| (list) | |
| Wide use | Astronomical · Gregorian · Islamic · ISO |
| Calendar Types | |
| Lunisolar · Solar · Lunar | |
| Selected use | Assyrian · Armenian · Attic · Aztec (Tonalpohualli – Xiuhpohualli) · Babylonian · Bahá'í · Bengali · Berber · Bikram Samwat · Buddhist · Celtic · Chinese · Coptic · Egyptian · Ethiopian · Calendrier Républicain · Germanic · Hebrew · Hellenic · Hindu · Indian · Iranian · Irish · Japanese · Javanese · Juche · Julian · Korean · Lithuanian · Malayalam · Maya (Tzolk'in – Haab') · Minguo · Nanakshahi · Nepal Sambat · Pawukon · Pentecontad calendar · Rapa Nui · Roman · Soviet · Tamil · Thai (Lunar – Solar) · Tibetan · Burmese . The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year In current use Assyrian calendar Astronomical year numbering Bahá'í calendar Bengali calendar Astronomical year numbering is based on AD ( Anno Domini)/CE ( Common Era) year numbering but follows normal Decimal Integer numbering more strictly The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The ISO week date system is a Leap week calendar system that is part of the ISO 8601 date and time standard A lunisolar calendar is a Calendar in many Cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar Year. A solar calendar is a Calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the Sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving A lunar calendar is a Calendar that is based on cycles of the Moon phase. This article is about the calendar introduced in the 1950s See Old Assyrian calendar for the ancient calendar The Armenian calendar is the traditional calendar of Armenia. The Attic calendar is the Calendar that was in use in ancient Attica, the ancestral territory of the Athenian Polis. The Aztec calendar is the Calendar system that was used by the Aztecs as well as other Pre-Columbian peoples of central Mexico. The tonalpohualli, a Nahuatl word meaning "count of days" is a 260-day sacred period (often termed a " Year " in use in Pre-Columbian The Xiuhpohualli was a 365-day Calendar used by the Aztecs and other Pre-Columbian Nahua peoples in central Mexico The Babylonian calendar was a Lunisolar calendar with years consisting of 12 Lunar months each beginning when a new crescent moon was first sighted low The Bahá'í calendar, also called the Badí‘ calendar, used by the Bahá'í Faith, is a Solar calendar with regular years of 365 days and Leap The Berber calendar is the annual Calendar used by Berber people in North Africa. Bikram Samwat ( Bikram Sambat, or Vikram Samvat, Devnagari:बिक्रम संवत abbreviated "B The Buddhist calendar is used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma The term Celtic calendar is used to refer to a variety of calendars used by Celtic-speaking peoples at different times in history The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, incorporating elements of a Lunar calendar with those of a Solar calendar. The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and still used in Egypt The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each plus 5 extra days (epagomenes Greek ἐπαγόμεναι The Ethiopian calendar ( Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር ye'Ītyōṗṗyā zemen āḳoṭaṭer) also called the Ge'ez calendar, The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a Calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government The Germanic calendars were the regional agricultural Almanacs used amongst the Germanic peoples prior to the adoption of the Julian and later the Gregorian The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri) or Jewish calendar is a Lunisolar calendar used by Jews for predominantly religious The Hellenic calendar &mdashor more properly the Hellenic calendars, for there was no uniform calendar imposed upon all of Classical Greece &mdashbegan in most Greek The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as The Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in India. The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical The Irish calendar does not observe the typical astronomical seasons (beginning in the Northern Hemisphere on the Equinoxes and Solstices, or the meteorological seasons Since January 1, 1873, Japan has used the Gregorian calendar, with local names for the months and mostly fixed holidays The Javanese calendar is a Calendar still in use by the Javanese people of Indonesia concurrently with two other important calendars the Gregorian The Juche Idea (주체사상 Juche Sasang) is the official state Ideology of North Korea and the Political system based on it The Revised Julian calendar or less formally New Calendar, is a Calendar scheme originated in 1923 which effectively discontinued the 340 years of divergence between The traditional Korean calendar is a Lunisolar calendar which like the traditional calendars of other East Asian countries was based on the Chinese calendar The Lithuanian calendar is unusual among Western countries in