Citizendia

This article is about the reggae musician. For the comedian, see Bob Marley (comedian). Robert " Bob " Marley is a Comedian from Bangor and Portland Maine.
Bob Marley

Background information
Birth nameRobert Nesta Marley
BornFebruary 6, 1945(1945-02-06)
Nine Mile, Saint Ann, Jamaica
DiedMay 11, 1981 (aged 36)
Miami, Florida, United States
Genre(s)Reggae, ska, rocksteady
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, musician
Instrument(s)Vocals, guitar, percussion
Years active1962 – 1981
Label(s)Studio One, Beverley's, Upsetter/Trojan, Island/Tuff Gong
Associated actsMember of The Wailers,
band leader of the Wailers Band,
associated with the The Upsetters,
associated with the I Threes
Websitewww.bobmarley.com

Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley OM (February 6, 1945 – May 11, 1981) was a Jamaican musician, singer-songwriter, and Rastafarian. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Brief history St Ann is one of the oldest populated areas in the island of Jamaica tracing back to 600 - 650 A Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor Rocksteady is a Music genre that was most popular in Jamaica, starting around 1966 and its Reggae successor was established around 1968 Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The lead vocalist (or lead singer) is the member of a band who sings the main vocal portions of a song The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music This is about the Jamaican record label For other uses see Studio One Studio One is one of Jamaica 's most renowned Record labels Beverley's was a Jamaica -based Record label ( 1961 &ndash 1971) owned by the Chinese Upsetter Records was a Record label set up by Lee "Scratch" Perry in 1968. Trojan Records is a British Record label specialising in Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae and Dub music. Island Records is a Record label that was founded by British record producers in Jamaica. Tuff Gong is a Record label that was formed by the Reggae group The Wailers in 1970 and named after Bob Marley 's nickname The Wailers are a Ska, Rocksteady, and Reggae group formed in Kingston, Jamaica in 1963, consisting of Junior The Wailers Band is the backing band for Bob Marley & The Wailers‎ from 1974 until Bob Marley 's death in 1981. The Upsetters was the name originating in the 1960s of the House band for Jamaican Reggae producer Lee 'Scratch' Perry, who himself The I Threes were a Jamaican Reggae backing band made up of 3 women that was formed in 1974 to support Bob Marley and the Wailers after Peter The Order of Merit is part of the Jamaican honours system and is the third highest honour conferred by the nation of Jamaica. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament He was the lead singer, songwriter and guitarist for the ska, rocksteady and reggae bands: The Wailers (1964 – 1974) and Bob Marley & the Wailers (1974 – 1981). Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor Rocksteady is a Music genre that was most popular in Jamaica, starting around 1966 and its Reggae successor was established around 1968 Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s The Wailers are a Ska, Rocksteady, and Reggae group formed in Kingston, Jamaica in 1963, consisting of Junior Bob Marley & The Wailers was a Reggae band created in 1974 by Bob Marley, after Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer and Ronald 9F Jauculan left Marley died nearly thirty years ago, but remains the most widely known and revered performer of ska/reggae music, and is credited for helping spread Jamaican music to the worldwide audience. The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many popular genres such as Mento, Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Dub music [1]

Marley's best known hits includes "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman, No Cry", "Exodus", "Could You Be Loved", "Stir It Up", "Jamming", "Redemption Song", "One Love" and, together with The Wailers, ""Three Little Birds". " I Shot the Sheriff " is a song written by Bob Marley. " No Woman No Cry " is a Reggae song made famous by Bob Marley & The Wailers. Exodus is a Roots reggae album released by Bob Marley & the Wailers on June 3, 1977 (see 1977 in music) " Could You Be Loved " is a famous song by Bob Marley & The Wailers. "Stir It Up" is a song composed by Bob Marley in 1967 and first made popular by Johnny Nash, peaking on the UK chart in June 1972 " Jamming " is a song by the Reggae band Bob Marley & the Wailers from their 1977 album Exodus. " Redemption Song " is the last track on Bob Marley 's ninth Island music Album, Uprising " One Love " is a reggae/Rhythm and blues song by Bob Marley & The Wailers from their 1977 album Exodus. For other uses see Three Little Birds (disambiguation " Three Little Birds " is a song by Bob Marley & The Wailers from their ,[2] as well as the posthumous releases "Buffalo Soldier" and "Iron Lion Zion". " Buffalo Soldier " is a Reggae song co-written by Bob Marley and Noel G " Iron Lion Zion " is a song written and recorded in April 1973 or 197 The compilation album, Legend, released in 1984, three years after his death, is the best-selling reggae album ever (10 times platinum[3]), with sales of more than 12 million copies. Legend is a Greatest hits collection of Bob Marley and the Wailers songs released by Island records on May 8, 1984 (see [2]

