossons on the SW face of Mont Blanc in the French Alps. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Air India Limited ( एअर इंडिया) is the national Airline of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services Air India Flight 101 was a scheduled Air India passenger flight that crashed into Mont Blanc in France on the morning of 24 January Glacier des Bossons is one of the Glaciers found in the Chamonix valley of Haute-Savoie département, south-eastern France Mont Blanc Massif The Mont Blanc ( French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco ( Italian 'White Mountain' also All 106 passengers and 11 crew were killed.

• On 6 March 1966, BOAC Flight 911 broke up in flight due to severe turbulence and crashed into Mount Fuji. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. BOAC Flight 911 ( Speedbird 911) was a round-the-world flight operated by British Overseas Airways Corporation. is the highest Mountain in Japan at.An Active volcano that last erupted in 1707–08 it straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and

• On 3 November 1973, Pan Am Flight 160, a 707 crashed on approach to Boston-Logan. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Smoke in the cockpit caused the pilots to lose control. Three people were killed in the hull-loss accident. [1]

• On 22 April 1974, Pan Am 707-321C crashed into a mountain while preparing for landing after a 4 hour 20 minutes flight from Hong Kong to Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Denpasar is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. All 107 people on board were killed. [2]

• On 13 October 1983, a Bolivian 707 cargo jet crashed in Santa Cruz, Bolivia killing 91 (88 were killed on the ground when it crashed into a practice football game). Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Santa Cruz de La Sierra, commonly known as Santa Cruz, is the capital city of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia. ^[19]

• On 29 November 1987, Korean Air Flight 858 exploded over the Andaman Sea by a terrorist attack. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Korean Air Flight 858 was en route from Abu Dhabi to Bangkok on 29 November 1987 when it exploded over the Andaman Sea The Andaman Sea (မုတ္တမ moʊʔtəma̰ is a body of water to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal, south of Myanmar, west of Thailand and east The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state Terrorism. All 115 people on board died.

• On 8 February 1989, Independent Air Flight 1851, a Boeing 707, crashed into a hill on approach to Santa Maria, Azores. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Independent Air Flight 1851, a Boeing 707-300 on a charter flight from Bergamo, was on approach to Santa Maria, Azores when it struck The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from All 144 people on board were killed.

• On 25 January 1990, Avianca Flight 52 crashed after running out of fuel in Long Island, New York. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Avianca Flight 52 was a regularly scheduled flight from Bogotá to New York's John F Fuel starvation and fuel exhaustion (sometimes referred to as fuel depletion) are problems that can affect Internal combustion engines fuelled by either Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches The plane was delayed numerous times because of a blizzard at New York. A blizzard is a severe Winter storm condition characterized by low Temperatures strong Winds and heavy blowing Snow Blizzards are formed when A total of 73 people died.

• On 23 October 1996, a 707 belonging to the Argentinian Air Force crashed shortly after failing to achieve take-off speed in EZE (Buenos Aires International Airport). Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) ^[20]

• On 7 March 2001, a Skymaster Airlines 707-320C, registration PT-MST, landed hard on Runway 09R, São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Skymaster Airlines is a Cargo airline based in Manaus, Brazil. São Paulo/Guarulhos – Governor André Franco Montoro International Airport, also known as Cumbica International Airport, is a major Brazilian airport the São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld As a result of the landing the undercarriage failed, damaging all four engines and injuring three people. The aircraft was subsequently written off.

Survivors

The following aircraft are on public display:

• N70700 Model 367-80 (Prototype) previously at the Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA; now at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Washington, DC. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Museum of Flight is a private non-profit air and space Museum at King County International Airport/Boeing Field in Tukwila Washington The Steven F Udvar-Hazy Center is the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (NASM's annex at Washington Dulles International Airport in Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
• 58-6970 Model 707-153 USAF VC-137B "SAM 970", Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA. ^[21]
• 58-6971 Model 707-153 USAF VC-137B Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson, AZ. The Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson Arizona is the world's largest non-government funded aerospace museum Tucson (ˈtuːsɒn is the seat of Pima County Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast ^[22]
• N751TW Model 707-720, in storage, Pima Air & Space Museum, Tucson, AZ. ^[23]
• VH-XBA Model 707-138B (No. 29) one of the first 707s exported (sold to Australian airline Qantas in 1959) is on display at the Qantas Founders Outback Museum in Longreach, Queensland, Australia. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. The Qantas Founders Outback Museum is a transport museum at Longreach, Queensland, Australia. Longreach is a Town located in central western Queensland, Australia and is approximately 700 kilometres from the coast west of Rockhampton Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
• F-BLCD Model 707-328B (No. 471) is on display at the Musee de l'Air, Paris, France. The Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (The Museum of Air and Space is a French Museum, located in the south-eastern edge of Le Bourget Airport, which is 10 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
• 62-7000 Model 707-353B (VC-137C SAM 27000) Air Force One is on display at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. The Boeing VC-137C is the designation of two United States Air Force passenger transportation aircraft a military version of the Boeing 707. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the Presidential library of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States Simi Valley is an incorporated city located in the southeast corner of Ventura County, California, bordering the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles
• 62-6000 Model 707-320B (VC-137C SAM 26000) Air Force One is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. The Boeing VC-137C is the designation of two United States Air Force passenger transportation aircraft a military version of the Boeing 707. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official National Museum of the United States Air Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County.
• 1419 Model 707-328C (No. 19917) [South African Airforce] is on display at the South African Airforce Museum - Swartkops Airforce Base, Pretoria.

Specifications

Sources: Boeing 707 Family, Boeing 707, Boeing 720

Deliveries

Popular culture

The 707 is mentioned in the songs "Boeing Boeing 707" by Roger Miller and "Jet Airliner" performed by The Steve Miller Band and written by Paul Pena; "Early Morning Rain" by Gordon Lightfoot; and "Leaving on a jetplane" performed by Peter Paul and Mary and written by John Denver. Roger Dean Miller ( January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American Singer, Songwriter and The Steve Miller Band is an influential American Blues rock band led by Steve Miller on Guitar and lead vocals Paul Pena ( January 26, 1950 – October 1, 2005) was an American singer songwriter and guitarist of Cape Verdean descent Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr, (born November 17, 1938) is a Canadian singer and songwriter who achieved international success in folk country and Peter Paul and Mary (often called PP&M) are a musical group from the United States who were one of the most successful folk-singing groups of the John Denver (December 31 1943 &ndash October 12 1997 born Henry John Deutschendorf Jr

The aircraft also has a major role in the Airport and Airplane films. Airport is a 1970 film based on the 1968 Arthur Hailey novel of the same name. Airplane! is a 1980 American Comedy film directed and written by David Zucker Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker.

See also

Related development

• Boeing 367-80
• Boeing 727
• Boeing 737
  

Comparable aircraft

• de Havilland Comet
• Sud Aviation Caravelle
• Convair 880
• Douglas DC-8
• Shanghai Y-10
• Vickers VC10
• Tupolev Tu-104
  

Related lists

• List of airliners
• List of Boeing customers
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Boeing 707 family on Boeing.com
• Detailed guide to all variants of the 707/720 on airlinercafe.com
• Boeing 707 page on Airliners.net
• A proposed double-decker design for the 707
• Video DVD on an Air Refueling Mission onboard to the B-707 TT Tanker of Italian Air Force