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Banat Bulgarians
Bulgarian-inhabited places in the Banat
Bulgarian-inhabited places in the Banat

     Bulgarian population

     City or town
Total population

Flag of Romania Romania: 6,468[1]
12,000 (est. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania )[2]
Flag of Serbia Serbia: 1,658[3]
3,000 (est. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country )[2]

Regions with significant populations
Banat (Romania, Serbia), Bulgaria,
to a lesser extent Hungary, United States
Languages
Banat Bulgarian (see below),
common Bulgarian
Religions
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
other Bulgarians, South Slavs
Part of a series of articles on
Bulgarians

Culture of Bulgaria
Literature · Music · Art
Cinema · Names · Cuisine
Dances · Costume · Sport

By region or country
(including the diaspora)
Republic of Macedonia
Serbia · Banat (Serbia/Romania)
Bessarabia (Ukraine/Moldova)
United Kingdom · United States
Hungary · Greece · Albania
Bulgarians in Turkey
(Pomaks, Eastern Thrace, Anatolia)

Religion
Bulgarian Orthodox · Muslim
Roman Catholic · Protestant

Languages and dialects
spoken by Bulgarians
Bulgarian · Banat Bulgarian · Shopi

History · Rulers

v • d • e

The Banat Bulgarians (Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common Bulgarian: банатски българи, banatski balgari) are a distinct Bulgarian minority group which settled in the 18th century in the region of the Banat, which was then ruled by the Habsburg and after World War I was divided between Romania, Serbia and Hungary. The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language Bulgarian Culture is a mix mostly of Thracian, Slavic and Bulgar cultures but there are Byzantine, Turkish Bulgarian literature is literature written by Bulgarians or residents of Bulgaria, or written in the Bulgarian language; usually the latter is the defining feature Bulgarian music is part of the Balkan tradition which stretches across Southeastern Europe, and has its own distinctive sound Directors Rangel Valchanov Eduard Zahariev Vulo Radev Nikola Korabov Ivan Andonov Compared to other systems the Bulgarian name system can be said to be rather simple Bulgarian cuisine (българска кухня bulgarska kuhnya) is a representative of the cuisine of Southeastern Europe. Bulgarian folk dances are intimately related to the Music of Bulgaria. Bulgarians are non-recognised as ethnic minority in the Republic of Macedonia. Bulgarians are an Ethnic group in Serbia. This article focuses on Bulgarians in south-eastern Serbia one of the two areas in which ethnic Bulgarians are concentrated The Bessarabian Bulgarians (бесарабски българи besarabski bǎlgari) are a Bulgarian minority group of the historical region of Bessarabia The Bulgarian British community consists of people originating from Bulgaria who were born and/or raised in the United Kingdom. Bulgarian Americans are Citizens of the United States with significant Bulgarian heritage Bulgarians (bolgárok are one of the thirteen officially recognized ethnic minorities in Hungary (Унгария Ungariya; old name Маджарско Indigenous minorities in Greece are relatively small and the country is largely ethnically homogeneous Bulgarians in Albania are ethnic Bulgarians living in nowadays Albania and most particularly in Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo. " The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913 " (in Bulgarian " Разорението на тракийските българи през The Anatolian Bulgarians or Bulgarians of Asia Minor (малоазийски българи maloaziyski balgari, or shortly малоазианци maloaziantsi Bulgaria has been a traditionally Christian state since the adoption of Christianity in 865 with the dominant confession being Eastern Orthodoxy of the The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Българска православна църква Bălgarska pravoslavna cărkva) is an Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church The Bulgarian Muslims (българи-мохамедани locally called Pomak, ahryan, poganets, marvak, poturnak Roman Catholicism is the third largest religious congregation in Bulgaria, after Eastern Orthodoxy and Islam. Protestantism in Bulgaria: Protestantism is the fourth largest religious congregation in Bulgaria after Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam and Roman Catholicism Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Banat Bulgarians ( Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common банатски българи banatski balgari) are a distinct Shopi (шопи Scientific transliteration šopi singular шоп šop with various regional names also existing is a regional term referring to the inhabitants of the The History of Bulgaria as a separate country began in 632 AD with the establishment of Old Great Bulgaria, which stretched from east of the Sea This is a list of Bulgarian monarchs from the earliest historical records to 1946 when the monarchy in the country was abolished Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Unlike most other Bulgarians, they are Roman Catholic by confession and stem from groups of Paulicians and Roman Catholics from modern northern and northwestern Bulgaria. Paulicians (Պավլիկյաններ were a Gnostic and Manichaean Christian group which flourished between 650 and 872 in Anatolia, The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Banat Bulgarians speak a distinctive codified form of the Eastern Bulgarian vernacular with much lexical influence from the other languages of the Banat. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions Although strongly acculturated to the Central European region, they have preserved their Bulgarian identity. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and [4] Since the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, many returned to Bulgaria, and founded separate villages there. In Bulgarian Historiography, the term Liberation of Bulgaria is used to denote the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 that led to the

