| Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean | |
|---|---|
 A map showing the location of the Bay of Bengal. | |
| Profile: Facts and Figures at a Glance | |
| Area | 2,172,000 km² |
| Average depth: | 2,600 mm ; 8,500 feet |
| Maximum depth: | 4,694 m ; 15,400 feet |
| Maximum Length: | 2,090 km; c. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 1,300 mi |
| Maximum Width: | 1,610 km; 1,000 mi |
| Waters Connected to the Bay of Bengal: | |
| Rivers which drain into Bay of Bengal: | |
| Important Ports: |
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| Historic Ports: | |
| Islands: | |
| Coasts: | |
| Battles: | |
The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Headlands and bays are two related features of the coastal environment The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface It resembles a triangle in shape, and is bordered by India and Sri Lanka to the West, Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal to the North (where the name comes from), and Myanmar, southern part of Thailand and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the East. A triangle is one of the basic Shapes of Geometry: a Polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are Line India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a Union territory of India. Informally the territory's name is often abbreviated to A & N Islands, or ANI Its southern boundary extends as an imaginary line from Dondra Head at the southern end of Sri Lanka to the northern tip of Sumatra. Dondra Head is a cape on the extreme southern tip of Sri Lanka, in the Indian Ocean, near the small town of Dondra. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – Ganges, Brahmaputra, Ayeyarwady, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri – flow into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent The Brahmaputra, also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra is a Trans-boundary river and one of the major Rivers of Asia. The Ayeyarwady River or Irrawaddy River ( is a River that flows from north to south of Burma (Myanmar This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी The Mahanadi rises in the highlands ofChhattisgarh It flows through Orissa to reachthe Bay of Bengal Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism The Kaveri River ( Kannada: ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ Tamil: காவிரி ஆறு also spelled Cauvery in English Among the important ports are Cuddalore, Chennai, Kakinada, Machilipatnam, Vishakapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, Chittagong, and Yangon. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Cuddalore (கடலூர் is a fast growing industrial city and headquarters of Cuddalore district WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kakinada ( Telugu: కాకినాడ is a city and a Municipal corporation in East Machilipatnam (మచిలిపట్నం is a city and a special grade Municipality in Krishna district in the Indian state of Andhra Visakhapatnam ( Telugu: విశాఖపట్టణం (also Visakhapattanamu, shortened and anglicized Visakha/Vizag or Vizagapatnam is a coastal port WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Paradip is a town a Seaport and a notified area committee in Jagatsinghapur District in the Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma.
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Etymology
In the 10th century conflicts caused the Bay of Bengal to be called "The Chola Lake. The concept of the Indianized kingdom, first described by George Coedès, is based upon the Hindu and Buddhist cultural and economic influences in " Bangal ki Khadi is the name in Hindi. [1]
Bengal comes from the Sanskrit Banga or Vanga and refers to the Gangetic delta waters. The Bengal Presidency originally comprising east and west Bengal was a colonial region of British India, which comprised undivided Bengal which is present day Bangladesh There is mythology which relates the area given to the Lunar race of Delhi. [2][3]
Rivers
Many major rivers of India flow west to east into the Bay of Bengal: in the north, the Ganges River (or Ganga), Meghna River and Brahmaputra River rivers, and in the south Mahanadi River through the Mahanadi River Delta, Godavari River, Krishna River, Irrawaddy and Kaveri River (sometimes written as Cauvery) rivers. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent The Meghna River (মেঘনা নদী is an important river in Bangladesh, one of the three that forms the Ganges Delta, the largest on earth fanning out The Brahmaputra, also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra is a Trans-boundary river and one of the major Rivers of Asia. The Mahanadi rises in the highlands ofChhattisgarh It flows through Orissa to reachthe Bay of Bengal Mahanadi River Delta in India is a basin of deposit that drains a large land mass of the Indian subcontinent into the Bay of Bengal. This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. The Kaveri River ( Kannada: ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ Tamil: காவிரி ஆறு also spelled Cauvery in English The shortest classified river which drains into the Bay of Bengal is Cooum River at 64 km. The Cooum River, is the famous river which ends in the city of Chennai (formerly Madras in India on the Bay of Bengal. Brahmaputra is the 28th longest River in the World (2,948 km or 1,832 mi), and it discharges into the 'Bay of Bengal' and travels through India, P.R. China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. It includes river systems over 1000 kilometers India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is formed at the delta of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans (সুন্দরবন Shundorbôn) is the largest single block of tidal halophytic Mangrove forest in the world The Ayeyarwady River of Myanmar also flows into the bay. The Ayeyarwady River or Irrawaddy River ( is a River that flows from north to south of Burma (Myanmar Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia.
