- This article is about the former Soviet republic; for other similar uses, see Azerbaijan (disambiguation).
| Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы (Azerbaijani) Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика (Russian) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | |||||
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| Capital | Baku | ||||
| Official language | Azerbaijani, Russian, and Armenian (in the Nagorno-Karabakh AO) | ||||
| Established In the USSR: - Since - Until | April 28, 1920 December 30, 1922 August 30, 1991 | ||||
| Area - Total - Water (%) | Ranked 9th in the USSR 86,600 km² negligible | ||||
| Population - Total - Density | Ranked 6th in the USSR 7,037,900 (1989) 81. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast of the Soviet Union created in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other 3/km² | ||||
| Time zone | UTC + 5 | ||||
| Anthem | Anthem of Azerbaijan SSR | ||||
| Medals |  Order of Lenin | ||||
The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası; Russian: Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика [АзССР] Azerbaydzhanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika [AzSSR]), also known as the Azerbaijan SSR for short, was one of the republics that made up the former Soviet Union. A medal is usually a Coin -like sculpted object of metal or other material that has been engraved with an Insignia, Portrait or other artistic rendering Design of the decoration The first design of the Order of Lenin was made of silver with Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Established on April 28, 1920 as the Azerbaijan SSR. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR together with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა In December 1922, Transcaucasian SFSR became part of the newly established Soviet Union. The Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was approved by the 9th Extraordinary All-Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets on March 14, 1937. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On November 19, 1990, Azerbaijan SSR was renamed into the "Republic of Azerbaijan," remaining in the USSR for another year before its independence in 1991. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
Contents |
History
Establishment
The Azerbaijan SSR was established on April 28, 1920 after the surrender of the government of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to local Bolsheviks led by Mirza Davud and Nariman Narimanov and the invasion of Bolshevik 11th Red Army. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti was the first Democratic and Secular Republic in the Muslim world The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Mirza Davud Bagir oglu Huseynov ( Azeri: Mirzə Davud Hüseynov; Tajik: Мирзо Довуд Ҳусейнов / میرزا داوود حسینوف Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov ( Azeri in full Nəriman Kərbəlayi Nəcəf oğlu Nərimanov Russian: Нариман Нариманов April 2 The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction There was no armed resistance to Bolshevik takeover as the forces of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic were mostly stationed in Karabakh region in aftermath of the Azerbaijani-Armenian war of 1918-1919. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti was the first Democratic and Secular Republic in the Muslim world Karabakh (Qarabağ Ղարաբաղ is a geographic and historic region in western Azerbaijan and southern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser In August 1920, the cease-fire agreement was signed in Yerevan ending open hostilities between Azerbaijan SSR and Dashnak government in Armenia. Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Sporadic fighting continued in Karabakh and Zanghezur districts of Azerbaijan where several Armenian warlords refused to stop guerrilla war.
However, the cease-fire was broken in November 28, 1920 when the Russian and Azeri forces crossed the demarcation line and invaded Armenia in support of the Armenian Bolshevik rebellion. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Soviets also justified their move by blaming Armenia for several invasions of Azerbaijan. The Armenian army was unable to put up effective resistance and quickly surrendered. The Bolsheviks then proclaimed a friendly Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic in Yerevan. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun
In October 13, 1921, the Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars. The Treaty of Kars (Kars Antlaşması Карсский договор / Karskiy dogovor) was a friendship treaty between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey The previously independent Naxicivan SSR would also become autonomous ASSR within Azerbaijan by the treaty of Kars. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of Zhangezur and Turkey agreed to return Alexandropol (Gymri). Borders of Azerbaijan and Armenia, like elsewhere in the USSR, were redrawn several times, yet neither side was completely satisfied with the results.
Transcaucasian SFSR
In March 12, 1922, under heavy pressure from Moscow, the leaders of Azerbaijan, Armenian, and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republics established a union known as the Transcaucasian SFSR. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: This was the first attempt at a union of Soviet republics, preceding the USSR. The Union Council of TSFSR consisted of the representatives of the three republics - Nariman Narimanov (Azerbaijan), Polikarp Mdivani (Georgia), and Aleksandr Fyodorovich Miasnikyan (Armenia). Polikarp "Budu" Mdivani (პოლიკარპე მდივანი Поликарп Гургенович Мдивани Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani) (1877 The First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Communist Party was Sergo Ordzhonikidze.