Contents

Early life and career

Marley was born in the small village of Nine Mile in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica as Nesta Robert Marley. Brief history St Ann is one of the oldest populated areas in the island of Jamaica tracing back to 600 - 650 A A Jamaican passport official would later swap his first and middle names. His father, Norval Sinclair Marley, (born in 1895), was a white Jamaican of English descent, who lived in Liverpool. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Norval was a Marine officer and captain, as well as a plantation overseer, when he married Cedella Booker, a black Jamaican then eighteen years old. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Cedella Marley Booker ( July 23, 1926 – April 8 2008) was the Jamaican mother of the Reggae musician Bob Marley Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. In 1955, when Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age 60. Marley suffered racial prejudice as a youth, because of his mixed racial origins and faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. He once reflected:

I don't have prejudice against himself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't dip on nobody's side. Me don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me dip on God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.

Marley and his mother moved to Kingston's Trenchtown slum after Norval's death. Kingston is the Capital and largest city of Jamaica and is located on the southeastern coast of the island country Not to be confused with Trenton. Trenchtown is a neighbourhood located in Kingston, the capital and largest city of Jamaica. He was forced to learn self-defense, as he became the target of bullying because of his racial makeup and small stature (5'4" or 163 cm tall). Self-defense (or self-defence &mdash see spelling differences) is the act of defending oneself one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm He gained a reputation for his physical strength, which earned him the nickname "Tuff Gong".

Marley became friends with Neville "Bunny" Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer), with whom he started to play music. Bunny Wailer, also known as Bunny Livingston (born Neville O'Riley Livingston April 10, 1947 in Jamaica) is a Singer He left school at the age of 14 and started as an apprentice at a local welder's shop. In his free time, he and Livingston made music with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafari. Joe Higgs ( June 3, 1940 – December 18, 1999) was a Reggae musician from Jamaica. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament It was at a jam session with Higgs and Livingston that Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh), who had similar musical ambitions. A jam session is a Musical act where Musicians gather and play (or "jam") without extensive preparation or predefined Arrangements Peter Tosh, born Winston Hubert McIntosh ( October 19 1944 &ndash September 11 1987) was a a Reggae musician who was

In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer Leslie Kong. Judge Not is the first single Bob Marley recorded It was released in 1961, only in Jamaica on Leslie Kong label Leslie Kong (1933 – August 9 1971) was a Chinese Jamaican, Reggae Record producer. These songs, released on the Beverley's label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,[4] attracted little attention. Beverley's was a Jamaica -based Record label ( 1961 &ndash 1971) owned by the Chinese The songs were later re-released on the box set, Songs of Freedom, a posthumous collection of Marley's work. Songs of Freedom is a four-disc Box set containing music by Bob Marley and the Wailers, from Marley's first song "Judge Not" recorded in 1962

Musical career

The Wailers

Main article: The Wailers (reggae band)

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Livingston, Peter McIntosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". The Wailers are a Ska, Rocksteady, and Reggae group formed in Kingston, Jamaica in 1963, consisting of Junior Bunny Wailer, also known as Bunny Livingston (born Neville O'Riley Livingston April 10, 1947 in Jamaica) is a Singer Peter Tosh, born Winston Hubert McIntosh ( October 19 1944 &ndash September 11 1987) was a a Reggae musician who was Franklin Delano Alexander Braithwaite, better known as Junior Braithwaite ( April 4, 1949 &ndash June 2, 1999) was one of the founders Cherry Smith (also called Cherry Green) was a backing Vocalist for the original Wailers from 1963 - 1966. Ska ( pronounced /ska/ or in Jamaican Patois /skja/ is a Music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and which was the precursor Rocksteady is a Music genre that was most popular in Jamaica, starting around 1966 and its Reggae successor was established around 1968 They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to "The Wailers". Clement Seymour "Sir Coxsone" Dodd CD ( Kingston Jamaica, January 26, 1932 &ndash May 5, 2004) was a Jamaican The Wailers are a Ska, Rocksteady, and Reggae group formed in Kingston, Jamaica in 1963, consisting of Junior By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Marley, Livingston, and McIntosh.