Seaports
Major Bangladeshi ports on the bay include Chittagong and Mongla. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city Mongla can refer to Mongla Burma Port of Mongla, Bangladesh Major Indian ports on the bay include Chennai (formerly Madras), Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), and Pondicherry. Visakhapatnam ( Telugu: విశాఖపట్టణం (also Visakhapattanamu, shortened and anglicized Visakha/Vizag or Vizagapatnam is a coastal port Puducherry (formerly; புதுச்சேரி or பாண்டிச்சேரி పాండిచెర్రి പുതുശ്ശേരി Pondichéry is a Yangon, the largest city and former capital of Myanmar is also an important port in the bay.
Islands
The islands in the bay are very numerous, including the Andaman, Nicobar and Mergui groups. This article is about the city For the archipelago see Mergui Archipelago. The group of islands, Cheduba and others, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active. Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas Ritchie's Archipelago consists of smaller islands. Great Andaman is the main Archipelago of the Andaman Islands of India. The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. Ritchie's Archipelago is a cluster of smaller islands which lie some 25-30 km east of Great Andaman, the main island group of the Andaman Islands. Only 37 of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited, or 6. The Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a Union territory of India. Informally the territory's name is often abbreviated to A & N Islands, or ANI 5%. [4]
Beaches
Cox's Bazar, on the northeastern coast of the bay, is one of the longest unbroken natural beaches of the world. Cox's Bazar (কক্স বাজার Kôksho Bajar or Kôks Bazar) is a town a fishing Port and district headquarter in Bangladesh Other beaches along the bay are Bakkhali, Digha, Chandipur, Puri, Waltair, Marina Beach at Chennai and Ngapali beach in Myanmar. Bakkhali (বক্খালি is seaside resort in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Digha (দীঘা is a small seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. Chandipur may refer to Chandipur Bangladesh Chandipur India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Puri is a city in the east Indian state of Orissa. Visakhapatnam ( Telugu: విశాఖపట్టణం (also Visakhapattanamu, shortened and anglicized Visakha/Vizag or Vizagapatnam is a coastal port Thandwe is a Town in the Rakhine State of westernmost part of Myanmar.
Oceanography
Oceanography is the study of oceans and the ocean floor by scientific exploration and scientific methods. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO is a constituent Laboratory of CSIR - the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research an autonomous research organization The Bay of Bengal is a salt water sea and is a part of the Indian Ocean. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface
Plate tectonics
The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. The lithosphere (IPA, from the Greek λίθος for "rocky" + σφαίρα for "sphere" is the solid outermost shell of a rocky Planet. Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere Underneath the Bay of Bengal is the Indian Plate which is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east. The India or Indian Plate is a Tectonic plate that was originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland from which it split off eventually The Indo-Australian Plate is a major Tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and surrounding Ocean, and extends northwest to include the This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench. The Burma Plate is a small Tectonic plate or microplate located in Southeast Asia, often considered a part of the larger Eurasian Plate. The Java Trench, also called Sunda Trench, located in the northeastern Indian Ocean, with a length of 2600 km and a maximum depth of 7725 meters (at 10°19'S 109°58'E The Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate. The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean, and are part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. The Burma Plate is a small Tectonic plate or microplate located in Southeast Asia, often considered a part of the larger Eurasian Plate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. The Java Trench, also called Sunda Trench, located in the northeastern Indian Ocean, with a length of 2600 km and a maximum depth of 7725 meters (at 10°19'S 109°58'E Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar, and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc. See also List of volcanoes This is a list of active and extinct Volcanoes in Burma. A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanic islands or Mountains formed by Plate tectonics as an oceanic Tectonic plate subducts under The Sunda Arc is a Volcanic arc that has produced the islands of Sumatra and Java and the Sunda Strait and the Lesser Sunda Islands Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian Tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a huge Tsunamai. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of A submarine earthquake is an Earthquake which occurs underwater at the bed of the Sea. [5]
Marine geology
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the ioo fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the Soo-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.