Contents

Population

The official Romanian census states that 6,468 people of Bulgarian origin inhabit the Romanian part of the Banat. [5] The Serbian census of 2002 recognized 1,658 Bulgarians in Vojvodina, the autonomous province that is the Serbian part of the Banat. Demographics of Serbia Serbia is populated mostly by Serbs. Significant minorities include Albanians (who are a majority in Kosovo The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság [6] Bulgarian researchers estimate that 12,000 Banat Bulgarians live in Romania and 3,000 in Serbia. [2]

The earliest and most important centres of the Banat Bulgarian population are the villages of Dudeştii Vechi (Stár Bišnov) and Vinga, both today in Romania,[7] but notable communities also exist in Romania in Breştea (Bréšća), Colonia Bulgară (Telepa) and Denta (Dénta)[8] and the cities of Timişoara (Timišvár) and Sânnicolau Mare (Smikluš), and in Serbia in the villages of Ivanovo, Konak (Kanak), Jaša Tomić (Modoš), Skorenovac (Gjurgevo) and Belo Blato. Dudeştii Vechi (Dudeştii Vechi Стар Бешенов / Star Beshenov, Banat Bulgarian: Stár Bišnov, Altbeschenowa Óbesenyő is a village and a For the swedish lighthouse and island of the same name look at Vinga Lighthouse. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Breştea ( Banat Bulgarian: Brešćа, Hungarian Berestye) is a village in the commune of Denta, Timiş County, Romania Colonia Bulgară ( Banat Bulgarian: Telepa, Bulgarische Kolonie Bolgartelep is a village in the commune of Dudeştii Vechi, Timiş County Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Sânnicolau Mare (also spelled Sînnicolau Mare, Banat Bulgarian: Smikluš, Groß Sankt Nikolaus Nagyszentmiklós is a town in Timiş County Ivanovo ( Serbian: Иваново / Ivanovo; Hungarian: Sándoregyháza; Bulgarian: Ivanovo (Иваново German Konak (Конак Conac is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Sečanj municipality Central Banat District, Vojvodina province Jaša Tomić ( Cyrillic: Јаша Томић is a town located in the Sečanj municipality in the Central Banat District of Serbia. Skorenovac ( Serbian: Скореновац Skorenovac, Hungarian: Székelykeve, German: Skorenowatz) is a Village Belo Blato (Бело Блато or Belo Blato, Biele Blato or Lízika Nagyerzsébetlak Бело блато traditional Banat [9]

In Bulgaria, returning Banat Bulgarians populated the villages of Asenovo, Bardarski Geran, Dragomirovo, Gostilya, and Bregare,[8] among others, in some of which they coexist or coexisted with Banat Swabians, other Bulgarian Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians. Asenovo (Асеново is a village in northern Bulgaria part of Nikopol municipality Pleven Province. Bardarski Geran (Бърдарски геран is a village in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Byala Slatina municipality Vratsa Province. Dragomirovo (Драгомирово is a village in central northern Bulgaria part of Svishtov municipality Veliko Tarnovo Province. The Banat Swabians are an Ethnic German population in Southeast Europe, part of the Danube Swabians, who immigrated over 200 years ago to the Banat The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world [10]

Historical population

According to various censuses and estimates, not always accurate, the number of the Banat Bulgarians varied as follows:[11]

SourceDatePopulationNotes
Jozu Rill186430,000–35,000
Hungarian statistics188018,298
Hungarian statistics190019,944
Hungarian statistics191013,536"evidently underestimated"[9]
Various authorssecond half
of the 19th century		22,000–26,000"sometimes including the Krashovani"[9]
Romanian census193010,012Romanian Banat only
Dimo Kazasov19363,200Serbian Banat only; estimated
Romanian census19399,951Romanian Banat only
Karol Telbizov194012,000Romanian Banat only; estimated
Mihail Georgiev1942up to 4,500Serbian Banat only; estimated[12]
Romanian census195612,040Romania only[13]
Yugoslav census19713,745Serbian Banat only[14]
Romanian census19779,267Romania only[13]
Romanian Census20026,486Romania Only[15]
Serbian Census20021,658Serbia Only[16]

History

Origin and migration north of the Danube

The Bulgarian Roman Catholic community in the north-western ore-mining town of Chiprovtsi and surrounding villages was possibly established in the Middle Ages by "Saxon" miners,[17] who later migrated elsewhere or were assimilated. The Krashovani ( Croatian and Serbian: Krašovani (Крашовани Karašovani or Krašovanje, Karaševci and An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Chiprovtsi (Чипровци {{IPA|[ˈtʃiprufʦi]}}) is a small town in northwestern Bulgaria with about 2000 inhabitants Germans (немци nemtsi or германци germantsi) are a minority Ethnic group in Bulgaria (Bulgarien [18]

