Citizendia

Staircase of the Maison & Atelier of Victor Horta. This building is one of four Horta-designed town houses in Brussels that are together recognised by UNESCO as "representing the highest expression of the influential Art Nouveau style in art and architecture."
Staircase of the Maison & Atelier of Victor Horta. The Musée Horta ( French) or Hortamuseum ( Dutch) is a museum dedicated to the life and work of the Belgian Art Nouveau architect Victor Victor Baron Horta ( January 6 1861 - September 9 1947) was a Belgian Architect and designer This building is one of four Horta-designed town houses in Brussels that are together recognised by UNESCO as "representing the highest expression of the influential Art Nouveau style in art and architecture. "[1]

Art Nouveau ([aʁ nu vo], anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/) (French for 'new art'), also known as Jugendstil (German for 'youth style'), is an international movement[2] and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905). Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Applied art refers to the application of Design and Aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use The decorative arts are traditionally defined as ornamental and functional works in Ceramic, Wood, Glass, Metal, or Textile. Fin de siècle (fɑ̃ dɛ si'ɛːkl French for ‛end of the century‘ was a cultural movement between 1880 and the beginning of World War I. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on [3] A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it is characterized by organic, especially floral and other plant-inspired motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear forms. Academic art is a style of Painting and Sculpture produced under the influence of European academies or universities [4]

Art Nouveau's fifteen-year flowering was strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Spain—but its influence was global. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Consequently, it is known in various guises with frequent localized tendencies. [5] In France, Hector Guimard's metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Hector Guimard (Lyon March 10 1867 - New York May 20 1942) was an architect who is widely considered today to be the most prominent representative Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Émile Gallé ( Nancy, 8 May 1846 &ndash Nancy, September 23, 1904) was a French artist who worked in Glass Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium. Victor Baron Horta ( January 6 1861 - September 9 1947) was a Belgian Architect and designer The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those [6] Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic artform, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereiningung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alfons Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner. Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative René Jules Lalique was born in Ay Marne, Marne, France on April 6, 1860, and died May 5, 1945. Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts [7][8]

Although Art Nouveau fell out of fashion with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles,[9] it is seen today as an important bridge between the historicism of Neoclassicism and modernism. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and [8] Furthermore, Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage List as significant contributions to cultural heritage. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [10] The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe," was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture"[11], and four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is "[1]

Contents

Naming the style

Initially, neither Art Nouveau nor Jugenstil were the common names of the style and it adopted different labels as it spread between artistic centers. [12] Those two names came from, respectively, Siegfried Bing's gallery L'Art Nouveau in Paris and the magazine Jugend in Munich,[8] both of which promoted and popularized the style. Siegfried "Samuel" Bing (1838 &ndash September 1905 was a German Art dealer in Paris, who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese The Maison de l'Art Nouveau ("House of New Art" also known as the Maison Bing or most precisely L'Art Nouveau, was a gallery opened on on 26 December Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. [12]

Samual Bing's L'Art Nouveau

L'Art Nouveau was the name of the gallery opened in 1895 by the German art dealer Siegfried Bing in Paris that marked his exclusive focus on modern art. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells Works of art. Siegfried "Samuel" Bing (1838 &ndash September 1905 was a German Art dealer in Paris, who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth [13][14] The fame of his gallery was increased at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, where he presented coordinated—in design and color—installations of modern furniture, tapestries and objets d'art. The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a World's fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, [14] These fully-realized decorative displays became so strongly associated with the style that the name of his gallery subsequently provided a commonly-used term for the entire style: Art Nouveau. The decorative arts are traditionally defined as ornamental and functional works in Ceramic, Wood, Glass, Metal, or Textile. [14]

This front cover of an 1896 edition of the German magazine Jugend is decorated in Art Nouveau motifs. Jugend was strongly associated with the style and the magazine's name inspired the German term for the movement, Jugendstil ("Jugend"-style).
This front cover of an 1896 edition of the German magazine Jugend is decorated in Art Nouveau motifs. Jugend was strongly associated with the style and the magazine's name inspired the German term for the movement, Jugendstil ("Jugend"-style).

Jugend and Jugendstil

Jugend: Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (English: Youth: the illustrated weekly magazine of art and lifestyle of Munich) was a magazine founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Georg Hirth ( 13 July 1841 –1916 was a German Writer, Journalist and Publisher. [15]. At the height of Art Nouveau it was instrumental in promoting the style in Germany. As a result, the magazine's name was adopted as the most common German-language term for the movement: Jugendstil ("Jugend-style"). Although in the early 20th century the word was only applied to two-dimensional examples of the graphic arts,[16] especially the forms of organic typography and graphic design found in and influenced by German-magazines like Jugend, Pan, and Simplicissimus, it is now broadly applied to the broader manifestations of Art Nouveau visual arts in Germany, the Netherlands, the Baltic states and Nordic countries. Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation Pan was an arts and literary magazine published from 1895 to 1900 in Berlin by Julius Otto Bierbaum and Julius Meier-Graefe. Simplicissimus is also a name for the 1668 novel Simplicius Simplicissimus and its protagonist Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, [8][17]

Other names

Hector Guimard's entrances for the Paris Métro, such as the Porte Dauphine station (1899), were well-known examples of Art Nouveau design, and the style became known in France as the Style Métro.
Hector Guimard's entrances for the Paris Métro, such as the Porte Dauphine station (1899), were well-known examples of Art Nouveau design, and the style became known in France as the Style Métro. Porte Dauphine ( Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny) is a station of the Paris Métro.