Swatch of No Ground is a 14 km-wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal. The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m. [6]
Marine biology, flora and fauna
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64 largest marine ecosystems. Marine ecosystems are among of the earth's Aquatic ecosystems They include Oceans Salt marshes estuaries Lagoons, rocky Subtidal
Kerilia jerdonii is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Jerdon's Sea Snake Kerilia jerdonii is a species of sea snake. Glory of Bengal Cone (Conus bengalensis) is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal. [7]
An endangered species, the Olive Ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach, Orissa, India. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s Also see Kemp's Ridley turtle. The Olive Ridley ( Lepidochelys olivacea) also known as the Pacific Ridley, is one of Sea turtles ( Superfamily Chelonioidea) are Turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean. Gahirmatha Beach is a beach in the Indian state of Orissa. The beach separates the Bhitarkanika mangroves from the Bay of Bengal, is the world's Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
Bryde's Whale which can be seen in the Bay of Bengal is the 10th heaviest animal of the world, weighing in at 22,000 kg (48,000 lb). Bryde’s Whales are the least-known and in many ways the most unusual of the Rorquals They are small by rorqual standards&mdashno more than about 25 tonnes&mdashprefer tropical The largest organism found on earth can be measured using a variety of methods
Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis) , and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a few of the marine animals. Marlin, Istiophoridae, is a member of a larger grouping of marine Fishes known as "billfish" of which several are popular in Big-game fishing The barracuda is a Ray-finned fish known for its large size (up to 16 ft in length and up to a foot in width for some species) and fearsome appearance The skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, is a medium-sized Perciform fish in the Tuna family Scombridae. The yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares) is a type of Tuna. It is found in open waters of Tropical and subtropical Seas worldwide The Humpback Dolphin is a member of the Genus Sousa. These Dolphins are characterized by the conspicuous humps and elongated Dorsal Bryde’s Whales are the least-known and in many ways the most unusual of the Rorquals They are small by rorqual standards&mdashno more than about 25 tonnes&mdashprefer tropical Bay of Bengal Hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of Wrass which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine Fish, many of which are brightly colored Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (stenella longirostris) . Dolphins are Marine mammals that are closely related to Whales and Porpoises There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genera. The Bottlenose Dolphin is one of the most common and well-known Dolphins. The Pantropical Spotted Dolphin ( Stenella attenuata) is a Species of Dolphin found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans The Spinner Dolphin ( Stenella longirostris) is a small Dolphin found in off-shore tropical waters around the world Tuna and dolphins are usually residing in the same waters. Tuna, are several Species of ocean-dwelling Fish in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus. Dolphins are Marine mammals that are closely related to Whales and Porpoises There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genera. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy Dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) can be found. The Irrawaddy Dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris) is a species of Dolphin found near coasts and in estuaries in parts of south-east Asia. [8][9]
The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve proides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) , giant Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) , and Malayan box turtle (Cuora amboinensis kamaroma) to name a few. The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve encompasses a large part (some 85% of the island of Great Nicobar, the largest of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian The saltwater or estuarine crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all living Crocodilians and Reptiles It is found in suitable The leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea) is the largest of all living turtles Amboina Box Turtle or Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis is a Species of Box turtle.
Another endangered species Royal Bengal Tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta. The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis) is a Subspecies of Tiger primarily The Sundarbans National Park ( Bengali: সুন্দরবন জাতীয় উদ্যান Shundorbôn Jatio Uddan) is a National Park, The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a River delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh [10][11]
Coral beautifies the underwater area around Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands
Chemical oceanography
Sri Lanka, Serendib, or Ratna – Dweepa which means Gem Island. Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean, and are part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. Amethyst ,beryl, rubies, sapphires, topazes, and garnet are just some of the gems of Sri Lanka.
Physical oceanography - Climate of the Bay of Bengal
From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current. Amethyst is a violet variety of Quartz often used as an Ornamental stone in Jewelry. The Mineral beryl is a Beryllium Aluminium cyclosilicate with the Chemical formula Be3Al2(SiO36 A Ruby is a pink to blood-red Gemstone, a variety of the Mineral Corundum ( Aluminium oxide) Sapphire (antique greek hyacinthos refers to gem varieties of the mineral Corundum, an Aluminium oxide (Al2O3 when it is a color other than Topaz is a Silicate mineral of Aluminium and Fluorine with the Chemical formula Al 2 Si[[oxygen O]]4( The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives Sri Lanka ’s gem industry has a very long and colorful history " The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then the North Eastern Coast of India by end of June. The climate of India defies easy generalisation comprising a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean, and are part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India.