In 1688, the members of the community organized the unsuccessful Chiprovtsi Uprising against the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria. The Chiprovtsi Uprising (Чипровско въстание was an uprising against Ottoman rule organized in northwestern Bulgaria by Roman Catholic Bulgarians The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [17][8] The uprising was suppressed[19] due to organizational flaws and the halting of the Austrian offensive against the Ottomans. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Around 300 families of the surviving Catholics fled north of the Danube to Oltenia, initially settling in Craiova, Râmnicu Vâlcea and other cities, where their existing rights were confirmed by Wallachian Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled Rîmnicu Vîlcea, pronunciation in Romanian: /'rɨm This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union See also Brâncovenesc architecture Constantin Brâncoveanu (1654 &ndash August 15 1714) was Prince of Wallachia Some moved to south-western Transylvania, founding colonies in Vinţu de Jos (1700) and Deva (1714) and receiving privileges such as civil rights and tax exemption. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Vinţu de Jos, also known as Vinţ (Unter-Wintz Winzendorf Weinsdorf Alvinc Binstum is a commune located in the centre of the Alba County, Deva ( German: Diemrich, Hungarian: Déva) is a city situated in Transylvania (or Ardeal the popular name for Transylvania on the left bank A tax exemption is an exemption from all or certain Taxes of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization [20]

After Oltenia was occupied by Austria in 1718, the status of the Bulgarians in the region improved again, as an imperial decree of 1727 allowed them the same privileges as their colonies in Transylvania. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich This attracted another wave of migration of Bulgarian Catholics, about 300 families from the formerly Paulician villages of central northern Bulgaria. They settled in Craiova between 1726 and 1730, but did not receive the same rights as the colonists from Chiprovtsi. [21]

The Habsburgs were forced to withdraw from Oltenia in 1737 in the wake of a new war with the Ottoman Empire. The Bulgarians fled from this new Ottoman occupation and settled in the Austrian-ruled Banat to the northwest. The Austrian authorities[22] allowed them to found the villages of Stár Bišnov in 1738 and Vinga (or Theresiopolis) in 1741. [23] In 1744, a decree of Maria Theresa of Austria again confirmed their privileges received in Oltenia. Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant [24]

Austrian and Hungarian rule

The Roman Catholic church in Vinga, Romania
The Roman Catholic church in Vinga, Romania

Around a hundred Paulicians from the region of Svishtov and Nikopol migrated to the Banat from 1753 to 1777. For the swedish lighthouse and island of the same name look at Vinga Lighthouse. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Svishtov (Свищов known as Ziştovi during Ottoman rule is a town in northern Bulgaria located in Veliko Tarnovo Province on the right bank of the Nikopol (Никопол historically Νικόπολις Nicopolis is a town in northern Bulgaria, part of Pleven Province, on the right bank of the Danube [25] The existing Bulgarian population quickly spread throughout the region from the late 18th to the second quarter of the 19th century. They settled in around 20 villages and towns in search of better economic conditions, specifically their need for arable land. Such colonies include those in Modoš (1779), Kanak and Stari Lec (1820), Belo Blato (1825), Bréšća, Dénta and Banatski Dvor (1842), Telepa (1846), Gjurgevo (1866) and Ivanovo (1867). Stari Lec (Стари Лец is a Village in Serbia. It is situated in the Plandište Municipality, in the South Banat District, Banatski Dvor (Банатски Двор Törzsudvarnok before 1867 Szőllősudvarnok after 1867 is a village in Serbia. [26]

The Roman Catholic church in Ivanovo, Serbia
The Roman Catholic church in Ivanovo, Serbia

After they settled, the Banat Bulgarians began to take care of their education and religion. Ivanovo ( Serbian: Иваново / Ivanovo; Hungarian: Sándoregyháza; Bulgarian: Ivanovo (Иваново German Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The Neo-Romanesque church in Stár Bišnov was built in 1804 and the imposing Neo-Gothic church in Vinga in 1892. Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed in the late 19th century inspired by the 11th and 12th century Romanesque style The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began Until 1863, Banat Bulgarians held liturgies in Latin and "Illyric". A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Illyric was a strain of Croatian which had spread in the communities before they migrated to the Banat. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring However, with their cultural revival in the mid-19th century, their vernacular was gradually introduced in the church. The revival also led to the release of their first printed book, Manachija kathehismus za katolicsanske Paulichiane, in 1851. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press "Illyric" was also substituted with Banat Bulgarian in education in 1860 (officially in 1864). In 1866, Jozu Rill codified the dialect with his essay Bálgarskotu pravopisanj. [27]