 This article is part of the series on: | |||
| Early History | |||
| Ancient History | |||
| Caucasian Albania | |||
| First Persian Empire and Alexander's conquests | |||
| Roman-Parthian rivalry and Sassanian conquest | |||
| Medieval History | |||
| Islamic Period | |||
| Seljuk dynasty | |||
| Atabegs of Azerbaijan | |||
| Mongol and Ilkhanid rule | |||
| Qara Qoyunlu | |||
| Aq Qoyunlu | |||
| Shirvanshah | |||
| Classical History | |||
| Safavid dynasty | |||
| Khanates | |||
| Qajar dynasty | |||
| Russian Rule | |||
| Early Independence | |||
| Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | |||
| March Days | |||
| Soviet Azerbaijan | |||
| Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | |||
| Black January | |||
| Modern Azerbaijan | |||
| Republic of Azerbaijan | |||
In December 1922, again under pressure from Moscow, TSFSR agreed to join the union with Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, thus creating Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which would last until 1991. This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or This region should not be confused with modern-day Albania in south-eastern Europe. This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or The Atabegs of Azerbaijan rose from the ashes of the vast Seljuk Empire in the beginning of the 12th century This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Garagoýunly; Azeri: Qaraqoyunlu The Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Akgoýunly, Azeri: Ağqoyunlu, The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti was the first Democratic and Secular Republic in the Muslim world The March Days or March Events refer to an inter-ethnic warfare during the Russian Civil War, which resulted in the massacre of 3000 to 12000 Azerbaijanis This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Black January ( Azeri: Qara Yanvar) also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre was a crackdown of Azeri protest demonstrations This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviated as Byelorussian SSR or BSSR) (Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The TSFSR, however, did not last long. In December 1936, the Transcaucasian Union was finally dismantled when the leaders in the Union Council found themselves unable to come to agreement over several issues. Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia then became union Republics of the Soviet Union directly. The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other
Economy and Development
In the spring of 1921 a general change-over from revkoms and kombeds to Soviets took place. Revolutionary committees or revkoms (Революционный комитет ревком were Bolshevik -led organizations in Soviet Russia and in areas Poor Peasants Committees (Комитет Бедноты komitet bednoty, commonly abbreviated as kombed) were organs based on class approach In order to help the Azeri oil industry the Supreme Council of the National Economy decided in the same year to provide it with everything necessary out of turn. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by Oil tankers and pipelines Supreme Soviet of the National Economy, Vesenkha (Высший Совет Народного Хозяйства ВСНХ, Vysshiy soviet narodnogo khozyaystva The new oilfields, like Ilyich Bay, Qara-Chukhur, Lok-Batan and Kala have been discovered. In 1929 a great kolkhoz movement have developed and Azerbaijan became the second Soviet tea producer after the Georgian SSR for the first time. A kolkhoz () plural kolkhozy, was a form of Collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with state Farms ( Sovkhoz, Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა On March 31, 1931 the oil industry of the Azerbaijan SSR, which supplied over 60% of the total Soviet oil production at the time, was awarded the Order of Lenin. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Design of the decoration The first design of the Order of Lenin was made of silver with The republic gained the second Order on March 15, 1935 during the observation of the 15th anniversary. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At the end of the second five-year plan (1933-1937) Azerbaijan appeared on the 3rd place in the Soviet Union by the capital investment size. Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in Business management, Finance and Economics, related to saving
Soviet-German War
In April, 1940 intelligence flights by the British and French Air Forces did fly over the Absheron Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the peninsula For the rayon of Azerbaijan see Absheron (Rayon. In the first year of the Soviet-German War, Azerbaijan produced 25,4 million tons of oil - a record for the entire history of its oil industry. The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Meanwhile Great Britain and France seriously considered the possibility of bombing the Republic's oil fields. By the end of 1941, thousands of Azeris had joined the People's Voluntary Corps. Mobilization affected all spheres of life, particularly the oil industries. A week after fighting began, the oil workers themselves took the initiative to extend their work to 12-hour shifts, with no days off, no holidays, and no vacations until the end of the war. Meanwhile in September 1942 Hitler's generals presented him with a large decorated cake which depicted the Caspian Sea and Baku. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Baku then became the primary strategic goal of Hitler's 1942 Fall Blau offensive. This offensive was unsuccessful, however. The German army was at first stalled in the mountains of Caucasus, then decisevely defeated at the battle of Stalingrad and forced to retreat from the area, abandoning all hopes for Reichskommisariat Kaukasus. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the In 1942 Azerbaijan also became the second largest tea producer of the Soviet Army. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February of 1942, the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan was awarded orders and medals. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in Of the estimated 700,000 Azeris who were recruited into the Soviet Army, 400,000 never returned home.