that neither the names of the months nor the names of the weekdays are derived from Greek or Norse mythology Malayalam calendar (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham) is a solar Sidereal calendar used in the state of Kerala in South India The Maya calendar is a system of distinct Calendars and Almanacs used by the Maya civilization of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by Tzolk'in (in the revised Guatemala Mayan languages Academy Orthography which is now preferred formerly and commonly tzolkin) is the name bestowed by The Haab' is part of the Maya calendric system used by peoples of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. The Republic of China calendar (民國紀元 is the method of numbering years currently used in the Republic of China ( Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen The Nanakshahi (ਨਾਨਕਸ਼ਾਹੀ nānakashāhī) calendar is a Solar calendar that was adopted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee The Lunar calendar Nepal Sambat ( Nepal Bhasa: नेपाल सम्बत is commonly used in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. The Pentecontad Calendar is a unique agricultural Calendar system thought to be of Amorite origin in which the year is broken down into seven periods of fifty days The Rapa Nui calendar was the indigenous Lunisolar calendar of Easter Island. The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. }The Tamil Calendar is used in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry in India, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, The Thai lunar calendar ( Thai: ปฏิทินจันทรคติ Patitin Chantarakati) (literally Against-the-Sun Moon-Ways) is Thailand The Thai solar calendar, Suriyakati (สุริยคติ has been the official and prevalent Calendar in Thailand since it was adopted by King The Tibetan calendar is a Lunisolar calendar, that is the Tibetan year is composed of either 12 or 13 Lunar months each beginning and ending with a New moon The traditional Burmese calendar is a Lunisolar calendar based on both the phases of the moon and the motion of the sun Vietnamese· Xhosa · Zoroastrian |
| Calendar Types | |
| Runic · Mesoamerican (Long Count – Calendar Round) | |
| Christian variants | |
| Julian calendar · Calendar of saints · Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar · Liturgical year | |
| Rarely used | Darian calendar · Discordian calendar |
| Display types and applications | Perpetual calendar · Wall calendar · Economic calendar |
 | This article contains Indic text. This article is about the Vietnamese holiday For the 1968 military operation that began on that holiday see Tết Offensive. By the traditional Xhosa calendar, the year began in June and ended in May when Canopus, a large star visible in the Southern Hemisphere, signalled the The Zoroastrian calendar is a religious Calendar used by members of the Zoroastrian faith and it is an approximation of the (tropical Solar calendar. The Runic calendar is a Perpetual calendar based on the 19 year long Metonic cycle of the Moon Mesoamerican calendars are the calendrical systems devised and used by the Pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica. In the Mesoamerican calendars, Calendar Round dates are composed by interlacing the dates of a 260-day period ( Tzolk'in in the Maya Calendar, Tonalpohualli The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches which determines when The Darian Calendar is a proposed system of time-keeping designed to serve the needs of any possible future human settlers on the planet Mars. The Discordian or Erisian calendar is an alternative Calendar used by some adherents of Discordianism. A perpetual calendar is a Calendar which is good for a span of many years such as the Runic calendar. A wall calendar is a Calendar intended for placement on a wall Economic calendar is a type of Calendar that is intended to inform financiers and traders about the scheduled major economic numbers (like CPI, The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated |
The Bengali calendar (Bengali: বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn) or Bangla calendar is a traditional solar calendar used in Bangladesh and India's eastern states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. A solar calendar is a Calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the Sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city ( Bengali script: ত্রিপুরা is a state in North-East India. The year begins on Pôhela Boishakh, which falls on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in India. Bengali New Year ( Bengali: নববর্ষ Nôbobôrsho) or Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In Assam, this corresponds to Bhaskar Era, named after the Kamarupa king, Bhaskara Varman. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Kumar Bhaskara Varman (600-650 was the last and the most illustrious of the Varman dynasty rulers of the Kamarupa Kingdom.
