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This article is about the Dutch city and municipality. For other uses, see Arnhem (disambiguation).
Arnhem
Skyline of Arnhem
Location of Arnhem
Coordinates: 51°59′N 5°55′E / 51.983, 5.917
CountryNetherlands
ProvinceGelderland
Area (2006)
 - Municipality101. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 53 km² (39. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 2 sq mi)
 - Land98. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 25 km² (37. 9 sq mi)
 - Water3. 28 km² (1. 3 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2007)
 - Municipality142,636
 - Density1,452/km² (3,760. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 7/sq mi)
 - Metro773,679
 Source: CBS, Statline. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Statistics Netherlands, founded in 1899, is a Dutch governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands.
Time zoneCET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST)CEST (UTC+2)
Website: www.arnhem.nl

Arnhem (pronunciation (help·info)) (South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time South Guelderish (D Zuid-Gelders) or (G Kleverländisch (E Kleverlandish, from Land of Cleves) is a dialect of the A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands It's the capital of the province of Gelderland and located near the river Lower Rhine as well as near the St. Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country Nederrijn ("Lower Rhine" is the name of the Dutch part of River Rhine from the confluence at the town of Angeren of the cut-off Rhine bend of The St Jansbeek is a Stream in Arnhem, which streams down from the hills of Zijpendaal through Sonsbeek and the inner city of Arnhem to the Arnhem has 142,634 residents (per January 1, 2007) and with that, it's the second largest city of the province Gelderland, after Nijmegen (160,681) as well as one of the 10 largest cities in the Netherlands. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French This is a list of cities in the Netherlands with over 100000 people ranked by population size The municipality is part of the city region Arnhem-Nijmegen, a metropolitan area with 722,181 inhabitants. The term city region has been in use since about 1950 by Urbanists, Economists and Urban planners to mean not just the administrative area of a recognisable A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central

Contents

History

The earliest history of Arnhem

Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as Arneym or Arentheym, referring to the many eagles that inhabited the hills and forests of Arnhem back then. This article refers to the year 893 The number 893 can also refer to Japanese traditional organized crime groups Yakuza. Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera Traces of human residence date back much further, however.

The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70. 000 years ago. This comes from the stone age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from In Schuytgraaf, tracks of a hunter's camp have been discovered from around 5000 BC. In Schaarsbergen, 12 grave hills were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic revolution to the area of Arnhem, i. The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and e. the rise of the farmers.

The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, where traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the St. Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south to the Rhine have been found dating around 500 BC, in the Schuytgraaf. The St Jansbeek is a Stream in Arnhem, which streams down from the hills of Zijpendaal through Sonsbeek and the inner city of Arnhem to the

Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the St. Jansbeek. The St Jansbeek is a Stream in Arnhem, which streams down from the hills of Zijpendaal through Sonsbeek and the inner city of Arnhem to the Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht/Zutphen split. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. Zutphen is a city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located at the river.

The old city hall
The old city hall

History of the city of Arnhem

The city of Arnhem had its real origins in 1233 when Otto II, count of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. This article deals with the historical county and duchy of Guelders for other meanings see Gelderland. Zutphen is a city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (Charles le Téméraire ( 21 November 1433 &ndash 5 January 1477) baptised Charles Martin In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. Charles of Egmond ( 9 November 1467 – June 30 1538) was Duke of Guelders between 1492 and his death A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom This article deals with the historical county and duchy of Guelders for other meanings see Gelderland. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1585. The Union of Utrecht (Unie van Utrecht is a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern Provinces "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town 1672–74; from 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The Sabelspoort (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.

In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.

The Battle of Arnhem

Main article: Operation Market Garden
The John Frost Bridge, seen from the memorial.
The John Frost Bridge, seen from the memorial. Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands

In World War II, during Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Operation Market Garden ( September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation fought in the Netherlands Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1st Airborne Division was a Military formation that was raised and fought during World War II. A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water The units were parachuted and glider-landed into the area on September 17 and later. A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small force of British 1st Airborne managed to make their way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The 1st Airborne Division was a Military formation that was raised and fought during World War II. The Allied troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The 9 Waffen SS Panzerdivision "Hohenstaufen", also known as SS-Panzergrenadier-Division 9, SS-Panzergrenadier-Division 9 Hohenstaufen or The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the A panzer, pronunced, is a German Tank, especially in the context of World War II.

The British force at the bridge eventually surrendered on September 21, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on September 26. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie A Bridge Too Far. A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic War film based on the 1974 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan, adapted by (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII era Arnhem). Deventer is a Municipality and City in the Salland region of the Dutch Province of Overijssel. River IJssel (ˈɛi̯səl sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (" Gelderland IJssel" to avoid confusion with its Hollandse IJssel namesake As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost-bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. Major General John Dutton (Johnny Frost CB, DSO & Bar, MC, DL (31 December 1912 - 21 May 1993 was a British The official commemoration is September 16. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers

The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the Germans invaded Holland in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the US Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.