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant and on the assembly line at a Chrysler plant, under the alias Donald Marley. Alpharita Constantia Anderson, better known as Rita Marley is the Widow of legendary Reggae musician Bob Marley, and a member of the trio the Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine E I du Pont de Nemours and Company (,) is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a Gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée Chrysler LLC is an American Automobile manufacturer that has been producing Automobiles since 1925 [5] Upon returning to Jamaica, Marley became a member of the Rastafari movement, and started to wear his trademark dreadlocks (see the religion section for more on Marley's religious views). Dreadlocks, also called locks or dreads, are interlocked coils of Hair which form by themselves in all hair types if the hair is allowed to grow naturally Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley OM (February 6 1945 – May 11 1981 was a Jamaican Musician, Singer-songwriter and Rastafarian

After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, The Upsetters. Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry, on March 20, 1936, in Kendal Jamaica) is a reggae and dub artist who has been The Upsetters was the name originating in the 1960s of the House band for Jamaican Reggae producer Lee 'Scratch' Perry, who himself Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again.

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter McIntosh and Bunny Livingston re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialize The Wailers' sound. JAD Records was a Record label that was co-owned by Johnny Nash, producer Arthur Jenkins, and businessman Danny Sims, whose initials formed its London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Livingston later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album … they were just demos for record companies to listen to. "

The Wailers' first album, Catch A Fire, was released worldwide in 1973, and sold well. Catch a Fire is the major-label -debut album for Jamaican Reggae band The Wailers, released on Island Records in 1973 It was followed a year later by Burnin', which included the songs "Get Up, Stand Up" and "I Shot The Sheriff". " Get Up Stand Up " is a Reggae song written by Bob Marley and Peter Tosh. " I Shot the Sheriff " is a song written by Bob Marley. Eric Clapton made a hit cover of "I Shot the Sheriff" in 1974, raising Marley's international profile. Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945 is an English Blues-rock Guitarist, singer Songwriter and Composer

The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members going on to pursue solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Livingston, McIntosh, and Marley concerning performances, while others claim that Livingston and McIntosh simply preferred solo work. McIntosh began recording under the name Peter Tosh, and Livingston continued as Bunny Wailer.

Bob Marley & The Wailers

Main article: Bob Marley & The Wailers‎

Despite the breakup, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". Bob Marley & The Wailers was a Reggae band created in 1974 by Bob Marley, after Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer and Ronald 9F Jauculan left His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The Wailers Band is the backing band for Bob Marley & The Wailers‎ from 1974 until Bob Marley 's death in 1981. Carlton "Carly" Barrett ( December 12, 1950 - April 17, 1987) was an influential reggae drummer and percussion player Aston Francis Barrett (born November 22, 1946, Kingston, Jamaica) often called " Family Man " or " Fams Junior Marvin aka Junior Marvin-Hanson (born Donald Hanson Marvin Kerr Richards Jr) is a Jamaican born guitarist Al Anderson is an American -born Songwriter and Guitarist. He was a member of Wailers Band and played on several albums in the early and mid-1970s Tyrone Downie is a keyboardist/pianist He played with The Wailers Band and has also played with Peter Tosh, Burning Spear and Sly & Robbie Earl "Wire" Lindo is a Jamaican musician He is a member of The Wailers and has collaborated with countless reggae artists including Burning Spear Alvin "Seeco" Patterson is a Jamaican born percussionist The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. The I Threes were a Jamaican Reggae backing band made up of 3 women that was formed in 1974 to support Bob Marley and the Wailers after Peter Judy Mowatt (born in 1952 is a Jamaican singer She joined a singing trio called The Gaylettes in 1967

In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "No Woman, No Cry," from the Natty Dread album. " No Woman No Cry " is a Reggae song made famous by Bob Marley & The Wailers. For the Rastafarian term see Natty Dreadlocks. Natty Dread is a 1974 Reggae album by Bob Marley This was followed by his breakthrough album in the US, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which spent four weeks on the Billboard charts Top Ten. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rastaman Vibration is a Roots reggae album by Bob Marley & The Wailers released on April 30, 1976.