Other local names were associated with the characteristics of its forms, its practitioners and their works, and schools of thought or study where it was popular. Moreover, many terms approximate the idea of "newness". Before the term "Art Nouveau" became de rigueur in France, Le Modern Style ("the modern style") was the more frequent designation. de rigueur is a French expression that literally means "of rigor" or "of strictness" [12] Arte joven ("young art) in Spain, Arte nuova ("new art") in Italy, and Nieuwe kunst ("new art") in the Netherlands all continue this theme. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands [8] Similarly, its modern characteristics gave way to the label of Catalan Modernisme in Barcelona. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, Many names refer specifically to the organic forms that were popular with the Art Nouveau artists: Stile Floreal ("floral style"), Lilienstil ("lily style"), Stile Nouille ("noodle style"), Stile Vermicelli ("macaroni", or "little worm" style), Bandwurmstil ("tapeworm style"), Paling Stijl ("eel style"), and Wellenstil ("wave style"). [12]

In other cases, important examples, well-known artists, and associated locations influenced the names. Hector Guimard's Paris Métro entrances, for example, provided the term Style Métro, the popularity in Italy of Art Nouveau designs from London's Liberty & Co department store resulted in it being known as the Stile Liberty ("Liberty style"), and in the United States it became known as the "Tiffany style" due to its connection to Louis Comfort Tiffany. Hector Guimard (Lyon March 10 1867 - New York May 20 1942) was an architect who is widely considered today to be the most prominent representative Liberty is a well known store in Great Marlborough Street in central London, England at the heart of the West End shopping district Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts [8][12] In Austria, a localized form of Art Nouveau was practiced by artists of the Vienna Secession, and it is therefore known as the Sezessionstil ("Secession style"). Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereiningung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists [18] In the United Kingdom it is associated with the activities of Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, and is often known as the "Glasgow" style. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom The Glasgow School was a circle of influential Modern artists and designers who began to coalesce in Glasgow, Scotland in the 1870s and flourished from

Art Nouveau tendencies were also absorbed into larger local movements. In Denmark, for example, it was one aspect of Skønvirke ("aesthetic activity"), which itself more closely relates to the Arts and Crafts Movement. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the [19][20] Likewise, artists adopted many of the floral and organic motifs of Art Nouveau into the Młoda Polska ("Young Poland") movement in Poland. Young Poland (Młoda Polska is a modernist period in Polish Visual arts, literature and music, covering roughly the years between Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [21] Młoda Polska, however, was also inclusive of other artistic styles and encompassed a broader approach to art, literature and lifestyle. [22]

The book-cover by Arthur Mackmurdo for Wren's City Churches (1883) is often cited as the first realization of Art Nouveau
The book-cover by Arthur Mackmurdo for Wren's City Churches (1883) is often cited as the first realization of Art Nouveau

Origins

The origins of Art Nouveau are found in the resistance of William Morris to the cluttered compositions and the revival tendencies of the Victorian era and his theoretical approaches that helped initiate the Arts and crafts movement. William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896 was an English Architect, Furniture and Textile designer artist writer and socialist associated The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the [23] However, Arthur Mackmurdo's book-cover for Wren's City Churches (1883), with its rhythmic floral patterns, is often considered the first realization of the Art Nouveau. Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo ( December 12 1851 &ndash March 15 1942) was a progressive English architect and designer who influenced [23] Around the same time the flat-perspective and strong colors of Japanese woodcuts, especially those of Katsushika Hokusai, had a strong effect on the formulation of Art Nouveau's formal language. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving was a Japanese Artist, Ukiyo-e painter and Printmaker of the Edo period. [24] The wave of Japonisme that swept through Europe in the 1880s and 1890s was particularly influential on many artists with its organic forms, references to the natural world, and clear designs that contrasted strongly with the reigning taste. is a famous woodblock print by the Japanese artist Hokusai. A literal translation of the Japanese name would be "Off Kanagawa the back (or underside of a wave Japonism, or Japonisme, the original French term which is also used in English is a term for the influence of the arts of Japan on those of the [24] Besides being adopted by artists like Emile Gallé and James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Japanese-inspired art and design was championed by the businessmen Siegfried Bing and Arthur Lasenby Liberty at their stores[25] in Paris and London, respectively. Émile Gallé ( Nancy, 8 May 1846 &ndash Nancy, September 23, 1904) was a French artist who worked in Glass Siegfried "Samuel" Bing (1838 &ndash September 1905 was a German Art dealer in Paris, who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese Sir Arthur Lasenby Liberty ( August 13, 1843 &ndash May 11, 1917) was a London merchant [24]

Character of Art Nouveau

Although Art Nouveau took on distinctly localized tendencies as its geographic spread increased—discussed below—some general characteristics are indicative of the form. A description published in Pan magazine of Hermann Obrist's wall-hanging Cyclamen (1894) described it as "sudden violent curves generated by the crack of a whip," and this description became well-known during the early spread of Art Nouveau. Hermann Obrist (born May 23 1863 at Kilchberg (near Zürich) Switzerland; died February 26 1927, Munich [26] Subsequently, not only did the work itself become better-known as The Whiplash, but the term "whiplash" is frequently applied to the characteristic curves employed by Art Nouveau artists. [26] Such decorative "whiplash" motifs, formed by dynamic, undulating, and flowing lines in a syncopated rhythm, are found throughout the architecture, painting, sculpture and other forms of Art Nouveau design.