After the Ausgleich of 1867, the Hungarian authorities gradually intensified the Magyarization of the Banat. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied Until World War I, they imposed Hungarian as the main language of education. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. [28]

The Roman Catholic church in Bardarski Geran, Bulgaria
The Roman Catholic church in Bardarski Geran, Bulgaria

Interwar Romanian and Serbian Banat

After World War I, Austria-Hungary was dissolved and Banat was divided between Romania and Serbia. Bardarski Geran (Бърдарски геран is a village in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Byala Slatina municipality Vratsa Province. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Most Banat Bulgarians became citizens of the Kingdom of Romania, but many fell inside the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija

In Greater Romania, the Banat Bulgarians' identity was distinguished in censuses and statistics. See " România Mare " for other meanings The Greater Romania (România Mare generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years [29] The main language of education was changed to Romanian and the Bulgarian schools were nationalized. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance A Romanian geography book of 1931 describes the Bulgarians in the county of Timiş-Torontal as "foreigners", and their national dress as "not as beautiful" as the Romanian one,[30] but in general the Banat Bulgarians were more favourably treated than the larger Eastern Orthodox Bulgarian minority in interwar Romania. [31]

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia denied the existence of any Bulgarian minority, whether in the Vardar Banovina, the Western Outlands or the Banat. The Vardar Banovina or Vardar Banate or in Serbo-Croat: Вардарска бановина in Cyrillic; Vardarska banovina in Latinic The Western (Bulgarian Outlands (Западни (български покрайнини Zapadni (balgarski pokraynini) is a term used by Bulgarians to describe Official post-World War I statistics provide no data about the number of the Banat Bulgarians. [32] In comparison with the Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians in Yugoslavia, the Banat Bulgarians were treated better by the Yugoslav authorities,[33] although Serbo-Croatian was the only language of education. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem [34]

In the 1930s, the Banat Bulgarians in Romania entered a period of cultural revival led by figures such as Ivan Fermendžin, Anton Lebanov and Karol Telbis (Telbizov). [35] These new cultural leaders emphasized the Bulgarian identity at the expense of the identification as Paulicians and Roman Catholics, establishing contacts with the Bulgarian government and other Bulgarian communities in Romania, particularly that in Dobruja. The organs of this revival were the newspaper Banatsći balgarsći glasnić (Banat Bulgarian Voice),[35] issued between 1935 and 1943, and the annual Banatsći balgarsći kalendar (Banat Bulgarian Calendar), issued from 1936 to 1940. There was a plan to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the settlement in the Banat, and was the most significant manifestation by Banat Bulgarians in that period. It was partially spoiled by the Romanian authorities, but still attracted much attention among intellectuals in Bulgaria. [36] The Bulgarian Agrarian Party, a section of the National Peasants' Party, was founded in 1936 on the initiative of Karol Telbizov and Dr. The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion Karol Manjov of Stár Bišnov,[37] with Petar Telbisz as its chairman,[38] and the Bulgarian National Society in the Banat, also headed by Telbisz, was established in 1939.

Bulgaria and Yugoslavia improved their relations in the 1930s, leading to indriect recognition of the Banat Bulgarian minority by the Yugoslav government. Still, the Banat Bulgarian revival was much less perceivable in the Serbian Banat. The Banat Bulgarian population in Yugoslavia was only partially affected by the work of Telbizov, Lebanov and the other cultural workers in the Romanian Banat. [39]

Emigration to Hungary, the United States and Bulgaria

Some Banat Bulgarians migrated again, mainly to Hungary and the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the According to Bulgarian data from 1942, 10,000 Banat Bulgarians lived in Hungary, mainly in the major cities, but this number is most likely overestimated. [40] Members of the Banat Bulgarian community in Hungary include several deputies to the National Assembly, e. The National Assembly of Hungary ( Országgyűlés) is the national Parliament of Hungary. g. Petar Dobroslav, whose son László Dobroslav (László Bolgár) was a diplomat, and Georgi Velčov. [41]

Location of the main Banat Bulgarian villages in Bulgaria
Location of the main Banat Bulgarian villages in Bulgaria

During the Interwar period, the Banat Bulgarian communities in Romania were among those experiencing the greatest emigration to the USA, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s. [42] An organized Bulgarian community was established in Lone Wolf, Oklahoma, where the Banat Bulgarians were mostly farmers. Lone Wolf is a town in Kiowa County, Oklahoma, United States. [43]

A significant number of Banat Bulgarians returned to Bulgaria, beginning in the 1880s and 1890s. [8] They founded several villages in Pleven Province, Vratsa Province and Veliko Tarnovo Province and received privileges, as per the law of 1880, for the settlement of unpopulated lands. Pleven Province or Plevenska Oblast (Плевенска Област is a province located in central northern Bulgaria, bordering the Danube river Vratsa is a Province of north western Bulgaria, Neighbouring Romania. Veliko Tarnovo is a Province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. They introduced superior agricultural technologies to the country and fully applied their farming experience. Their religious life was partly determined by the clashes between the dominant Eastern Orthodoxy and the minority Catholicism, and cultural conflicts with other Roman Catholic communities which they lived with in several villages, such as the Banat Swabians and the Bulgarian Paulicians from Ilfov. [44]