In December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organized by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. The Smile Jamaica Concert was a Concert held on December 5, 1976, at the National Heroes Park, Kingston, Jamaica, performed Michael Norman Manley ON ( December 10, 1924 – March 6, 1997) was the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received serious injuries in the chest and arm. The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled.

Bob Marley Live a painting by Steve Brogdon 1992
Bob Marley Live a painting by Steve Brogdon 1992

Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976 for England, where he recorded his Exodus and Kaya albums. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Exodus is a Roots reggae album released by Bob Marley & the Wailers on June 3, 1977 (see 1977 in music) Kaya is a Roots reggae album released by Bob Marley and the Wailers in 1978 Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting In Vain", "Jamming", "One Love", and a rendition of Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready". Curtis Lee Mayfield ( June 3, 1942 – December 26, 1999) was an American soul, R&B, and Funk " People Get Ready " was a 1965 single by The Impressions, and the title track from the album of the same name. It was here that he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis while traveling in London. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a

In 1978, Marley performed at another political concert in Jamaica, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. The One Love Peace Concert was a large concert held on April 22, 1978 at The National Stadium in Kingston, Jamaica Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Manley and his political rival, Edward Seaga, joined each other on stage and shook hands. Edward Philip George Seaga ON (born May 28, 1930) was Prime Minister of Jamaica and Leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1980

Babylon by Bus, a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 to critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jammin'" with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Survival is a Roots reggae Album by Bob Marley & The Wailers released in 1979 Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. Survival is a Roots reggae Album by Bob Marley & The Wailers released in 1979 His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976. Amandla --Festival of Unity-- was a World music Festival held at Harvard Stadium in Boston Massachusetts, on July 21, 1979 " War " is a song recorded and made popular by Bob Marley. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the April 17 celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election

Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions, including "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah". Uprising is a 1980 Roots reggae album by Bob Marley & The Wailers. It was in "Redemption Song" that Marley sang the famous lyric,

“Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery
None but ourselves can free our minds…		”

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica. Confrontation is a Roots reggae album by Bob Marley & the Wailers, released posthumously in May 1983 two years after Marley's death " Buffalo Soldier " is a Reggae song co-written by Bob Marley and Noel G

Later years

Cancer diagnosis

In July 1977, Marley was found to have acral lentiginous melanoma, a form of malignant melanoma, in a football wound on his right hallux (big toe). Acral lentiginous melanoma is a kind of Lentiginous skin Melanoma. Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see Football is the word given to a number of similar Team sports all of which involve (to varying degrees kicking a Ball with the foot in an attempt to score a The hallux, commonly referred to as the big toe (also as great toe or thumb toe) even though it's not actually the biggest toe on the foot of some Marley refused amputation, because of the Rastafari belief that the body must be "whole":

“Rasta no abide amputation. I don't allow a man to be dismantled. ”

—From the biography Catch a Fire

Marley may have seen medical doctors as samfai (tricksters, deceivers). A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health True to this belief Marley went against all surgical possibilities and sought out other means that would not break his religious beliefs. He also refused to register a will, based on the Rastafari belief that writing a will is acknowledging death as inevitable, thus disregarding the everlasting (or everliving, as Rastas say) character of life. In Common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the Testator) regulates the rights of others over his or her Property

Collapse and treatment

The cancer then metastasized to Marley's brain, lungs, liver, and stomach. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following After playing two shows at Madison Square Garden as part of his fall 1980 Uprising Tour, he collapsed while jogging in NYC's Central Park. Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City. The Uprising Tour was a concert tour organized to support the album Uprising by Bob Marley & The Wailers. The City of New York Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually The remainder of the tour was subsequently cancelled.