Architecture

In architecture, hyperbolas and parabolas in windows, arches, and doors are common, and decorative moldings 'grow' into plant-derived forms. In Geometry, a hyperbola ( Greek, "over-thrown" has several equivalent definitions In Mathematics, the parabola (pəˈræbələ from the Greek παραβολή) is a Conic section, the intersection of a right circular Molding (USA or moulding (AUS CAN UK is a strip of material with various Cross sections used to cover transitions between surfaces Like most design styles, Art Nouveau sought to harmonize its forms. The text above the Paris Metro entrance follows the qualities of the rest of the iron work in the structure. [27]

Art Nouveau in architecture and interior design eschewed the eclectic revival styles of the Victorian era. Interior design is a practice concerned with anything that is found inside a space - walls windows doors finishes textures light furnishings and furniture Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Though Art Nouveau designers selected and 'modernized' some of the more abstract elements of Rococo style, such as flame and shell textures, they also advocated the use of highly stylized organic forms as a source of inspiration, expanding the 'natural' repertoire to embrace seaweed, grasses, and insects. Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and Interior design. A flame is often defined as the visible (light-emitting part of a Fire. Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic Multicellular, benthic marine Algae. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described

Painting and graphic arts

Two-dimensional Art Nouveau pieces were painted, drawn, and printed in popular forms such as advertisements, posters, labels, magazines, and the like. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand A poster is any piece of printed Paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface A label is a piece of Paper, Polymer, Cloth, Metal, or other material affixed to a container or article on which is Printed Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Japanese wood-block prints, with their curved lines, patterned surfaces, contrasting voids, and flatness of visual plane, also inspired Art Nouveau. "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th A pattern, from the French patron, is a theme of recurring events or objects sometimes referred to as elements of a set Some line and curve patterns became graphic clichés that were later found in works of artists from all parts of the world. A cliché (from French, klɪ'ʃe or cliche is a phrase expression or idea that has been overused to the point of losing its intended force

Glass and ceramics

Glass making was an area in which the style found tremendous expression — for example, the works of Louis Comfort Tiffany in New York, Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow and Émile Gallé and the Daum brothers in Nancy, France. Glass art and Glass sculpture is the use of Glass as an artistic medium to produce Sculptures or two-dimensional Artworks Specific approaches Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Émile Gallé ( Nancy, 8 May 1846 &ndash Nancy, September 23, 1904) was a French artist who worked in Glass Daum is a crystal studio based in Nancy, France, founded in 1875 by Jean Daum (1825-1885 Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Objets d'Art and other examples

Jewelry of the Art Nouveau period revitalised the jeweler's art, with nature as the principal source of inspiration, complemented by new levels of virtuosity in enameling and the introduction of new materials, such as opals and semi-precious stones. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U OPAL ( Open Pool Australian Lightwater reactor) is a 20 megawatt pool-type nuclear research reactor that was officially opened in April 2007 The widespread interest in Japanese art, and the more specialised enthusiasm for Japanese metalworking skills, fostered new themes and approaches to ornament. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media including ancient pottery sculpture in wood and bronze ink painting on silk and paper and a myriad of other types of works of For the previous two centuries, the emphasis in fine jewelry had been on gemstones, particularly on the diamond, and the jeweler or goldsmith had been principally concerned with providing settings for their advantage. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in A goldsmith is a Metalworker who specializes in working with Gold and other Precious metals usually in modern times to make Jewelry. With Art Nouveau, a different type of jewelry emerged, motivated by the artist-designer rather than the jeweler as setter of precious stones. The jewelers of Paris and Brussels defined Art Nouveau in jewelry, and in these cities it achieved the most renown. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Contemporary French critics were united in acknowledging that jewelry was undergoing a radical transformation, and that the French designer-jeweler-glassmaker René Lalique was at its heart. René Jules Lalique was born in Ay Marne, Marne, France on April 6, 1860, and died May 5, 1945. Lalique glorified nature in jewelry, extending the repertoire to include new aspects of nature — dragonflies or grasses — inspired by his encounter with Japanese art. Anisoptera redirects here For the genus of trees see Anisoptera (tree. The jewelers were keen to establish the new style in a noble tradition, and for this they looked back to the Renaissance, with its jewels of sculpted and enameled gold, and its acceptance of jewelers as artists rather than craftsmen. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere In most of the enameled work of the period precious stones receded. Diamonds were usually given subsidiary roles, used alongside less familiar materials such as moulded glass, horn and ivory. A horn is a pointed projection of the Skin on the head of various Mammals consisting of a covering of horn ( Keratin and other Proteins Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus,

The Peacock Skirt, by Aubrey Beardsley, (1892). Aubrey Vincent Beardsley ( August 21, 1872 &ndash March 16, 1898) was an influential English

Aperitif Mugnier, Jules Cheret 1894 poster for the French aperitif

Ivan Bilibin's illustration to The Golden Cockerel. Jules Chéret ( May 31 1836 &ndash September 23 1932) was a French painter and Lithographer who became a master Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (Иван Яковлевич Билибин ( August 16, 1876 - February 7, 1942) was one of the most influential 20th-century The Golden Cockerel ( Золотой Петушок, Zolotoy Petushok) is an Opera in three acts (with short prologue and even shorter epilogue

Poster of Maude Adams as Joan of Arc, by Alfons Mucha, 1909

Geography and scope of Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau was a movement that was very broad in its scope. This article is about Maude Adams the stage actress For the Swedish actress see Maud Adams. Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative To many Europeans it encompassed a whole way of life. It was possible to live in an art nouveau inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, crockery, jewelry, cigarette cases etc. In addition to Siegfried "Samuel" Bing's famous store the movement was defined and promoted by communal workshops, organized groups of designers, and periodicals of the time. Despite the presence of the Maison de l'Art Nouveau the style was not an immediate success in Paris. Soon, however, the designers centered Art Nouveau in several European cities including Brussels, Nancy and Paris.