The current Bengali year is 1415. Bengali year is always 593 less than the year in the Gregorian calendar of Christian Era or Anno Domini era or Common Era or Current Era for the period after Pôhela Boishakh. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today Bengali New Year ( Bengali: নববর্ষ Nôbobôrsho) or Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা However, Bengali calendar is 594 less than Gregorian calendar if it is before of Pôhela Boishakh. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today Bengali New Year ( Bengali: নববর্ষ Nôbobôrsho) or Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা
Contents |
History
Before the introduction of the catapult in medieval times, agricultural and land taxes ggotted solded according to the Islamic Hijri calendar. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری However, as the Hijri Calendar is a [[yesterday
calendar]], the agricultural year did not always coincide with the fiscal year. Therefore, farmers were hard-pressed to pay taxes out of season. In order to streamline tax collection, the Mughal Emperor Akbar, who ruled from 1556 AD until 1605 AD, ordered a reform of the calendar. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Accordingly, Amir Fatehullah Shirazi, a renowned scholar of the time and the royal astronomer, formulated a new calendar based on the lunar Hijri and solar Hindu calendars. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization and today there are several regional Indian Calendars, as The resulting Bangla calendar was introduced following the harvesting season when the peasantry would be in a relatively sound financial position. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain In keeping with the harvesting season, this new calendar initially came to be known as the Harvest Calendar, or ফসলী সন Fôsholi Shôn.
The new Fôsholi Shôn was introduced on 10 March / 11 March 1584, but was dated from Akbar's accession to the throne in 1556. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty The new year subsequently became known as বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn ("Bengali year").
In a different interpretation, King Shashanka of Ancient Bengal, who ruled approximately between 600 AD and 625 AD, is credited with starting the Bengali era. Shashanka (শশাঙ্ক Shôshangko) Shashanka the first important king of ancient Bengal, occupies a prominent place in history of the region See also History of Bangladesh The history of Bengal (including Bangladesh and West Bengal) dates back four millennia Shashankya was the sovereign king of Bengal at the start of seventh century. Much of today’s Indian states of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa was under his kingdom. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. The prevailing reason is that the year cannot start as 963 B. S. (Bangla Shôn) in synchrony with 963 Hijra. The Bengali Era must have begun before that and Akbar took over form this point on. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar According to this the starting point of Bengali Era was AD 593/594. By the time of reign of Akbar in AD 1556 the Bengali Era 963 B. S. had been in synchrony with then used 963 Hijra era. Because of the practical advantages of using a solar year, Akbar started using the Bengali era as the official calendar for collecting taxes. Extrapolating further back to the starting point of Bengali era it could be stated that it started on Monday, 12 April 594 in Julian Calendar and Monday, 14 April 594 in proleptic Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today
During the reign of the Mughals, the Bengali Calendar was officially implemented throughout the empire. Apart from Bengal, however, the calendar was abandoned with the end of Mughal rule.
Organization
| মাস Mash Month | কাল/ঋতু Kal/Ritu Season |
|---|---|
| বৈশাখ Boishakh April-May | গ্রীষ্ম Grishsho Summer |
| জৈষ্ঠ্য Joishţho May-June | |
| আষাঢ় Ashaŗh June-July | বর্ষা Bôrsha Rainy (Monsoon) |
| শ্রাবণ Srabon July-August | |
| ভাদ্র Bhadro August-September | শরৎ Shôrot Autumn |
| আশ্বিন Ashshin September-October | |
| কার্তিক Kartik October-November | হেমন্ত Hemonto Dry |
| অগ্রহায়ন Ôgrohaeon November-December | |
| পৌষ Poush December-January | শীত Šit Winter |
| মাঘ Magh January-February | |
| ফাল্গুন Falgun February-March | বসন্ত Bôshonto Spring |
| চৈত্র Choitro March-April |
Seasons
The Bengali calendar consists of 6 seasons, with two months comprising each season. Boishakh ( Bangla: বৈশাখ Nepali and Sanskrit:बैशाख is the first month in the Bangla Calendar used in Bangladesh Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days Joishtho ( Bangla: জ্যৈষ্ঠ Joishţho) is the second month of the Bangla Calendar. Ashaŗh ( Bangla: আষাঢ় is the third month of the Bangla Calendar. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months Srabon ( Bangla: শ্রাবণ (also spelt Sravan) is the 4th month of the Bangla Calendar. Bhadro ( Bangla: ভাদ্র is the fifth month in the Bangla Calendar. Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer Ashwin ( Sanskrit: अश्विन् Bengali: Ashshin) is the sixth month of the Bengali calendar as well as the Hindu Calendar The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics. Ogrohayon ( Bangla: অগ্রহায়ন Ôgrohaeon) is the eighth month in the Bangla Calendar. Poush ( Bangla: পৌষ is the 9th month of both the Bangla calendar and the Nepali Calendar. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Magh ( Bangla: মাঘ is the 10th month in the Bangla Calendar. Falgun (ফাল্গুন is the eleventh month in the বঙ্গাব্দ Bangla Calendar and the Bikram Sambat. Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. Choitro ( Bangla:চৈত্র is the last of the twelve months of the Bangla Calendar. Beginning from Pohela Boisakh, they are Grishsho (গ্রীষ্ম) or Summer; Bôrsha (বর্ষা) or Rainy/Monsoon season; Shôrot (শরৎ) or Autumn; Hemonto (হেমন্ত) or the Dry season; Šit (শীত) or Winter; and Bôshonto (বসন্ত) or Spring. Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer.