Bob Marley played his final concert at the Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 23, 1980. This article is for the former "Stanley Theater" of Pittsburgh for other buildings of the same name see Stanley Theater (disambiguation. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The live version of "Redemption Song" on Songs of Freedom was recorded at this show. [6] Marley afterwards sought medical help from Munich specialist Josef Issels, but his cancer had already progressed to the terminal stage. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Josef M Issels ( November 21, 1907 - February 11, 1998) was a German Physician known for promoting an alternative

Death and posthumous reputation

While flying home from Germany to Jamaica for his final days, Marley became ill, and landed in Miami for immediate medical attention. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida on the morning of May 11, 1981 at the age of 36. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money can't buy life. David Nesta "Ziggy" Marley (born October 17, 1968, Trenchtown, Jamaica) is a four time Grammy -winning Jamaican "[7] Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica on May 21, 1981 which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (in transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is an Oriental He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his Gibson Les Paul, a soccer ball, a Cannabis bud, a ring that he wore every day that was given to him by the Prince Asfaw Wossen of Ethiopia (eldest son of HIM), and a Bible. The Gibson Les Paul is a solidbody Electric guitar originally developed in the early 1950s Amha Selassie Emperor of Ethiopia, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, ( July 27, 1916 &ndash February 17, 1997) was the last Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin A month before his death, he was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit. The Order of Merit is part of the Jamaican honours system and is the third highest honour conferred by the nation of Jamaica.

Marley was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' Exodus as the greatest album of the 20th century. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Exodus is a Roots reggae album released by Bob Marley & the Wailers on June 3, 1977 (see 1977 in music)

In 2001, Marley was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is awarded by the Recording Academy to "performers who during their lifetimes have made creative contributions of outstanding With contributions from Rita, the Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words.

In 2006, the City of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn "Bob Marley Boulevard". East Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. [8]

Religion

Bob Marley was a member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Bob Marley became a leading proponent of the Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Bob Marley was baptized by the Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church in Kingston, Jamaica on November 4, 1980. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (in transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is an Oriental A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) [9][10]

Wife and children

Bob Marley had 13 children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and the remaining eight with separate women. [11] His children are, in order of birth:

  1. Imani Carole, born May 22, 1963, to Cheryl Murray;
  2. Sharon, born November 23, 1964, to Rita in previous relationship;
  3. Cedella born August 23, 1967, to Rita;
  4. David "Ziggy", born October 17, 1968, to Rita;
  5. Stephen, born April 20, 1972, to Rita;
  6. Robert "Robbie", born May 16, 1972, to Pat Williams;
  7. Rohan, born May 19, 1972, to Janet Hunt;
  8. Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen;
  9. Stephanie, born August 17, 1974; according to Cedella Booker she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an affair; nonetheless she was acknowledged as Bob's daughter;
  10. Julian, born June 4, 1975, to Lucy Pounder;
  11. Ky-Mani, born February 26, 1976, to Anita Belnavis;
  12. Damian, born July 21, 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare;
  13. Makeda, born May 30, 1981, to Yvette Crichton. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sharon Marley Prendergast (born November 23, 1964) is the adopted daughter of Bob Marley and his wife Rita Marley. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Cedella Marley (born in Kingston Jamaica on August 23, 1967) is daughter of legendary reggae artist Bob Marley. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. David Nesta "Ziggy" Marley (born October 17, 1968, Trenchtown, Jamaica) is a four time Grammy -winning Jamaican Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stephen Robert Nesta "Raggamuffin" Marley (born April 20, 1972 in Wilmington Delaware) is an Jamaican musician and the son of reggae Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rohan Anthony Marley (born May 19, 1972, Jamaica) is the son of late Reggae artist Bob Marley and Janet Hunt Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Cedella Marley Booker ( July 23, 1926 – April 8 2008) was the Jamaican mother of the Reggae musician Bob Marley Julian Ricardo Marley (born June 4, 1975 in London) is a British Reggae musician Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ky-Mani Marley (born February 26 1976, in Falmouth Jamaica) is a Jamaican Actor and Reggae Musician. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Damian Robert Nesta "Junior Gong" Marley (born July 21, 1978) is a three time Grammy -winning Reggae artist and is the second Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Cynthia Jean Cameron Breakspeare (born October 24, 1954) better known as Cindy Breakspeare, is a Jamaican Jazz musician and former Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981