Art Nouveau is considered a 'total' style, meaning that it encompasses a hierarchy of scales in design — architecture; interior design; decorative arts including jewelry, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils, and lighting; and the range of visual arts. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Interior design is a practice concerned with anything that is found inside a space - walls windows doors finishes textures light furnishings and furniture The decorative arts are traditionally defined as ornamental and functional works in Ceramic, Wood, Glass, Metal, or Textile. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. A light fixture is an electrical device used to create artificial light or illumination The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography (See Hierarchy of genres. A hierarchy of genres is any formalization which ranks different types of Genres in an art-form in terms of their value )


International expos

A high point in the evolution of Art Nouveau was the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris, which presented an overview of the 'modern style' in every medium. The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a World's fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate It achieved further recognition at the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna of 1902 in Turin, Italy, where designers exhibited from almost every European country where Art Nouveau was practiced. The Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna (First International Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts held in Turin, Italy, in 1902 was

France

In Paris, Maison de l'Art Nouveau, at the time run by Siegfried Bing, that showcased objects that followed this approach to design. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Maison de l'Art Nouveau ("House of New Art" also known as the Maison Bing or most precisely L'Art Nouveau, was a gallery opened on on 26 December Siegfried "Samuel" Bing (1838 &ndash September 1905 was a German Art dealer in Paris, who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese

Belgium

In Brussels the style was actively developed with the help of Victor Horta and Henry Van de Velde. Victor Baron Horta ( January 6 1861 - September 9 1947) was a Belgian Architect and designer Henry Van de Velde ( 3 April 1863 &ndash 25 October 1957) was a Belgian painter architect and interior designer [28]

Germany

German Art Nouveau is commonly known in English by its German name, Jugendstil. Drawing from traditional German printmaking, the style uses precise and hard edges, an element which was rather different from the naturalistic style of the time. Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Within the field of Jugendstil art there are a variety of different methods, applied by the various individual artists. Methods range from classic to romantic. One feature that sets Jugendstil apart is the typography used. Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Typically the letter and image combination is unmistakable. The combination was used for covers of novels, advertisements, or exhibition posters. Art exhibitions are traditionally the space in which Art objects (in the most general sense meet an Audience. A poster is any piece of printed Paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface Designers often used unique display typefaces which worked harmoniously with the image. In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises

Henry Van de Velde, who worked most of his career in Germany, was a Belgian theorist who influenced many others to continue in this style of graphic art including Peter Behrens, Hermann Obrist, and Richard Riemerschmid. Henry Van de Velde ( 3 April 1863 &ndash 25 October 1957) was a Belgian painter architect and interior designer For the Canadian writer see Peter Behrens (writer. For the German musician and member of Trio, see Peter Behrens (musician Hermann Obrist (born May 23 1863 at Kilchberg (near Zürich) Switzerland; died February 26 1927, Munich

Magazines were important in spreading the visual idiom of Jugendstil, especially the graphical qualities. Besides Jugend, other important ones were the satirical Simplicissimus and Pan. Simplicissimus is also a name for the 1668 novel Simplicius Simplicissimus and its protagonist Pan was an arts and literary magazine published from 1895 to 1900 in Berlin by Julius Otto Bierbaum and Julius Meier-Graefe.

Austria

The secession building in Vienna was built in 1897 by Joseph Maria Olbrich for exhibitions of the secession group
The secession building in Vienna was built in 1897 by Joseph Maria Olbrich for exhibitions of the secession group

A localized approach to Art Nouveau is represented by the artists of the Vienna Secession, a secession which was initiated on 3 April 1897 by Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, Otto Wagner, and others. The Secession building was built in 1897 by Joseph Maria Olbrich as architectural manifesto and Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Joseph Maria Olbrich ( 22 December 1867 &ndash 8 August 1908) was an Austrian Architect, co-founder of the Vienna The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereiningung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists Secession (German Sezession) refers to a number of modernist artist groups that separated from the support of official Academic art and its administrations Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Koloman Moser ( March 30, 1868 &ndash October 18, 1918) was an Austrian artist who exerted considerable influence on twentieth-century For the Polish-American pianist see Józef Hofmann. Josef Hoffmann ( December 15, 1870 Brtnice Joseph Maria Olbrich ( 22 December 1867 &ndash 8 August 1908) was an Austrian Architect, co-founder of the Vienna Otto Koloman Wagner ( 13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian Architect. They objected to the conservative orientation toward historicism expressed by the Vienna Künstlerhaus. Historicism refers to philosophical theories that include one or both of two claims that there is an organic succession of developments a notion also The Vienna Künstlerhaus is an exhibition buildidng on the Viennese Ringstraße.