A second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by I Canadian Corps of the First Canadian Army. Mention of the "Battle of Arnhem" brings to mind the doomed Operation Market Garden, which has become synonymous with the name of the town I Canadian Corps was one of the two Corps comprising the First Canadian Army during World War II. The First Canadian Army was the senior Canadian operational formation in Europe during the Second World War.

Although it is generally said, as above, that the British Force at the Northern end of the Arnhem bridge surrendered, General John Frost, who as a Colonel commanded that force,fiercely denied that. He and his men were overwhelmed and were captured.

Names of Arnhem

Through the ages, the area of Arnhem has been known by various names, both official and unofficial.

Arnhem
The name Arnhem comes from Arneym, which in turn comes from Arentheem or the Latin Arenacum. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This literally means "home of the eagle" (arend means eagle in Dutch) and stems from the many eagles that used to inhabit the hills and the woods of Arnhem. Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera The name Arneym is first mentioned in 893 by the monastery Sint-Salvatorabdij. This article refers to the year 893 The number 893 can also refer to Japanese traditional organized crime groups Yakuza. The naam Arenacum, the first mention of the area which became known as Arnhem, comes from the Roman era and means "with eagles".

Èrnem
Èrnem is the name of the city in the local dialect, South Guelderish. South Guelderish (D Zuid-Gelders) or (G Kleverländisch (E Kleverlandish, from Land of Cleves) is a dialect of the In everyday life, the name is not often used by the inhabitants of Arnhem, who seldom speak with the Arnhemian accent/dialect any more. This accent is now mainly confined to the working class areas.

Arnheim
Arnheim is the German name for Arnhem; it more clearly refers to the origin of the name (heim = home). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Hague of the East (Haagje van het Oosten in Dutch)
In the second half of the 19th century, Arnhem was an elitist city and therefore was sometimes called The Hague of the east of the Netherlands. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Green city on the Rhine or Park City
The image of Arnhem on the Rijn, with green forests in the background, has always been a much-loved theme of painters. Besides that, Arnhem has many parks. This has earned Arnhem the name Green city on the Rhine (from the 17th century) or Park City (from the 19th century).

Meginhardeswich Around 814 there is a written reference to Meginhardeswich, which is now, as the present-day Meijnerswijk, part of Arnhem. In 847 it was plundered by the Vikings. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas

Oppidium Arnoldi Villa
When the Romans came to the Netherlands, around 50 BC, the area around was called Oppidium Arnoldi Villa, or "higher situated living area". The settlement itself was called Arenacum.

Population centres

The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:

Places of interest

The Groote Kerk (St. Elden is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Arnhem, about 4 km southwest of the city centre Eusebius), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.

The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name Duivelshuis ("devil's house"). For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

The National Heritage Museum (Nederlands Openluchtmuseum) is located outside the city. The National Heritage Museum ( Openluchtmuseum in Dutch is an open air museum and park located near Arnhem with antique houses farms and factories from different It is an open air museum and park with antique houses, farms, and factories from different parts of the Netherlands. An open air museum is a distinct type of Museum exhibiting its collections out-of-doors

Burgers' Zoo is the biggest and most-visited zoo in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, rainforest, etc.

The Gelredome, the home field of Vitesse, the city's Eredivisie side in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The Gelredome is the home stadium of Vitesse in the city of Arnhem in the Netherlands. Stichting Betaald Voetbal Vitesse is a Dutch football club from Arnhem, which was founded on May 14, 1892. The Eredivisie ( English: Honorary Division) is the highest football league in the Netherlands. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The concept has been fully duplicated since then by Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, USA, and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof). The Veltins Arena is a football Stadium in the German city of Gelsenkirchen that is considered one of the most modern stadiums in the Gelsenkirchen (ˌgɛlzənˈkɪʁçən is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. University of Phoenix Stadium is a multipurpose football Stadium located in Glendale Arizona. Glendale ( is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, located about nine miles northwest from Downtown Phoenix. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The is a Stadium located in Toyohira-ku Sapporo, Japan, and is primarily used for football and Baseball. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

The KEMA Toren (formerly known as SEP Control Tower) is the highest structure of the town. KEMA Toren is a TV tower built of reinforced concrete at Arnhem Netherlands It is a 140-m-high TV tower.

The Korenmarkt is the nightlife area. On this square and surrounding streets lie clubs, bars and a movie theater. It's a very popular area for the residents and visitors. In summer it's filled with tables and chairs from all the bars and a lot of people can be found here sitting in the sun and enjoying a drink.

Arnhem Railway Station, The Netherlands
Arnhem Railway Station, The Netherlands

Transport

Trolleybus in Arnhem
Trolleybus in Arnhem

Arnhem has a major railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the ICE to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt. The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Nowadays there are also trains departing all the way to Moscow, by NS HiSpeed. But only one train part makes it all the way to Moscow. The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen, and Zutphen. Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French Zutphen is a city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort, Arnhem Presikhaaf, and Arnhem Zuid.

Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system. The Arnhem trolleybus system is the only Trolleybus system in operation in the Netherlands.

Notable people

See also People from Arnhem

Facts and Figures

See also

External links

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