World War II and later

On the eve of World War II, the authoritarian regime of Carol II of Romania and the fascist government under Ion Antonescu widely discriminated against the Bulgarian minority in the Romanian Banat. Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. Bulgarians were often deprived of property and land, subjected to anti-Bulgarian propaganda, and their villages had to shelter Romanian and Aromanian refugees from Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja. Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans Northern Transylvania is a region of Transylvania, situated within the territory of Romania. Southern Dobruja ( Южна Добруджа Yuzhna Dobrudzha in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Romanian) [45]

Location of the Banat in Europe
Location of the Banat in Europe

In May 1941, the Bulgarians in the Romanian Banat contributed to the release of ethnic Bulgarian prisoners of war from the Yugoslav Army, captured by the Axis, from a camp near Timişoara. The Yugoslav Army ( Serbian: Војска Југославије - ВЈ Vojska Jugoslavije - VJ) was the name of the armed forces of the Federal Republic The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Communicating with the Bulgarian state, Banat Bulgarian leaders headed by Anton Lebanov negotiated the prisoners' release and transportation to Bulgaria, after the example of the release of captured Hungarian soldiers from the Yugoslav Army. They temporarily accommodated these Bulgarians from Vardar Macedonia and the Serbian Banat and provided them with food until they could be taken to Bulgaria. Vardar Macedonia ( Macedonian and Serbian: Вардарска Македонија, Vardarska Makedonija Bulgarian: Вардарска [46]

The Serbian Banat was conquered by Nazi Germany on 12 April 1941, and was occupied for much of the war. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [47] In late 1942, the German authorities allowed Bulgarian minority classes to be created in the Serbian schools in Ivanovo, Skorenovac, Konak, Belo Blato and Jaša Tomić. [48] However, the sudden change in the war and German withdrawal from the Banat forced education in Bulgarian to be discontinued after the 1943–44 school year. [49]

After the war, Banat Bulgarians in Romania and Yugoslavia were ruled by communist regimes. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based In the Romanian Banat, some were deported in the Bărăgan deportations in 1951, but most of those were allowed to return in 1956–57. The Bărăgan deportations were a large-scale action of Penal transportation, undertaken during the 1950s by the Romanian Communist regime. [50] A Bulgarian school was founded in Dudeştii Vechi in 1948, and in Vinga in 1849. Others followed in Breştea, Colonia Bulgară and Denta, but these were briefly closed or united with the Romanian schools after 1952, and Bulgarian remained an optional subject. [51]

The Constitution of Romania of 1991 allowed Bulgarians in the Romanian Banat parliamentary representation through the minority party of the Bulgarian Union of the Banat — Romania (Balgarskotu družstvu ud Banát — Rumanija), led by Karol-Matej Ivánčov, and Bulgarian remained an optional subject in the schools. The 1991 Constitution of Romania is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the country's citizens and The Romanian Constitution reserves a seat in the Chamber of Deputies for the party and cultural association of each ethnic minority in Romania (with the limitation [52]

In post-war Yugoslavia, the existence of a Banat Bulgarian minority was formally recognized, but they were not given the same rights as the larger Bulgarian minority in eastern Serbia. The Western (Bulgarian Outlands (Западни (български покрайнини Zapadni (balgarski pokraynini) is a term used by Bulgarians to describe Unlike other minorities in Vojvodina, they were not allowed education in their mother tongue, only Serbo-Croatian. [53]

Language

South Slavic
languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Slovene Language
Dialects
Slovene dialects
Central South Slavic diasystem
Croatian language
Dialects
Kajkavian · Chakavian
Western Shtokavian
Burgenland · Molise
Bosnian language
Dialects
Central Shtokavian
Serbian language
Dialects
Eastern Shotkavian · Slavoserbian
Romano-Serbian · Užice
Differences between Serbian,
Croatian, and Bosnian
Deprecated or non-ISO
recognized languages
Serbo-Croatian language
Bunjevac language
Montenegrin language
Šokac language
Eastern South Slavic
Old Church Slavonic
Church Slavonic
Bulgarian · Macedonian
Dialects
Banat Bulgarian · Shopski

Slavic dialects of Greece
Dialects of Macedonian

Transitional dialects
Eastern-Central
Torlak dialects · Našinski
Western-Central
Kajkavian
Alphabets
Modern
Gaj’s Latin alphabet1
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
Macedonian Cyrillic
Bulgarian Cyrillic
Slovene alphabet
Historical