Britain

In the United Kingdom, as stated, Art Nouveau developed out of the Arts and Crafts Movement. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the The first stirrings of an Art Nouveau "movement" can be recognized in the 1880s, in a handful of progressive designs such as the architect-designer Arthur Mackmurdo's book cover design for his essay on the city churches of Sir Christopher Wren, published in 1883. Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo ( December 12 1851 &ndash March 15 1942) was a progressive English architect and designer who influenced A book cover is a protective covering used to bind together the pages of a Book. Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer Some free-flowing wrought iron from the 1880s could also be adduced, or some flat floral textile designs, most of which owed some impetus to patterns of High Victorian design. QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. The term " Victorian Fashion " refers to Fashion in Clothing in the Victorian era, or the reign of Queen Victoria (1837&ndash1901 The most important center in Britain eventually became Glasgow, with the creations of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his circle. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom

Spain

The Casa Batlló, already built in 1877, was remodeled in the locally Barcelona manifestation of Art Nouveau, modernisme, by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol in 1904–1906
The Casa Batlló, already built in 1877, was remodeled in the locally Barcelona manifestation of Art Nouveau, modernisme, by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol in 1904–1906

In Spain, the movement was centered in Barcelona and was an essential element of the Catalan movement Modernisme. Casa Batlló ('kazə bəʎ'ʎo bəd'ʎo in Catalan) is a building restored by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol, built in the year 1877 and remodelled Josep Maria Jujol Gibert ( Tarragona, September 16 1879 &ndash Barcelona, May 1 1949) was a Catalan architect Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, Architect Antoni Gaudí, whose decorative architectural style is so highly personal that he is sometimes seen as practising an artistic language separate from Art Nouveau, is nonetheless united with the movement by his use of floral and organic forms. [29] His designs from around 1903, the Casa Batlló (1904–1906) and Casa Milà (1906–1908), are most closely related to the stylistic elements of Art Nouveau. Casa Batlló ('kazə bəʎ'ʎo bəd'ʎo in Catalan) is a building restored by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol, built in the year 1877 and remodelled Casa Milà, better known as La Pedrera ( Catalan for 'The Quarry' is a building designed by the Catalan Architect, Antoni Gaudí, [30] However, famous structures such as the Sagrada Familia characteristically contrast the modernizing Art Nouveau tendencies with revivalist Neo-Gothic. The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (official Catalan nameTemplo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia "Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family" often simply The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began [30] Besides the dominating presence of Gaudí, Lluís Domènech i Montaner also explored the Art Nouveau language in Barcelona in buildings such as the Casa Lleó Morera (1905). DomènechiMontanerCasaFuster1BarcelonaJPG|thumb|250px|Casa Fuster]] Lluís Domènech i Montaner ( Barcelona, December 21, 1850 - Barcelona The Casa Lleó-Morera is a building designed by noted Modernisme architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner, located at Passeig de Gràcia 35 in the Eixample [30]

Church of St. Elisabeth in Bratislava, by Ödön Lechner.
Church of St. Elisabeth in Bratislava, by Ödön Lechner. The Church of St Elisabeth (Kostol svätej Alžbety commonly known as Blue Church ( Modrý kostolík) is an Art Nouveau (Jugendstil Catholic church ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Ödön Lechner ( Pest, August 27 1845 – Budapest, June 10 1914) was a Hungarian Architect, nicknamed

Prague and the Czech lands

The influence of Alfons Mucha was felt in Prague and Moravia (part of the modern Czech Republic), whose style of Art Nouveau became associated with the Czech National Revival. Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Czech National Revival was a cultural movement which took part in the Czech lands during the 18th and 19th century Architecturally, fin de siecle sections of Prague reveal modest buildings encrusted with leaves and ladies that curve and swirl across the facades. [31] Examples of Art Nouveau in the city, along with the exteriors of any number of private apartment and commercial buildings, are the Hotel Pariz, Smíchov Market Hall, Hotel Central, the windows in the St. Wenceslas Chapel at St. Vitus Cathedral, the main railway station, Grand Hotel and the Jubilee Synagogue. Saint Vitus's Cathedral (Katedrála svatého Víta is a Roman Catholic Cathedral in Prague, and the seat of the Archbishop of Prague. Prague Main railway station (in Czech: Praha hlavní nádraží, abbreviated as Praha hl Jubilee Synagogue (Jubilejní synagoga is a synagogue in Prague, Czech Republic. The Olsany Cemetery and the New Jewish Cemetery are also important important examples of Art Nouveau. Olšany Cemetery ( Olšanské hřbitovy in Czech) is the largest Graveyard in Prague, Czech Republic. The New Jewish Cemetery in Prague was established in 1891 to relieve the space problem at the Old Jewish Cemetery Prague. [31]

Central and Eastern Europe

Art Nouveau was also a force in other parts of Central and Eastern Europe, with the great impact of Ödön Lechner on Hungarian national style architecture. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Ödön Lechner ( Pest, August 27 1845 – Budapest, June 10 1914) was a Hungarian Architect, nicknamed Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Under Latvian Romanticism (Riga, the capital of Latvia, became home to over 800 Art Nouveau buildings). Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. In Russia, the movement revolved around the art magazine Mir iskusstva ('World of Art'), which spawned the revolutionary Ballets Russes. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Mir iskusstva («Мир иску́сства» World of Art) was a Russian Magazine and the artistic movement See also Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, The Ballets Russes ( French for The Russian Ballets) was a Ballet company established

Other areas

Italy

Italy's Stile Liberty reflected the modern design emanating from the Liberty & Co store, a sign both of the Art Nouveau's commercial aspect and the 'imported' character that it always retained in Italy.

Portugal

The spread of Art Nouveau in Portugal suffered a delay due to slowly developing industry, although the movement flourished. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Especially in cities like Oporto and Aveiro, in which can be found numerous buildings influenced by European models mainly by French architecture. Aveiro (aˈvɐjɾu is a city of some 57000 people and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 199 The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation

Nordic countries

Art Nouveau was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, The National Romantic Style was a Nordic architectural style that was part of the national romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th century As in Germany, Jugendstil is the prevailing term used for the style.

