| Arthur Kornberg | |
 Arthur Kornberg | |
| Born | March 3, 1918 New York City, United States |
|---|---|
| Died | October 26, 2007 (aged 89) Stanford, United States |
| Institutions | National Institutes of Health Washington University Stanford University |
| Alma mater | University of Rochester, New York University |
| Notable awards |  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 |
Arthur Kornberg (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" together with Dr. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Rochester ( U of R UR) is a private, nonsectarian Coeducational Research University located in Rochester New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Typical biochemists study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Severo Ochoa of New York University. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz ( September 24, 1905 &ndash November 1, 1993) was a Spanish - American biochemist New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Laboratories Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, L. The American Chemical Society ( ACS) is a Learned society ( Professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January H. D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, as well as National Medal of Science in 1979. Yeshiva University is a private Jewish University in New York City whose first component was founded in 1886. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in Science and Engineering who have made important Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
His primary research interests were in biochemistry, especially enzyme chemistry, the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and studying the nucleic acids which control heredity in animals, plants, bacteria and viruses. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known
Contents |
Early life
Born in New York City, Arthur Kornberg was the son of Joseph and Lena Kornberg who emigrated to New York from Austrian Galicia (now part of Poland) in 1900 before they were married. The City of New York Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar His paternal grandfather had changed the family name from Queller (also spelled Kweller) to avoid the draft by taking on the identity of someone who had already completed military service. Joseph Kornberg married Lena Katz in 1904. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on He worked as a sewing machine operator in the sweat shops of the Lower East side of New York for almost 30 years, and when his health failed, opened a small hardware store in Brooklyn, where Arthur assisted customers at the age of nine. The Lower East Side is a Neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Joseph spoke at least six languages although he had no formal education.
Arthur Kornberg was educated first at Abraham Lincoln High School and then at City College in New York City. Abraham Lincoln High School is a Public high school located at 2800 Ocean Parkway Brooklyn New York, and is part of Region 7 in the New York City Department The City of New York He received at B. Sc. in 1937, followed by an M.D. at the University of Rochester in 1941. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral The University of Rochester ( U of R UR) is a private, nonsectarian Coeducational Research University located in Rochester Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kornberg had a mildly elevated level of bilirubin in his blood— jaundice due to an hereditary genetic condition known as Gilbert's syndrome—and while at medical school he took a survey of fellow students to discover how common the condition was. Bilirubin (formerly referred to as hematoidin) is the yellow breakdown product of normal Heme Catabolism. Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes Gilbert's syndrome, often shortened to the acronym GS, is the most common Hereditary cause of increased Bilirubin, and is found in up to 5% of the population The results were published in Kornberg's first research paper in 1942. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
His internship was at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York, between 1941-1942. Strong Memorial Hospital is a 750-bed medical facility located at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester New York. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. After completing his medical training he joined the armed services as a Lieutenant in the United States Coast Guard, serving as a ship's doctor in 1942. Rolla Dyer, the Director of National Institutes of Health, had noticed his paper and invited him to join the research team at the Nutrition Laboratory of the NIH. Rolla Eugene Dyer (1886-1971 was born in Delaware County Ohio. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. From 1942 to 1945, Kornberg's work was the feeding of specialized diets to rats to discover new vitamins. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
Scientific research
The feeding of rats was boring work, and Kornberg became fascinated by enzymes. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins He transferred to Dr Severo Ochoa's laboratory at New York University in 1946, and took summer courses at Columbia University to fill out the gaps in his knowledge of organic and physical chemistry while learning the techniques of enzyme purification at work. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz ( September 24, 1905 &ndash November 1, 1993) was a Spanish - American biochemist New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. He became Chief of the Enzyme and Metabolism Section at NIH from 1947-1953, working on understanding of ATP production from NAD and NADP. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a Coenzyme found in all living cells The compound is a dinucleotide since it consists Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADP+, in older notation triphosphopyridine nucleotide TPN) is used in anabolic reactions such as Lipid This led to his work on how DNA is built up from simpler molecules. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by
In 1953 he became Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology, Washington University, until 1959. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Here he continued experimenting with the enzymes which created DNA. In 1956 he isolated the first DNA polymerizing enzyme, now known as DNA polymerase I [1]. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. DNA Polymerase I (or Pol I) is an Enzyme that participates in the process of DNA replication in Prokaryotes It is composed of 928 amino acids This won him the Nobel prize in 1959. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
In 1960 he received a LL.D. again from City College, followed by a D.Sc. at the University of Rochester in 1962. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. DSc ScD SD, or DrSc are common abbreviations for the Latin Scientiæ Doctor, meaning Doctor of Science. The University of Rochester ( U of R UR) is a private, nonsectarian Coeducational Research University located in Rochester Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He became Professor and Executive Head of the Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford in 1959. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Kornberg's mother died of gas gangrene from a spore infection after a routine gall bladder operation in 1939. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This started his lifelong fascination with spores, and he devoted some of his research efforts to understanding them while at Washington University. From 1962 to 1970, in the midst of his work on DNA synthesis, Kornberg devoted half his research effort to determining how DNA is stored in the spore, what replication mechanisms are included, and how the spore generates a new cell. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called This was an unfashionable but complex area of science, and although some progress was made, eventually Kornberg abandoned this research.
The Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building at the University of Rochester Medical Center was named in his honor in 1999. The University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC, located in Rochester New York, is one of the main campuses of the University of Rochester and comprises the university's
Until his death Kornberg, still maintained an active research laboratory at Stanford, and regularly published peer reviewed scientific papers. For several years the focus of his research was the metabolism of inorganic polyphosphate. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Polyphosphates are anionic Phosphate Polymers linked between Hydroxyl groups and Hydrogen atoms
The "Kornberg school" of biochemistry refers to Arthur Kornberg's many graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, i. e. , his intellectual children, and the trainees of his trainees, i. e. , his intellectual grandchildren. Kornberg's intellectual children include I. Robert Lehman, Randy Schekman, William T. Wickner and Ken-ichi Arai. Randy Schekman is an American cell biologist at the University of California Berkeley and Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences William T Wickner born March 13, 1946, the James C Chilcott '20 Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry at Dartmouth Medical School, is an authority
Family life
On November 21, 1943, Kornberg married Sylvy Ruth Levy, also a biochemist of note. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She worked closely with Kornberg and contributed significantly to the discovery of DNA polymerase. The day after he was awarded the Nobel prize, she was quoted in a newspaper as saying "I was robbed".
Arthur and Sylvy Kornberg had three sons: Roger David Kornberg (1947) , Thomas B. Kornberg (1948), and Kenneth Andrew Kornberg (1950). Roger David Kornberg (born) is an American Biochemist and Professor of Structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thomas Bill Kornberg is an American Biochemist who was the first person to purify and characterise DNA polymerase II and DNA polymerase III Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Roger is Professor of Structural Biology at Stanford University, and the 2006 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Thomas discovered DNA polymerase II and III in 1970 and is now a professor at the University of California, San Francisco. A DNA Polymerase is an Enzyme that assists in DNA replication. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The University of California San Francisco ( UCSF) is one of the world's leading centers of Health sciences research Patient care, and education Kenneth is an architect specializing in the design of biomedical and biotechnology laboratories and buildings.
Arthur Kornberg was married three times. His first two wives predeceased him. Sylvy Kornberg died in 1986. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Arthur Kornberg remarried in 1988 but his second wife, the former Charlene Walsh Levering, died in 1995. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) In December of 1998 Arthur Kornberg married Carolyn Dixon. She survived him.
When he was in his eighties Arthur Kornberg continued to conduct research full time at Department of Biochemistry at Stanford. He died on October 26, 2007 at Stanford Hospital from respiratory failure. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
References
- ^ Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, Robert L. Hill (2005). Arthur Kornberg's Discovery of DNA Polymerase I. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 46. free fulltext
Books
- For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0-674-30776-3
- The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Ventures. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) University Science Books, 2002, ISBN 1-891389-19-X
External links
- Kornberg's Nobel Foundation biography
- Kornberg's Nobel Lecture The Biologic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Nobelprize. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. org website
- Stanford University page
- Arthur Kornberg - Condolence book (Hungarian)
- Obituary in The Times, 7 November 2007
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