The post-war period
Apart from the Oil Rocks, Azerbaijan's first offshore field was opened in the early 50s. The Oil Rocks, called Neft Daşları in the Azerbaijani language, was the first Oil platform in the country
An event that greatly impacted Azeris on both sides of the border was the Soviet occupation of Iranian Azerbaijan in the summer of 1941. This article is about the short-lived USSR created regional government for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The Soviet military presence south of the Aras River led to a revival of Pan-Azerbaijani nationalism. During the Soviet occupation a revival of the Azerbaijani literary language, which had largely been supplanted by Persian, was promoted with the help of writers, journalists, and teachers from Soviet Azerbaijan. In November 1945, with Soviet backing, an autonomous "Azerbaijan People's Government" was set up at Tabriz under Jafar Pishevari, the leader of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party. This article is about the short-lived USSR created regional government for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari ( was the founder and chairman of separatist and Communist Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 &ndash November Secular cultural institutions and education in Azerbaijani blossomed throughout Iranian Azerbaijan, and speculation grew rife about a possible unification of the two Azerbaijan's, under Soviet control. As it turned out, the issue of Iranian Azerbaijan became one of the first conflicts of the Cold War, and under pressure by the Western powers, the Soviet army was withdrawn. This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The Iranian government regained control over Iranian Azerbaijan by the end of 1946 and Democratic Party leaders took refuge in Soviet Azerbaijan. Jafar Pishevari, who was never fully trusted by Stalin, soon died under mysterious circumstances. Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari ( was the founder and chairman of separatist and Communist Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 &ndash November
Soviet Azerbaijan in 1945-1991
Policies of de-Stalinization and improvement after the 1950s led to better education and welfare conditions for most of Azerbaijan. This also coincided with the period of rapid urbanization and industrialization. During this period of change, a new anti-Islamic drive and return to a policy of Russification, under the policy of sblizheniye (reapprochment), was instituted in order to merge all the peoples of the U. S. S. R. into a new monolithic Soviet nation.
In the 1960s, signs of a structural crisis in the Soviet colonial system began to emerge. Azerbaijan's crucial oil industry lost its relative importance in the Soviet economy, partly because of a shift of oil production to other regions of the Soviet Union and partly because of the depletion of known oil resources on land, while offshore production was not deemed cost effective. As a result, Azerbaijan had the lowest rate of growth in productivity and economic output among the Soviet republics, with the exception of Tajikistan. Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان taajikestaan officially the Republic of Ethnic tensions, particularly between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began to grow, but violence was suppressed. In an attempt to end the growing structural crisis, the government in Moscow appointed Heidar Aliyev as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in 1969. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev Гейдар Алиев May 10, 1923 &ndash December 12, 2003) also spelled as The Azerbaijan Communist Party ( Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası) was the ruling Political party in the Azerbaijan SSR, making it effectively a branch of Aliyev temporarily improved economic conditions and promoted alternative industries to the declining oil industry, such as cotton. He also consolidated the republic's ruling elite, which now consisted almost entirely of ethnic Azeris, thus reverting the previous trends at "reapprochment". In 1982 Aliyev was made a member of the Communist Party's Politburo in Moscow, the highest position ever attained by a Muslim in the former Soviet Union. In 1987, when Perestroika started, he was forced to retire by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, whose reform policies he opposed. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician
The late 1980s, during the Gorbachov era, were characterized by increasing unrest in the Caucasus, initially over the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. A political awakening came in February 1988 with the renewal of the ethnic conflict, which centered on Armenia's demands for the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh (Qarabag) with Armenia. For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. Armenians expelled hundreds of thousands of Azeris from Karabakh and Armenia by March 1988, with the first casualties of conflict being two Azerbaijani youth on February 24, 1988, while in the Sumgait pogrom, 26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis were killed and over a hundred wounded (according to official Soviet figures), which took place on February 27-28, 1988. The Sumgait pogrom (also known as the Sumgait Massacre or February Events) was an Azeri -led Pogrom that targeted the Armenian population Moscow enforced military rule on several occasions but unrest continued to spread.
The ethnic strife revealed the shortcomings of the Communist Party as a champion of national interests, and, in the spirit of glasnost, independent publications and political organizations began to emerge. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" Of these organizations, by far the most prominent was the Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA), which by the fall of 1989 seemed poised to take power from the Communist Party. The Azerbaijan Popular Front Party ( Azərbaycan Xalq Cəbhəsi Partiyası) is the main opposition Political party in Azerbaijan, founded in 1992 by The PFA soon experienced a split between a conservative-Islamic wing and a moderate wing. The split was followed by an outbreak of anti-Armenian violence in Baku and intervention by Soviet troops.
Unrest culminated in violent confrontation when Soviet troops killed at least 132 demonstrators in Baku on January, 20 1990. Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan adopted its declaration of independence on August 30, 1991, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, became part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. By the end of 1991 fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh had escalated into a full scale war, which culminated into a 1994 tense cease-fire that has persisted into the 21st century. Although a cease-fire was achieved, the negotiations by both sides have so far resulted in a stalemate, as Armenian troops retained their positions in Karabakh as well as corridors taken from Azerbaijan that connect the region to Armenia.
Government
Chairmen and the Presidium of the Supreme Council
- Mir Timur Yakubov (1938)
- Mir Bashir Kasumov (1938-1949)
- Nazar Geydarov (1949-1954)
- Mirza Ibragimov (1954-1958)
- Mustafa Topchibashev (1955-1959)
- Abdulla Bayramov (1958)
- Gazanfar Jafarli (1958-1959)
- Ilyas Abdullayev (1958-1959)
- Saftar Jafarov (1959-1961)
- Ali Tagi-zade (1959-1963)
- Mamed Iskenderov (1961-1969)
- Mamed Dadash-zade (1963-1967)
- Gurban Khalilov
- Suleyman Rustam
- Elmira Kafarova
- Ayaz Mutalibov
- Heydar Aliyev
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
- Mukhtar Gajiyev (1921-1922)
- Samed Aliyev (1922-1929)
- Gazanfar Musabekov (1929-1931)
- Sultan Medjid Efendiev (1932-1937)
- Mir Bashir Kasumov (1937-1938)
Military
Under the military structure of the former Soviet Union, Azerbaijan shortly before gaining independence was host to over 60,000 Soviet military personnel deployed throughout the country in units of the Ground Forces, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, and Navy. Suleyman Rustam (Suleyman Rüstəm (1906-1989 was an Azerbaijani poet Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütallibov (born 1938 Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütəllibov Аяз Ниязoвич Муталибов was the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, and the first Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev Гейдар Алиев May 10, 1923 &ndash December 12, 2003) also spelled as Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov or Musabeyov (Qəzənfər Mahmud oğlu Musabəyov July 14, 1888, Perebidil Quba region - February 9 Sultan Majid Afandiyev, also spelled Efendiyev ( Azeri: Sultan Məcid Əfəndiyev) ( May 26, 1887, Shemakha – April The primary combat formation of Ground Forces in Azerbaijan was the Soviet 4th Army, which housed its headquarters and various support units in Baku. In addition to the independent surface-to-air missile (SAM), artillery, and SCUD brigades, the principal combat elements of the Fourth Army were the 23rd (Ganja), 295th (Lenkoran), 60th (Baku) and 75th (Nakhichevan) motorized rifle divisions (MRD), and the Ganja Helicopter Assault Regiment (Mi-24 Hinds and Mi-8 Hips). A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries Lankaran ('Lənkəran' also Länkäran, Lencoran, and Lenkoran’) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The only ground forces training establishment in Azerbaijan was the Combined Arms Command School at Baku.
References
- История государства и права Азербайджанской ССР. Б. , Академия наук ССР, 1964.
- Гражданский кодекс Азербайджанской ССР. Б. , Верховный совет, 1964.
- Madatov, G. Azerbaijan During the Great Patriotic War. Baku, 1975.
- Независимая газета, 12 August 1992, pp. 1-2.
External links
- Free Political Journal (in Azeri)
- General info (in Russian)
- Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1965
- Сталинские списки: Азербайджанская ССР
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