Bohoričica · Dajnčica · Metelčica
Arebica · Bosnian Cyrillic
Glagolitic · Early Cyrillic

1 Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet
which is based on it. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Spoken Slovene has at least 32 main Dialects ( narečje) ( dI) and speeches ( govor) ( sP) Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Croatian Kajkavian dialect ( Croatian: kajkavski, proper name kajkavica or kajkavština) is one of the three main dialects of the Croatian Chakavian dialect ( Čakavian; Croatian: čakavski, proper name čakavica or čakavština) is a dialect of the Croatian language Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Burgenland Croatian language or dialect ( gradišćanskohrvatski jezik) belongs to the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages. Molise Croatian dialect (also Molise Slavic Slavisano na-našo) is spoken in the Campobasso Province in the Molise Region of Italy, in three Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages The Slavonic-Serbian language (славяносербскій / slavjanoserbskij or словенскій slovenskij; славеносрпски / slavenosrpski The Serbian Romany language (ISO 639-3/SIL code rsb) is the Mixed language of Serbian (a South Slavic language) and Romany (an The Užican speech (also spelled Užičan speech) or Zlatiborian speech ( Serbian Cyrillic: ужички говор or златиборски говор ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Montenegrin language ( Cyrillic script: Црногорски језик, Latin: Crnogorski jezik) is the name given to the Ijekavian- Shtokavian The Šokac language ( Šokački jezik) was a language listed in Austro-Hungarian censuses to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Banat Bulgarians ( Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common банатски българи banatski balgari) are a distinct Shopi (шопи Scientific transliteration šopi singular шоп šop with various regional names also existing is a regional term referring to the inhabitants of the The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Bulgarian or Macedonian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some varieties spoken in the wider geographic region of Macedonia Torlak ( Cyrillic: Торлачки говор Торлашки говор Latinic: Torlački govor) or simply Torlakian, is the name used Našinski, meaning "our (language" or Goranian is a South Slavic idiom more specifically a Torlakian dialect spoken by the Gorani Croatian Kajkavian dialect ( Croatian: kajkavski, proper name kajkavica or kajkavština) is one of the three main dialects of the Croatian The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (српска/Вукова ћирилица srpska/Vukova ćirilica, literally " Serbian/Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet " is The Macedonian alphabet (Македонска азбука Makedonska azbuka) is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the modern Macedonian language Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Slovene alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet and is used in the Slovene. The Bohorič alphabet (bohoričica was an Orthography used for the Slovene language between the 16th and 19th centuries Dajnko alphabet or dajnčica was a Slovene writing system invented by Peter Dajnko. Metelko alphabet (Slovene metelčica) was a Slovene writing system developed by Franc Serafin Metelko. Arebica or arabica was a variant of the Perso-Arabic script used by Bosnian Muslims to write the Bosnian language. Bosnian Cyrillic is an extinct Cyrillic script that originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical
v • d • e

The vernacular of the Bulgarians of the Banat can be classified as belonging to the Eastern Bulgarian group. A typical feature is the "ы" (*y) vowel, which can either take an etymological place or replace "i". [2] Other characteristic phonological features are the "ê" (wide "e") reflex of the Old Church Slavonic yat and the reduction of "o" into "u" and sometimes "e" into "i": puljé instead of pole ("field"), sélu instead of selo ("village"), ugništi instead of ognište ("fireplace"). to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly [2] Another characteristic feature is the palatalization of final consonants, which is typical for other Slavic languages, but found only in non-standard dialects in Bulgarian (Bulgarian den ("day") sounds like and is written as denj). Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages [54]

Lexically, the language has borrowed many words from languages such as German (such as drot from Draht, "wire"; gáng from Gang, "anteroom, corridor"), Hungarian (vilánj from villan, "electricity"; mozi, "cinema"), Serbo-Croatian (stvár from stvar, "item, matter"; ráčun from račun, "account") and Romanian (šedinca from şedinţă, "conference")[55] due to the close contacts with the other peoples of the multiethnical Banat and the religious ties with other Roman Catholic peoples. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Banat Bulgarian also has some older loanwords from Ottoman Turkish[56] and Greek, which it shares with other Bulgarian dialects (e. Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly g. hirgjén from Turkish ergen, "unmarried man, bachelor"; trandáfer from Greek τριαντάφυλλο triantafyllo, "rose"). [57] Loanwords constitute around 20% of the Banat Bulgarian vocabulary. [54][56] The names of some Banat Bulgarians are also influenced by Hungarian names, as the Hungarian (eastern) name order is sometimes used (family name followed by given name) and the female ending "–a" is often dropped from family names. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs Thus, Marija Velčova would become Velčov Marija. [58]