Discography

For a detailed listing of albums by Bob Marley & the Wailers, see Bob Marley and the Wailers discography. This includes music by " The Wailers " (1964 &ndash 1974 and " Bob Marley & The Wailers " (1974 &ndash 1980

Tours

Awards and honors

Marley's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
Marley's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Film adaptation

In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film is set to be released on February 6, 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday. [15] Recently, however, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He is being replaced by Jonathan Demme. Robert Jonathan Demme (born February 22 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer and [16]

In March 2008, The Weinstein Company announced its plans to produce a biopic of Bob Marley, based on the book No Woman No Cry: My Life With Bob Marley by Rita Marley. The Weinstein Company is an independent American Film studio founded by Harvey and Bob Weinstein in 2005 after the pair left A biographical motion picture &mdash often shortened to biopic &mdash is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people Alpharita Constantia Anderson, better known as Rita Marley is the Widow of legendary Reggae musician Bob Marley, and a member of the trio the Rudy Langlais will produce the script by Lizzie Borden and Rita Marley will exec produce. Lizzie Borden (born February 3, 1958) is a Bisexual American Filmmaker. Motion Pictures An executive producer of a Motion picture is typically a producer who is sometimes involved in creative or technical aspects of production [17]

Sound samples

See also

Notes

  1. ^ EMP|SFM: 2007 Pop Conference Bios/Abstracts
  2. ^ a b "Bob Marley," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2006
  3. ^ Doug Miller, "Concert Series: 'No Woman, No Cry'", BobMarley. The Bob Marley Museum is a Museum in Kingston, Jamaica, dedicated to the Reggae Musician Bob Marley. Aston Francis Barrett (born November 22, 1946, Kingston, Jamaica) often called " Family Man " or " Fams Junior Marvin aka Junior Marvin-Hanson (born Donald Hanson Marvin Kerr Richards Jr) is a Jamaican born guitarist Al Anderson may refer to Al Anderson (NRBQ, of the rock and roll band NRBQ Al Anderson (Wailers, of the Wailers Band reggae group com, February 26, 2007
  4. ^ The Beverley Label and Leslie Kong: Music Business at bobmarley. com
  5. ^ Timothy White, Bob Marley: 1945-1981, Rolling Stone, June 25, 1981
  6. ^ http://www.bobmarley.com/songs/songs.cgi?redemption
  7. ^ Steffens, Roger. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published Bob Marley Chronology 1945-1981. Retrieved on 2006-10-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
  8. ^ Brooklyn Street Renamed Bob Marley Boulevard
  9. ^ The Ethiopian Orthodox Church & Bob Marley's Baptism And The Church. Jamaicans. com.
  10. ^ Bob Marley's Baptism in Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Rastafarispeaks. com.
  11. ^ Dixon, Meredith. "Lovers and Children of the Natural Mystic: The Story of Bob Marley, Women and their Children" The Dread Library (Accessed 21 June 2007)
  12. ^ The Immortals: The First Fifty. Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone.
  13. ^ "Who is the greatest lyricist of all time", BBC, May 23, 2001
  14. ^ London honours legendary reggae artist Bob Marley with heritage plaque. AfricaUnite. org.
  15. ^ Winter Miller. "Scorsese to make Marley documentary", Ireland On-Line, 2008-02-17. Ireland On-Line ( IOL) is a large ISP in the Republic of Ireland, and is owned by BT Ireland. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of  
  16. ^ "Martin Scorsese Drops Out of Bob Marley Documentary", WorstPreviews. com, 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place  
  17. ^ Winter Miller. "Weinstein Co. options Marley", Variety, 2008-03-03. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian  

Further reading

External links



Persondata
NAMEMarley, Bob
ALTERNATIVE NAMESMarley, Robert Nesta
SHORT DESCRIPTIONSinger, songwriter, guitarist
DATE OF BIRTHFebruary 6, 1945
PLACE OF BIRTHNine Miles, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica
DATE OF DEATHMay 11, 1981
PLACE OF DEATHMiami, Florida, U.S.

MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an Open content Music database Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Brief history St Ann is one of the oldest populated areas in the island of Jamaica tracing back to 600 - 650 A Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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