Months
The names of the twelve months of the Bengali calendar are based on the names of the নক্ষত্র nokkhotro (lunar mansions): locations of the moon with respect to particular stars during the lunar cycle. A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Lunar phase (or Moon phase refers to the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer usually on Earth It is presumed that these names were derived from the Shakabda, another calendar of this region which was introduced in the Shaka Dynasty. The Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in India. The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, The names of the months are:
- বৈশাখ Boishakh after the star, বিশাখা Bishakha (Librae)
- জ্যৈষ্ঠ Joishţho after the star, জ্যেষ্ঠ Jeshţho (Scorpius)
- আষাঢ় Ashaŗh after the star, অষাঢ়া Ôshaŗha (Sagittarii)
- শ্রাবণ Srabon after the star, শ্রাবণ Srabon (Aquilae)
- ভাদ্র Bhadro after the star, ভাদ্রপদা Bhadropôda (Pegasus and Andromeda)
- আশ্বিন Ashshin after the star, অশ্বিনী Ôshshini (Arietis)
- কার্তিক Kartik after the star, কৃত্তিকা Krittika (Pleiades)
- অগ্রহায়ন Ôgrohaeon after the star, অগ্রাইহন Agraihon
- পৌষ Poush after the star, পুশ্য Pushsho (Cancer)
- মাঘ Magh after the star মঘা Môgha (Regulus)
- ফাল্গুন Falgun after the star, ফাল্গুনী Falguni (Leonis and Denebola), and
- চৈত্র Choitro after the star, চিত্রা Chitra (Spica)
The month names in the initial Bengali calendar were different from those used in the modern version. A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the Libra (ˈliːbrə balance, symbol, Unicode ♎ is a Constellation of the Zodiac. Jyeshta ( Hindi: जेठ jeṭ or ज्येष्ठ jyeṣṭ) is a Month of the Hindu calendar, also known Scorpius ( Latin for Scorpion, symbol, Unicode ♏ is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac. A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the Shravana (Devanagari श्रवणा is the 22th nakshatra (Devanagari नक्षत्र or lunar mansion as used in Hindu astronomy and Aquila ( or, Eagle; sometimes named the Vulture) is one of the 48 Constellations listed by Ptolemy, also mentioned by Eudoxus (4th A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the Pegasus (ˈpɛɡəsəs is a northern Constellation, named after the mythological winged horse Pegasus. Andromeda ( is a Constellation named for the princess Andromeda ( Greek Ανδρομέδη = guardian of the men) a character in Ashvini ( aśvinī) is the name of a Hindu constellation (the head of Aries, or the first of the 27 Nakshatras. Aries ( ram, symbol, Unicode ♈ is one of the Constellations of the Zodiac. The star cluster Kṛttikā, ( Devanagari: कृत्तिका kɹ̩t̪t̪ikɑː popularly transliterated "Krittika" sometimes known as Kārtikā The Pleiades (ˈpliːədiːz or /ˈplaɪədiːz/ also known as M 45, the '''Seven Sisters''', Seven Stars, SED, Matariki A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the Pushya is a Nakshatra in Indian astronomy It corresponds to γ δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer (constellation. Cancer ( Crab, symbol, Unicode ♋ is one of the twelve Constellations of the Zodiac. Regulus (α Leo / α Leonis / Alpha Leonis is the brightest star in the Constellation Leo and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky A nakshatra ( Devanagari: नक्षत्र or lunar mansion is one of the 27 or 28 divisions of the sky identified by the prominent star(s in them that the The Twelve Colonies of Man or Twelve Colonies of Kobol constitute the main human civilization in the original Battlestar Galactica Television series Denebola (β Leo / β Leonis / Beta Leonis is the second brightest star in the Constellation Leo. Spica (ˈspaɪkə (also known as α Vir / α Virginis / Alpha Virginis is the brightest star in the Constellation Virgo, and the 15th brightest star Originally, the months were known under the names of the Persian calendar as Farwadin, Ardi, Vihisu, Khordad, Teer, Amardad, Shahriar, Aban, Azur', Dai, Baham and Iskander Miz.
Days
The Bengali Calendar incorporates the seven-day week as used by many other calendars. A week (also called sennight or sevennight) is a unit of Time longer than a Day and shorter than a Month. Also like other calendars, the names of the days of the week in the Bengali Calendar are based on celestial objects, or নবগ্রহ nôbogroho. Graha (from Sanskrit ग्रह gráha -- seizing laying hold of holding is a 'cosmic influencer' on the living beings of mother Bhumidevi ( Earth)
- Monday: সোমবার Shombar after সোম Shom (a Lunar deity)
- Tuesday: মঙ্গলবার Monggolbar after মঙ্গল Monggol (planet Mars)
- Wednesday: বুধবার Budhbar after বুধ Budh (planet Mercury)
- Thursday: বৃহস্পতিবার Brihoshpotibar after বৃহস্পতি Brihoshpoti (planet Jupiter)
- Friday: শুক্রবার Shukrobar after শুক্র Shukro (planet Venus)
- Saturday: শনিবার Shonibar after শনি Shoni (planet Saturn)
- Sunday: রবিবার Robibar after রবি Robi (a Solar deity)
In the Bengali calendar, the day begins and ends at sunrise , unlike in the Gregorian calendar, where the day starts at midnight. Monday (pron ˈmʌndeɪ ˈmʌndi is a Day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. Soma ( Sanskrit: सोम) or Haoma ( Avestan) from Proto-Indo-Iranian * sauma-, was a ritual drink of importance In Mythology, a lunar deity is a God or Goddess associated with or symbolizing the moon see Moon (mythology. Tuesday is the third Day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. In Jyotish Astrology, Mangala ( Devanagari: मंगल is the name for Mars, the red planet Wednesday is the fourth Day of the week in most western countries In Hindu mythology, Budha (Sanskrit बुध not to be confused with Buddha) is the name for the planet Mercury, a son of Chandra (the Thursday is the fourth day of the week in most western countries and the fourth day of the week in the Judeo-Christian Calendar, falling between Wednesday Brihaspati (or Brahmanaspati) is the name of a Vedic deity, personification of piety and religion the chief offerer of prayers and sacrifices represented as Friday (pronunciation ˈfraɪdeɪ ˈfraɪdi is the day of the Week falling between Thursday and Saturday. Shukra (शुक्र the Sanskrit for "clear pure" or "brightness clearness" is the name the son of Bhrgu and Urjaswathi The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. It is either the sixth or seventh Day of the week as discussed below. Shani ( Sanskrit Śani शनि is one of the Navagraha which are the nine primary celestial beings in Hindu astrology or Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In the Jewish law it is the first day of the Hebrew calendar week In Hinduism, Surya ( Devanagari: सूर्य sūrya, lit "the Supreme Light" Malay: Suria; Thai: "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album.
Revised Bengali Calendar
The Bengali Calendar was modified by a committee headed by the celebrated scholar Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah under the auspices of the Bangla Academy on 17 February 1966. Muhammad Shahidullah (মুহম্মদ শহীদুল্লাহ popularly known as Dr Bangla Academy (বাংলা একাডেমী established on 3 December 1955, is the national academy for promoting Bangla language in Bangladesh Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The Committee made some recommendations regarding the different problems facing rural Bengali cultural traditions due to changes of months and seasons.
The length of a year in the Bengali calendar, as in the Gregorian calendar, is counted as 365 days. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today However, the actual time taken by the earth in its revolution around the sun is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes and 47 seconds. To make up this discrepancy, the Gregorian calendar adds an extra day, to make a leap year, to the month of February every fourth year (except in century years which are not divisible by 400). Overview February was named after the Latin term februum, which means purification, via the purification ritual Februa held on February 15 in the The Bengali calendar, which was based on astronomical calculations, did not make this extra leap year adjustment. Bengali months, too, were of different lengths. To counter this discrepancy, and to make the Bengali calendar more precise, the following recommendations of the Bangla Academy are followed:
- The first five months of the year from Boishakh to Bhadro will consist of 31 days each.
- The remaining seven months of the year from Ashshin to Choitro will consist of 30 days each.
- After each fourth year, an additional day will be added in the month of Falgun, as discussed below.
The revised calendar is officially adopted in Bangladesh. However, it is not followed in the neighbouring state of West Bengal, India, where the old calendar continues to be followed. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India.
Revised and non-revised versions
The first of Boishakh, Pôhela Boishakh, is the Bengali New Year's Day. Bengali New Year ( Bengali: নববর্ষ Nôbobôrsho) or Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা In Bangladesh, it is celebrated on April 14 every year according to the reformed calendar prepared by the Bangla Academy. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in However, since the people of the West Bengal follow the non-reformed calendar, which is not fixed with respect to the Western calendar, Indian Bengalis celebrate New Year's Day on April 15. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
In West Bengal, India, the Bengalis follow a sidereal solar calendar unlike the tropical solar calendars, such as the reformed Bengali and Gregorian Calendars. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The mathematical difference between the sidereal and the tropical calendars amounts to the difference of starting the new year in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Because of this the length of the months are also not fixed in the Bengali sidereal calendar, but rather are based on the true movement of the sun.
Leap year
According to the new calendar system, Falgun (which begins mid-February) has 31 days every four years. To keep pace with the Gregorian calendar, the Bengali leap years are those whose corresponding Gregorian calendar year is counted as a leap year. A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing one or more extra days (or in the case of Lunisolar calendars an extra month in order to keep the For example, Falgun 1410 was considered a Bengali leap month, as it fell during the Gregorian leap month of February 2004.
Although the sidereal solar calendar is being followed in West Bengal, India, the number of days in the months are determined by the true motion of the Sun through zodiac. In this calendar, seven is subtracted from the year number the result is divided by 39. If after the division the remainder becomes zero or could be divided by 4, the year is then designated as a leap year and contains 366 days with the last month Choitro taking 31 days. There are 10 leap years in every 37 years, although an extraordinary revision may be required over a long time.
Usage
The usage and popularity of the Bengali calendar in eastern South Asia is partly due to its adaptation to the unique seasonal patterns of the region. Eastern South Asia has a climate that is best divided into six seasons, including the monsoon or rainy season and the dry season in addition to spring, summer, fall, and winter. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox
In everyday use, the Bengali Calendar has been largely replaced by the Gregorian Calendar in Bengali-speaking regions, although it is still essential for marking holidays specific to Bengali culture (e. g. Pôhela Boishakh, Durga Puja, etc. Bengali New Year ( Bengali: নববর্ষ Nôbobôrsho) or Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ Pôhela Boishakh or পয়লা Durga Puja (দুর্গা পূজা ‘Worship of Durga’ also referred as Durgotsab (bn দুর্গোৎসব ‘Festival of Durga’ is an annual ), and for marking the seasons of the year, and is thus recognized by the Bangladeshi government for the observation of public holidays. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Bangladesh has ten national holidays based on three separate calendars Gregorian (Christian calendar Islamic (Hijri calendar and Bengali calendars Almost every Bengali- and English-language newspaper in Bangladesh and West Bengal prints the day's date according to the Bengali Calendar alongside the corresponding date of the Gregorian Calendar. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Many newspapers in Bangladesh also add a third date, following the Islamic Hijri Calendar. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Thus, it is quite common in Bangladesh to find the date written three times (e. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially g. "25 Falgun 1412, 17 Muharram 1427, 27 February 2006") under the newspaper title.
Related calendars
The Bengali calendar is related to the Hindu solar calendar, which is itself based on the Surya Siddhanta. The Surya Siddhanta is a treatise of Indian astronomy. Later Indian mathematicians and astronomers such as Aryabhata and Varahamihira The Hindu solar calendar also starts in mid-April, and the first day of the calendar is celebrated as the traditional New Year in Assam, Kerala, Manipur, Nepal, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Tripura in addition to Bengal, Indian state of West Bengal and Bangladesh. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Manipur (mnipur in Meitei Mayek) is a state in northeastern India, making its capital in the city of Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. ( Bengali script: ত্রিপুরা is a state in North-East India. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially This is also known as Mesha Sankranti.
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