Besides loanwords, the lexis of Banat Bulgarian has also acquired calques and neologisms, such as sfetica ("icon", formerly used ikona and influenced by German Heiligenbild), zarno ("bullet", from the word meaning "grain"), oganbalváč ("volcano", literally "fire belcher") and predhurta ("foreword"). In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been [54]

The Banat Bulgarian language uses its own script, largely based on the Croatian version of the Latin script, and preserves many features that are archaic in the language spoken in Bulgaria. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring The language was codified as early as 1866 and is used in literature and press, which distinguishes it from plain dialects. [54]

Culture

Historia Domus, the earliest chronicle of the Banat Bulgarians
Historia Domus, the earliest chronicle of the Banat Bulgarians

Banat Bulgarians have engaged in literary activity since they settled in the Banat. Their earliest preserved literary work is the historical record Historia Domus (Historia Parochiae Oppidi Ó-Bessenyö, in Diocesi Czanadiensi, Comitatu Torontalensi), written in Latin in the 1740s. The codification of the Banat Bulgarian vernacular in 1866 enabled the release of a number of school books and the translation of several important religious works in the mid-19th century. [59] There was a literary revival in the 1930s, centred around the Banatsći balgarsći glasnić newspaper. Today, the Bulgarian Union of the Banat — Romania issues the biweekly newspaper Náša glás and the monthly magazine Literaturna miselj. [60]

The music of the Banat Bulgarians is classed as a separate branch of Bulgarian folk music, with several verbal and musical peculiarities. While the typically Bulgarian bars have been preserved, a number of melodies display Romanian, Serbian and Hungarian influences, and the specific Bulgarian Christmas carols have been superseded by urban-type songs. In Musical notation, a bar or measure is a segment of time defined as a given number of beats of a given duration Koledari ( Bulgarian and Macedonian: коледари from common Slavic Koleda, " Christmas " is the Bulgarian Roman Catholicism has exerted considerable influence, eliminating certain types of songs and replacing them with others. [61] Similarly, Banat Bulgarians have preserved many Bulgarian holidays but also adopted others from other Roman Catholic peoples. [62] One of the most popular holidays is Faršángji, or the Carnival. Carnival is a festival season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main events are usually during February and March [63] In terms of dances, Banat Bulgarians have also heavily borrowed from the neighbouring peoples, for example Hungarian csárdás. Csárdás (ˈt͡ʃaːrdaːʃ " char -dash" is a traditional Hungarian Folk dance. [61]

The women's national costume of the Banat Bulgarians has two varieties. The costume of Vinga is reminiscent of those of sub-Balkan cities in Bulgaria; the one of Stár Bišnov is characteristic of northwestern Bulgaria. The Vinga costume has been particularly influenced by the dress of Hungarians and Germans, but the Stár Bišnov costume has remained more conservative. [64] The Banat Bulgarian women's costume is perceived as particularly impressive with its crown-like headdress. [61]