The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe Cyclones which affect Eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with Storm surge. Storm surge or tidal surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system typically a Tropical cyclone. [12]
Tropical storms and cyclones
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A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 74 miles (119 kilometers) an hour are called cyclones when they originate over the Bay of Bengal; they are hurricanes in the Atlantic. In Meteorology, a cyclone refers to an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding [13] Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) were killed because of the 1970 Bhola cyclone. The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating Tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and India 's West Bengal on
- 2008, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
- 2007, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr
- 2006, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
- 2006, September Typhoon Xangsane
- 2004, November Typhoon Muifa
- 2002, May Tropical Cyclone 2B
- 1991, April Bangladesh cyclone
- 1989, November Typhoon Gay
- 1985, May Tropical Storm One (1B)
- 1982, April Cyclone One (1B)
- 1982, May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
- 1982, October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
- 1981, December Cyclone Three (3B)
- 1980, October Tropical Storm One (1B)
- 1980, December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
- 1980, December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
- 1971 Orissa Cyclone
- 1970, November Bhola cyclone
Sacred sites
- Kumari Kandam, an antediluvian civilization, (South India) is also held in myth to be under the Bay of Bengal. Cyclone Nargis ( JTWC designation 01B, also known as Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis) was a strong Tropical cyclone that caused Cyclone Sidr ( JTWC designation 06B, also known as Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr) was the Cyclone Mala, also known as Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala, was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. Typhoon Xangsane (international designation 0615, JTWC designation 18W, PAGASA name Typhoon Milenyo) was a deadly typhoon that affected Typhoon Muifa (international designation 0425, JTWC designation 29W, designated Typhoon Unding by PAGASA The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone was among the deadliest tropical cyclones on record Typhoon Gay (1989 TY 32W was the Tropical cyclone which caused significant damage in province Chumphon of Thailand and eastern India in November The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating Tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and India 's West Bengal on Fisherman claim their nets have snagged, and on dives to free them they find pagodas, doorways, and temples to reinforce their belief of this ancient time. [14]
- The remains of Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lies under the Bay of Bengal. Spokespersons from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be located opposite the Coastal Battery. [15]
- Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram. The myth name “Seven Pagodas” has served as a nickname for the south Indian city of Mahabalipuram, also called Mamallapuram since the first European explorers reached WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mahabalipuram (மகாபலிபுரம் also known as Mamallapuram (மாமல்லபுரம் Mahabalipuram's Shore Temple was constructed in the eighth century AD and myth has it that six other temples were also built here. The Shore Temple (700-728 CE is so named because it over looks the Bay of Bengal.
- Another historic site which has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam. Vivekanandar Illam (or Vivekananda House, also called Ice House, Castle Kernan, etc It was contstructed in 1842 by the Ice King Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round. Frederic Tudor ( September 4, 1783 - February 6, 1864) was Boston 's "Ice King" the founder of the Tudor Ice Company In 1897, Swami Vivekananda famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. Swami Vivekananda (স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekānondo; स्वामी विवेकानन्द Svāmi Vivekānanda) ( The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.
- Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Konark ( Sanskrit: कोनार्क) is a small town in Puri district of This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid 1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex
- Ramanathaswami Temple located at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean come together. [16]
Economy
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was the The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as British East India Company. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or Gopalpur was one of their main trading centers. Gopalpur may refer to Gopalpur Bangladesh Gopalpur India Gopalpur Nepal Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were English East India Company and French East India Company. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The French East India Company ( French: La Compagnie française des Indes orientales or Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales) was a [17]
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation ( BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj
The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal. Sethusamudram Ship Channel Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping This would connect India east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.
Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26-44 species of marine fish. [18]
In one year, the average catch is 2 million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone. [19]
Environmental hazards
Pollution
"Asian Brown Cloud" hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges. [20]
History
Northern Circars occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's Madras state. The Northern Circars was a former division of British India 's Madras Presidency, which consisted of a narrow slip of territory lying along the western side of the The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 Chola dynasty (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by Rajaraja Chola I occupied the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal circa AD 1014 Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across Northern India to the Bay of Bengal. Rajaraja Chola I (இராஜராஜ சோழன் is one of the greatest kings of the Chola Empire, who ruled between 985 and 1014 CE This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 Chandragupta Maurya (चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c India has a long military history dating back several millennia Hajipur was a stronghold of Portuguese Pirates. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Diamond Harbour (ডায়মন্ড হারবার is in the southern suburbs of Kolkata In the 1500s the Portuguese built trading posts in the North of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and Satgaon (Porto Pequeno). Saptagram (সপ্তগ্রাম (colloquially called Satgaon was a major port the chief city and sometimes capital of southern Bengal, in ancient and medieval [21]
British penal colony
Cellular Jail or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on Ross Island, a part of the Andaman Island Chain. The Cellular Jail (also known as Kālā Pānī, literally 'Black water' a term for the deep sea and hence exile situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. As early as 1858 this island was used as a British penal colony for politial prisoners facing life imprisonment. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
Marine Archeology
Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of material remains of ancient peoples. Maritime archaeology (also known as marine archaeology) is a discipline that studies human interaction with the Sea, lakes and rivers through the study of vessels A specialized branch, Archaeology of shipwrecks studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. The archaeology of shipwrecks is the field of Archaeology specialised in the study and exploration of Shipwrecks. Stone anchors, amphorae sherds, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive the test of time for archaeologists to study and place the salvaged findings into a time line of history. Coral reefs, tsuanamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles and a criss cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with pirating have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal. [22]
Famous ships and shipwrecks
- 1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal. American war 1775–1778 Before France entered the conflict in 1778 the naval war consisted of many small operations
- c1816 Mornington Ship burned in the Bay of Bengal[23]
- 1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in a Bay of Bengal[24]
- American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson, Jr. Adoniram Judson Sr ( 9 August 1788 — 12 April 1850) was an American Baptist missionary who labored for almost forty died April 12, 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link
- 1855 The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal[25]
- 1865, a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon. Star of India was built in 1863 as Euterpe, a full-rigged iron Windjammer ship in Ramsey, Isle of Man.
- 1875 Veleda 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide is a part of a current salvage operation. [26]
- 1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal. Service career Early career Yura was completed at the Sasebo Navy Yard on 20 March 1923
- 1971 December 3 - It was claimed that Indian Navy destroyer INS Rajput sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off of Vishakapatnam, in Bay Of Bengal List of naval battles
See also
References
- ^ Map of the Bay of BengalURL accessed January 22, 2007
- ^ Bengal Love To Know 1911URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Kashmere: Brahman Mahatma Of the Lunar Race. The struggle between the Lunar and Solar Dynastys/Cast. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French See also [[single-ship action]] [[Single-ship actions and other major naval events]] and [[CategoryNaval battles]] [[CategoryNaval battles]] This list of naval battles The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.
- ^ The long stretch of sand glistening like silver dust URL accessed January 23, 2007
- ^ Tsunami URL access January 21, 2007
- ^ Morphological features in the Bay of BengalURL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Phillip Colla Natural History Photography URL accessed Janauary 21, 2007
- ^ Naturalist: On the swatch of no ground: Mashida R Haider goes to the Bay of Bengal and comes back full of the marine life thereURL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ CMS: Stenella attenuata, Pantropical spotted dolphinURL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ 17 Bay of Bengal URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Zipcode Zoo Bodianus neilli (Bay of Bengal Hogfish) URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Glossary of Physical Oceanography Ba-Bm URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Forces of Nature--Natural Disaster Fast Facts (National Geographic) URL accessed January 22, 2007
- ^ http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/science/sc-harry.htm
- ^ Morien Institute - underwater discoveries news archive - January - June, 2006 "Sri Vaisakheswara still lies underwater" URL accessed January 22, 2007
- ^ RAMAYANA URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Nabataea: Trade on the Bay of Bengal URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ LME 34 Bay of Bengal URL access January 21, 2007
- ^ EO Natural Hazards: Smog over the Bay of Bengal URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ The Portuguese in Bengal. History of Ugolim (Hoogli), Meliapore ... URL accessed January 21, 2007
- ^ Marine Archaeology in IndiaURL accessed January 22, 2007
- ^ Shipwrecks 1816-1818URL accessed January 23, 2007
- ^ The Maritime Heritage Project: Gold Rush Ships, Passengers, CaptainsURL accessed January 23, 2007
- ^ Shipping Notes from the 1800s - P.E.I.URL accessed January 23, 2007
- ^ Diving-News.com » WrecksURL accessed January 23, 2007
External links
- 487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community
- Arabian Sea: depth contours and undersea features - Map/Still - Britannica Concise
- Bay of Bengal - HighBeam Encyclopedia
Sources
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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