Australia

Although no significant artists in Australia are linked to the Art Nouveau movement, many buildings throughout Australia were designed in the Art Nouveau style. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. In Melbourne, the Victorian Arts Society, Milton House, Melbourne Sports Depot, Melbourne City Baths, Conservatory of Music and Melba Hall, Paston Building, and Empire Works Building all reflect the Art Nouveau style. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 City Baths, in Melbourne Australia, is a historically significant building

Relationship with contemporary styles and movements

As an art movement it has affinities with the Pre-Raphaelites and the Symbolism movement, and artists like Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Edward Burne-Jones, Gustav Klimt, and Jan Toorop could be classed in more than one of these styles. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Aubrey Vincent Beardsley ( August 21, 1872 &ndash March 16, 1898) was an influential English Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones 1st Baronet (28 August 1833 &ndash 17 June 1898 was an English Artist and Designer closely associated with the later Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Jean Theodoor Toorop ( Poerworedjo, Java, December 20, 1858 &mdash The Hague, Netherlands, March 3, Unlike Symbolist painting, however, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and unlike the artisan-oriented Arts and Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau artists quickly used new materials, machined surfaces, and abstraction in the service of pure design. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American Aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the --> Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information Art Nouveau did not negate the machine as the Arts and Crafts Movement did, but used it to its advantage. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity For sculpture, the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, leading to sculptural qualities even in architecture. It made use of many technological innovations of the late 19th century, especially the broad use of exposed iron and large, irregularly shaped pieces of glass in architecture. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar By the start of the First World War, however, the highly stylised nature of Art Nouveau design — which itself was expensive to produce — began to be dropped in favour of more streamlined, rectilinear modernism that was cheaper and thought to be more faithful to the rough, plain, industrial aesthetic that became Art Deco. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth Industrial design is an Applied art whereby the Aesthetics and Usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial

Vase by Daum (c. Daum is a crystal studio based in Nancy, France, founded in 1875 by Jean Daum (1825-1885 1900).

Chair designed by Henry Van de Velde for his house "Bloemenwerf" in Brussels. Henry Van de Velde ( 3 April 1863 &ndash 25 October 1957) was a Belgian painter architect and interior designer Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is

Entrance to the Paris Metro (det. ) by Hector Guimard. Hector Guimard (Lyon March 10 1867 - New York May 20 1942) was an architect who is widely considered today to be the most prominent representative

"Majolicahaus" (det. ) 1898 by Otto Wagner[32]

Art Nouveau centers

Noted Art Nouveau practitioners

Architects

Art, drawing, and graphics

Mural and Mosaic designers

Furniture designers

Glassware and Stained Glass designers

Other decorative artists

Gallery

Building in Riga by Mikhail Eisenstein

Hôtel Ciamberlani in Brussels by Paul Hankar

House of the architect Peter Behrens on the Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt

Building in Łódź by Gustaw Landau Gutenteger

The House with Chimaeras in Kiev by Vladislav Gorodetsky. Otto Koloman Wagner ( 13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian Architect. is a city and municipality in the county of Møre og Romsdal, Norway. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Bad Nauheim is a town in the Wetteraukreis district of Hesse state of Germany. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Guadalajara (ˌgwɑːdləˈhɑːrə Spanish pronunciation) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality Hagen is the 37th-largest City in Germany, located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Kecskemét (kɛtʃkɛmet (approximate pronunciation Kech-ke-mate is a city in the central part of Hungary. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland La Chaux-de-Fonds is the capital city of the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Łódź is Poland 's third largest city with population of 753192 in 2007 (lost its second rank to Krakow in 2007 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The City of New York Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Osijek (ˈɔsjɛk is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 114616 in 2001 Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Reus is the capital of the comarca of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 San Pellegrino Terme is a Comune in the Province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy, best known for being the location where Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Subotica ( Serbian: Суботица Subotica,, Hungarian: Szabadka, Croatian: Subotica) is a city and municipality in ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Taganrog (Таганро́г təgʌnˈrok is a seaport city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of Taganrog Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Terrassa is a Spanish city the fourth in Catalonia according to the number of the inhabitants Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş See Edgard Varèse for the composer Varese (vaˈreze in Italian Varès in the local Lombard Dialect; Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. François-Émile André (1871 - 1933 was a French Architect, Artist, and Furniture designer Gavriil Vasilyevich Baranovsky ( Russian:Гавриил Васильевич Барановский also spelled as Baranovskii March 23 1860 - July 28 1920 was a Russian For the Canadian writer see Peter Behrens (writer. For the German musician and member of Trio, see Peter Behrens (musician Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857-1932 was an Italian Architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, (Михаил Осипович Эйзенштейн 1867 St August Endell (or Endel, born April 12 1871, Berlin - April 15 1925, Berlin was a German Jugendstil Architect Max Fabiani, ( 29 April 1865 &ndash 18 August 1962) was a Slovenian Italian Art nouveau Architect. Vladislav Gorodetsky or full name Leshek Vladislav Dezidery Gorodetsky (Лєшек Дезидерій Владислав Городецький Vladyslav Horodets’kyi Hector Guimard (Lyon March 10 1867 - New York May 20 1942) was an architect who is widely considered today to be the most prominent representative Paul Hankar ( Frameries, 11 December 1859 - Brussels, 17 January 1901 was a Belgian Architect and Designer who along with Victor For the Polish-American pianist see Józef Hofmann. Josef Hoffmann ( December 15, 1870 Brtnice Victor Baron Horta ( January 6 1861 - September 9 1947) was a Belgian Architect and designer Károly Kós ( December 16, 1883 &ndash August 25, 1977) was a Hungarian architect writer illustrator ethnologist and politician Bela Lajta(Bela Leitersdorfer until 1907 ( Budapest, 1873 January 23 Ödön Lechner ( Pest, August 27 1845 – Budapest, June 10 1914) was a Hungarian Architect, nicknamed Lev Nikolayevich Kekushev (Лев Николаевич Кекушев was a Russian architect notable for his Art Nouveau buildings in Moscow, built Ede Magyar (Ede Oszadszki) ( Orosháza, 1877 January 31 – Szeged, 1912 Rafael Masó (b 1880 - d1935 was a Catalan Art Nouveau architect Gyula Pártos (1845–1916 was a Hungarian Architect. Together with Ödön Lechner he designed a number of buildings in the typical Secession Marian Marianovich Peretyatkovich (Мариа́н Мариа́нович Перетя́ткович 23 August, 1872 — 22 May, 1916) was a Jože Plečnik, ( January 23 1872 - January 7 1957) was a Slovene Architect who practised in Vienna, Zsigmond Quittner ( February 13 1859 – October 25 1918) was a Hungarian architect Fyodor Osipovich Schechtel (Фёдор Осипович Шехтель August 7 1859 - July 7 1926) was a Russian Architect Gustave Strauven ( Schaerbeek, 1878 - Haute Savoie,1919 was a Belgian architect Louis Henri Sullivan (September 4 1856 &ndash April 14 1924 was an American Architect, and has been called the "father of modernism. Eugène Vallin (Herbéviller 1856 - Nancy, 1922 was a French Furniture designer and manufacturer as well as an Architect. Henry Van de Velde ( 3 April 1863 &ndash 25 October 1957) was a Belgian painter architect and interior designer Otto Koloman Wagner ( 13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian Architect. William Walcot (March 10 1874 - May 21 1943 was an British Architect and graphic artist notable as practicioner of refined Art Nouveau ( Style Lucien Weissenburger ( Nancy, 2 May 1860 &ndash Nancy 24 February 1929 was a French architect Aubrey Vincent Beardsley ( August 21, 1872 &ndash March 16, 1898) was an influential English Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (Иван Яковлевич Билибин ( August 16, 1876 - February 7, 1942) was one of the most influential 20th-century Walter Crane (15 August 1845 &ndash 14 March 1915 was an English artist and book illustrator Jules Chéret ( May 31 1836 &ndash September 23 1932) was a French painter and Lithographer who became a master Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Ephriam Moses Lilien, born 1874 in Drohobycz ( Galicia, died 1925 in Badenweiler, Germany. Józef Mehoffer ( 19 March, 1869 in Ropczyce - 8 July, 1946 in Wadowice) was a Polish painter and decorative Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative József Rippl-Rónai (1861 Kaposvár - 1927 Kaposvár was a Hungarian painter Valentin Alexandrovich Serov (Russian Валентин Александрович Серов ( January 19[[ 865]] - December 5[[ 911]] was a Russian Konstantin Andreyevich Somov ( Russian: Константин Андреевич Сомов November 30, 1869 — May 6, 1939) was Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman Janos Vaszary (1867—1938 was born in Kaposvar, Hungary. His masters included Bertalan Székely at the School of Decorative Art Stanisław Wyspiański was born on the 15th of January 1869 and died on the 28th of November 1907 in Kraków. Gustav Klimt (July 14 1862 – February 6 1918 was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative Louis Majorelle ( Toul, 26 September 1859 &ndash Nancy, 15 January 1926) was a French decorator and furniture Jože Plečnik, ( January 23 1872 - January 7 1957) was a Slovene Architect who practised in Vienna, Henry Van de Velde ( 3 April 1863 &ndash 25 October 1957) was a Belgian painter architect and interior designer Daum is a crystal studio based in Nancy, France, founded in 1875 by Jean Daum (1825-1885 Daum is a crystal studio based in Nancy, France, founded in 1875 by Jean Daum (1825-1885 Émile Gallé ( Nancy, 8 May 1846 &ndash Nancy, September 23, 1904) was a French artist who worked in Glass René Jules Lalique was born in Ay Marne, Marne, France on April 6, 1860, and died May 5, 1945. Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts Stanisław Wyspiański was born on the 15th of January 1869 and died on the 28th of November 1907 in Kraków. Charles Robert Ashbee (London May 17, 1863 &ndash Sevenoaks, Kent May 23, 1942) was a designer Georges de Feure (real name Georges Joseph van Sluÿters, September 6, 1868 – November 26, 1943) was a French painter Hermann Obrist (born May 23 1863 at Kilchberg (near Zürich) Switzerland; died February 26 1927, Munich Established in Colorado Springs Colorado in 1901 by Artus and Anne Van Briggle the Van Briggle Art Pottery is the oldest continuously operating art Pottery Vilmos Zsolnay (1828 - 1900 was a Hungarian Industralist and Entrepreneur. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, (Михаил Осипович Эйзенштейн 1867 St Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Paul Hankar ( Frameries, 11 December 1859 - Brussels, 17 January 1901 was a Belgian Architect and Designer who along with Victor For the Canadian writer see Peter Behrens (writer. For the German musician and member of Trio, see Peter Behrens (musician Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland Łódź is Poland 's third largest city with population of 753192 in 2007 (lost its second rank to Krakow in 2007 House with Chimaeras or Gorodetsky House (Будинок з химерами translit Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Vladislav Gorodetsky or full name Leshek Vladislav Dezidery Gorodetsky (Лєшек Дезидерій Владислав Городецький Vladyslav Horodets’kyi