Notable figures

Footnotes

  1. ^ http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=0&localitate_id=0
  2. ^ a b c d e Иванова, Говорът и книжовноезиковата практика на българите-католици от сръбски Банат. Stefan Dunjov (Стефан Дуньов Stefan Dunyov, Dunyov István ( 28 July 1815 &ndash 29 August 1889) was a Banat Bulgarian The events leading to the revolution The Hungarian Diet (parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Eusebius Fermendžin (also Fermendzhin Fermendjin; Евсевий Еузебий Еусебий or Еусебиус Ферменджин ( 21 September 1845 The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Academia Scientiarum et Artium Croatica Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti abbrev Carol Telbisz (Telbisz Károly Karl Telbisz Carol Telbisz Карол Телбиз (1853– 14 July 1914) was an Austro-Hungarian public figure of This is a list of Mayors of Timişoara from 1718 when the Banat including Timişoara were incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary, to the present
  3. ^ SN31
  4. ^ Zatykó Vivien (1994). "Magyar bolgárok? Etnikus identitás és akkulturáció a bánáti bolgárok körében" (in Hungarian). REGIO folyóirat.  
  5. ^ Structura etno-demografică pe arii geografice: Reguine: Vest (Romanian). Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală. Retrieved on 2007-03-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
  6. ^ (24 December 2002) Final results of the Census 2002: Population by national or ethnic groups, gender and age groups in the Republic of Serbia, by municipalities. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Republic of Serbia: Republic Statistical Office, p. 2. ISSN 0353-9555.  
  7. ^ Караджова, Светлана (28 November 1998). For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Банатските българи днес — историята на едно завръщане (in Bulgarian). Retrieved on 2007-03-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.  
  8. ^ a b c d Kojnova, Marija. "Catholics of Bulgaria". Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe — Southeast Europe.  
  9. ^ a b c Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 23.
  10. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 92.
  11. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 22-23, 56-57, 79.
  12. ^ ЦДА, ф. 176к, оп. 8, а. е. 1014.
  13. ^ a b Also including other Bulgarian communities in Romania, accounting for around 10% of that number. Панайотов, Г. (1992). "Съвременни аспекти на националния проблем в Румъния" (in Bulgarian). Национални проблеми на Балканите. История и съвременност: pp. 263–265. .  
  14. ^ (1980) Socialističko Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina (in Serbian), pp. 121-122.  
  15. ^ http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=0&localitate_id=0
  16. ^ SN31
  17. ^ a b Чолов, Петър (1988). Чипровското въстание 1688 г. (in Bulgarian). София: Народна просвета.  
  18. ^ Гюзелев, Боян (2004). Албанци в Източните Балкани (in Bulgarian). София: IMIR. ISBN 954-8872-45-5.  
  19. ^ Kojnova, Marija. "Catholics of Bulgaria". Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe — Southeast Europe.  
  20. ^ Ivanciov, Istorijata i tradicijite na balgarskotu malcinstvu ud Rumanija.
  21. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 19-20.
  22. ^ Милетич, Изследвания за българите в Седмиградско и Банат, p. 243.
  23. ^ According to the earliest entries in the local birth and wedding records. Ронков, Яку (1938). "Заселването в Банат", История на банатските българи (in Bulgarian). Тимишоара: Библиотека "Банатски български гласник".  
  24. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 20-21.
  25. ^ Гандев, Христо; et al. (1983). История на България, том 4: Българският народ под османско владичество (от XV до началото на XVIII в. ) (in Bulgarian). София: Издателство на БАН, p. 249. OCLC 58609593. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  26. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 22.
  27. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 27-30.
  28. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 30.
  29. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 56.
  30. ^ Nisipeanu, I. ; T. Geantă, L. Ciobanu (1931). Geografia judeţului Timiş-Torontal pentru clasa II primară (in Romanian), pp. 72-74.  
  31. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 70.
  32. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 75.
  33. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 78.
  34. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 80.
  35. ^ a b Коледаров, Петър (1938). "Духовният живот на българите в Банатско" (in Bulgarian) (). Славянска беседа.  
  36. ^ Нягулов, "Ново етно-културно възраждане в Банат", Банатските българи, pp. 141-195.
  37. ^ (2 February 1936) Banatsći balgarsći glasnić (5) (in Banat Bulgarian). Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.  
  38. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 230.
  39. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 196-200.
  40. ^ Динчев, Х. (1936). "Банатци", Нация и политика (in Bulgarian), p. 18.  
  41. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 82-83.
  42. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 84.
  43. ^ Трайков, Веселин (1993). История на българската емиграция в Северна Америка (in Bulgarian), p. 35, 55, 113.  
  44. ^ Нягулов, "Банатските българи в България", Банатските българи, pp. 87-142.
  45. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 252-258.
  46. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 263-265.
  47. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 286-287.
  48. ^ ЦДА, ф. 166к, оп. 1, а. е. 503, л. 130-130а.
  49. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 295.
  50. ^ Mirciov, R. (1992). Deportarea în Baragan 1951–1956. Scurtă istorie a deportăţilor din Dudeşti vechi (in Romanian).  
  51. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 294-295, p. 302.
  52. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 305-306.
  53. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 312-316.
  54. ^ a b c d Стойков, Банатски говор.
  55. ^ Etymology from Gaberoff Koral German Dictionary (German), MTA SZTAKI (Hungarian), Serbian-English Dictionary (Serbo-Croatian) and Dictionare.com (Romanian).
  56. ^ a b Нягулов, Банатските българи, p. 27.
  57. ^ See Sveta ud pukraj námu posts #127 and #128 for the words in use. Etymology from Seslisozluk.com (Turkish) and Kypros.org Lexicon (Greek).
  58. ^ For another example, see Náša glás of 1 March 2007, p. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 6.
  59. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 32-37.
  60. ^ Периодични издания и електронни медии на българските общности в чужбина (Bulgarian). Агенция за българите в чужбина. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
  61. ^ a b c Кауфман, Николай (2002). "Песните на банатските българи" (in Bulgarian). Северозападна България: общности, традиции, идентичност. Регионални проучвания на българския фолклор. ISSN 0861-6558. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  62. ^ Янков, Ангел (2002). "Календарните празници и обичаи на банатските българи като белег за тяхната идентичност" (in Bulgarian). Северозападна България: общности, традиции, идентичност. Регионални проучвания на българския фолклор. ISSN 0861-6558. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  63. ^ "(Euro)Faršángji 2007" (in Banat Bulgarian) (2007). Náša glás (4).  
  64. ^ Телбизова, М; К. Телбизов (1958). Народната носия на банатските българи (in Bulgarian), pp. 2-3.  
  65. ^ Нягулов, Банатските българи, pp. 348-354, 359-366.
  66. ^ The Bulgarians (English). Festivalul Proetnica 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople

References

External links

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