Casas del cuito building in Oviedo

Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal, Moscow

Hungarian art nouveau: Palatul Prefecturii, 1907 (Târgu Mureş, Romania)

Cifrapalota, 1902 (Kecskemét, Hungary)

The centre of Ålesund, Norway, was rebuilt after a fire in 1904. Oviedo ( Asturian: Uviéu is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain. Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal (Яросла́вский вокза́л Yaroslavsky vokzal) is one of the nine railway terminals in Moscow, situated Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Kecskemét (kɛtʃkɛmet (approximate pronunciation Kech-ke-mate is a city in the central part of Hungary. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic is a city and municipality in the county of Møre og Romsdal, Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Ålesund Fire happened in the Norwegian city of Ålesund on 23 January 1904 Much of it in Art Nouveau style.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b UNESCO World Heritage List - Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta. Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial
  2. ^ Duncan (1994), 7.
  3. ^ Sterner (1982), 6.
  4. ^ Duncan (1994), 7–36.
  5. ^ Duncan, 1; 23–24.
  6. ^ Duncan (1994), 37.
  7. ^ Duncan (1994), 34.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Michèle Lavallée, "Art Nouveau," Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press [accessed 11 April 2008]
  9. ^ Henry R. The Grove Dictionary of Art ( 1996) is a 34-volume Encyclopedia of art Hope, "review of H. Lenning, The Art Nouveau," The Art Bulletin, vol. 34 (Jun. , 1952), 168–171 (esp. 168–169): Reflecting the state of Art Nouveau in 1952, the author notes that Art Nouveau, which had fallen out of favor as fast as yesterday's fashion, was not yet an acceptable area of study for serious art history or a subject suitable for major museum exhibitions and their respective catalogs. He foresees an upcoming change, however.
  10. ^ In addition to monuments in Riga and Brussels that are specifically singled out as examples of Art Nouveau, the "Works of Antoni Gaudí" in and around Barcelona are recognised as "outstanding examples of the building typology in the architecture of the early 20th century. " See World Heritage List - Works of Antoni Gaudí
  11. ^ UNESCO World Heritage List - Historic Centre of Riga.
  12. ^ a b c d e Duncan (1994): 23–24.
  13. ^ Martin Eidelberg and Suzanne Henrion-Giele, "Horta and Bing: An Unwritten Episode of L'Art Nouveau," The Burlington Magazine, vol. 119, Special Issue Devoted to European Art Since 1890 (Nov. , 1977), pp. 747-752.
  14. ^ a b c Duncan (1994), 15–16; 25–27.
  15. ^ Hirth remained editor until his death in 1916, and the magazine continued to be published until 1940.
  16. ^ A. Philip McMahon, "review of F. Schmalenbach, Jugendstil," Parnassus, vol. 7 (Oct. , 1935), 27.
  17. ^ Reinhold Heller, "Recent Scholarship on Vienna's "Golden Age," Gustav Klimt, and Egon Schiele," The Art Bulletin, vol. 59 (Mar. , 1977), pp. 111-118.
  18. ^ Georg Hirth, the editor of Jugend, applied the term "Secession" to the series of reactionary movements of the era: Nicolas Powell, "Review of C. Secession (German Sezession) refers to a number of modernist artist groups that separated from the support of official Academic art and its administrations Nebehay, Ver Sacrum, 1898–1903," The Burlington Magazine, vol. 118 (Sep. , 1976): 660. As a stand-alone term, however, "Secession" (German: Sezession, Hungarian: Szecesszió) is frequently used to describe the general characteristics of Art Nouveau style beyond Vienna—but mostly in areas within the cultural reach of Austria-Hungary at the turn of the 20th century. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe.
  19. ^ Jennifer Opie, "A Dish by Thorvald Bindesbøll," The Burlington Magazine, vol. 132 (May, 1990), pp. 356.
  20. ^ Claire Selkurt, "New Classicism: Design of the 1920s in Denmark," The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts, vol. 4 (Spring, 1987), pp. 16-29 (esp. 18 n. 4).
  21. ^ Danuta A. Boczar, "The Polish Poster," Art Journal, vol. 44 (Spring, 1984), pp. 16-27 (esp. 16).
  22. ^ Danuta Batorska, "Zofia Stryjeńska: Princess of Polish Painting," Woman's Art Journal, vol. 19 (Autumn, 1998–Winter, 1999), pp. 24-29 (esp. 24–25).
  23. ^ a b Duncan (1994): 10–13.
  24. ^ a b c Duncan (1994): 14–18.
  25. ^ Before opening the Maison de l'Art Nouveau, Bing ran a shop specializing in items from Japan; after 1888 he promoted the Japanism in his magazine La Japon Artistique: Duncan (1994): 15–16.
  26. ^ a b Duncan (1994): 27–28.
  27. ^ Sterner (1982), 21.
  28. ^ Sterner (1982), 38-42.
  29. ^ James Grady, "Special Bibliographical Supplement: A Bibliography of the Art Nouveau," The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 14 (May, 1955), pp. 18-27.
  30. ^ a b c Duncan (1994): 52.
  31. ^ a b Marie vitochova Jindrichkjer and Jiri Vsetecka, Prague and Art Nouveau, translation by Denis Rath and Mark Prescott, Prague: V Raji, 1995.
  32. ^ Sterner (1982), 169.

Bibliography

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic