Social structure of the Ottoman Empire
Millet (Ottoman Empire) Jews - Armenians - Greeks
Rise of nationalism - Ottomanism
Lifestyle - Ottoman court
See also	Slavery – Devşirme

The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia begins with the initial accession of Mehmed II, and the the Ottoman support to initiate Armenian Patriarch in Constantinople, during Selim II (1524 – 1574) Armenia become the integral part of the Ottoman Empire. There is considerable controversy regarding social structure in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. Jews {ref|name|§}} have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) for more than 2400 years Greeks in Turkey (Rumlar are Greek -speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul and on the two The rise of the Western notion of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet Ottomanism ( Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Life in the Ottoman Empire was a mixture of western and eastern life Ottoman court or the culture that evolved around the court of the Ottoman Empire was known as the "Ottoman Way". Slavery was an important part of Ottoman society As late as 1908 women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. Devşirme or devshirme (derived from devşirme meaning "collection gathering" was the systematic collection of non-Muslim children The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul is today head of one of the smallest Patriarchates of the Oriental Orthodox Church but has exerted a very significant political Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Selim II ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثانى Selīm-i sānī, Turkish: II The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The 300 years of interrupted with the following Russo–Turkish War (1828–1829), with the cessation of Eastern Armenia to the Russian Empire. The Russo–Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence. Russian Armenia ( Armenian: Ռուսական Հայաստան is the period of Armenia's history under Russian rule beginning from 1829 when Eastern Armenia The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

Background

See also: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

An "Armenian bey the executive authority on Armenian reaya. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups A rayah, raya, or reaya (the usual modern scholarly spelling (also spelled raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish رعايا; Modern He was part of civil administration

The Ottomans developed a number of unique traits into the traditional Islamic civilization, which it did not have a separation between religious and secular matters. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries Ottomans visualized an idea that two separate “establishments” shared state power. The governing of the Ottoman Empire is more than the description of its court customs ceremonies and officials with catalogues of their provinces and duties Historians often label Ottoman sociopolitical construct the “Ottoman System,” which characterized by slave government administration (military governing) and state power (civil governing) sharing between governing and religious "establishments. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries ” The ottomans left the civic control to the civic institutions. That term, however, conveys a sense of structural rigidity that probably was nonexistent throughout the Ottoman period as Sultan is the highest power over everything, since with the state organization operating specific model in the first half of the sixteenth century under Suleyman I, also known as "Lawgiver", gained more definite organization. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566

The Armenian population's integration was partly due to the nonexistent structural rigidity throughout the initial period. Armenian people, related to the issues of their own internal affairs were, were administered by the civil administration. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries Townspeople, villagers and farmers formed a class called the reaya, including Armenian reaya. A rayah, raya, or reaya (the usual modern scholarly spelling (also spelled raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish رعايا; Modern Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units called kazas. Kaza, qadaa, qaza, qazaa, or caza (قضاء qaḍāʾ, plural أقضية aqḍiyah; Ottoman Turkish pronunciation The civil system was considered a check on the military system since beys, who represented executive authority on reaya, could not carry out punishment without a sentence from the religious leader of the person. Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups As a dip note; Sultan was beyond the mentioned control. Ecumenical Patriarchate was the leader of the Armenian People. This whole structure named as Millet, or in Armenian case Armenian Millet

During the Byzantine period, the Armenian Church was not allowed to operate in Constantinople, because the Greek Orthodox Church regarded the Armenian Church as heretic. Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief With the establishment of Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Armenians become religious leaders, and bureaucrats under Ottoman Empire, more influential than just their own community. History Early history Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor The idea that two separate “establishments” shared state power gave chance to occupy important postions, administrative, the religious-legal, and the social-economic.

Patriarchate of Constantinople

See also: Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople and Armenian Millet

Costumes of the Ottoman Empire extending to Muslims, Christians, Jewish communities, clergy, tradesmen, state and military officials were strictly regulated during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent. The Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul is today head of one of the smallest Patriarchates of the Oriental Orthodox Church but has exerted a very significant political Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. This article deals with Costumes of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish peoples emigrating from Asia to Anatolia caused many cultures to A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566

After Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the patriarchate came to care more directly for all the Orthodox living in the Ottoman Empire. The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Hovagim I was at the time the Metropolitan of Bursa. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat In 1461, Hovagim I was brought to Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II and established as the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople which the office was created solely with a political purpose. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul is today head of one of the smallest Patriarchates of the Oriental Orthodox Church but has exerted a very significant political Sultan Mehmed II wanted Armenian-Greek seperation. Constantinople become the real center of their ecclesiastical and national life. The Armenian patriarch and not the catholicos of Etschmiadzin, was their most important national dignitary, as part of Mehmed's wish. In the Sultan's capital, lived the largest Armenian community in the world; and his civil-ecclesiastical authority made the Sultan practically the most powerful official among the Armenians at large.

Until the promulgation of the Hatti-Sherif of 1839, the patriarch and his clients, within limits, possessed penal authority over Armenian people. A Hatti-Sheriff (or Hatti-Sherif) is an irrevocable edict from a Sultan At the capital the patriarch had his own jail, and maintained a small police force. His authority over his clergy being absolute, he could imprison or exile them at will; and while he was compelled to secure the consent of the Sultan to imprison or exile laymen of his community, the necessary firman was very easily obtained. The patriarchal system of government, in placing civil powers in the hands of high ecclesiastics, was an outcome of the fact that the Sultan made no distinction between church and community, and often lent the weight of its authority to maintain the integrity of the church.

The spiritual condition of the Armenian church until "national awakening" was based on superstition, ceremonialism, and priestcraft. See also Armenian nationalism Armenian national awakening covers the activities of ethnic Armenian to obtain independence similar to other non-Ottoman ethnic The veneration of anointed crosses, of pictures and relics of saints, the giving of alms, the observance of penances, fasts, and vigils, and the going on pilgrimages to Etschmiadzin and Jerusalem, to most Armenians constituted the sum and substance of religion. Preaching in the Armenian church was very uncommon. The parish priests never preached. Most of the preaching was done by vartabeds sent out from Etschmiadzin, Jerusalem, and other monastic centers, with whom it was partly a matter of reciting the virtues of relics and recounting the legends of saints, and largely a matter of appealing for contributions. The Bible was not generally read. The copies of Bible were not easily accessible.

Armenian village life

A hand drawn illustration of Kars in 1917 by an Armenian. Kars may refer to Kars Turkey Kars Province, Turkey Kars Oblast, Russian Empire Kars Province Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The citadel can be seen on the right. A citadel is a fortress for protecting a Town, sometimes incorporating a Castle. Note the two large domed Armenian churches in the middle and lower section of the picture. The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan

At the villages, even for the ones that the population was chiefly Muslim, the Armenian quarters were settled in groups among other parts of the population. Comparatively Armenians lived in well-built and prosperous places. The houses are arranged one above the other, so that the flat roof of one house is the front yard of the one above. For safety the houses are huddled together. Armenian houses were admirably adapted to the extremes of temperature of Eastern Anatolia. In summer the thick walls and earth-cowered roofs keep the rooms cool. The nature and agricultural traditions of Armenians did stayed the same as same characteristics explained can also be found in Xenophon who described many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality^[1]. Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians^[1]. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox

There is always a village master (Bey or elderly); for entertaining the town house was part of his prerogative, and his house is the best in each village. Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups An elder (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος; see Presbyter) in Christianity is a person valued for his Wisdom who accordingly holds a particular It is not uncommon to have three priests for here thirty-five families. Most of the Armenians like to travel on horseback to a neighboring villages, sometimes for religious ceremonies (like Van festival), sometimes to fetch a bride, accompanying her, with musical instruments and clapping of hands, to their own village.

Ottoman Armenia 1453 to 1829

Armenian woman.

Armenians preserved their culture, history, and language regardless of Ottoman oppression, largely thanks to their distinct religious identity from the neighbouring Kurds and Turks. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Like the Greek Orthodox and Jewish minorities of the Ottoman Empire, they constituted a distinct millet, led by the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople. Under this system, Christians and Jews were considered second-class citizens; they were victims of elevated taxation and unable to seek legal recourse in the courts. Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is systematically discriminated against within a State or other political jurisdiction A legal recourse is an action that can be taken by an individual or a corporation to attempt to remedy a legal difficulty ^[2] According to Turkish sources, under the Ottoman rule, Armenians formed three millets: Armenian Orthodox Gregorians, Armenian Catholics, and Armenian Protestants (which was formed in the 19th century). The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan (Refer to List of Armenian Catholic Patriarchs of Cilicia) The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church Sui juris within The Armenian Evangelical Church ( Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի was established on July 1 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women ^[3]

After many centuries of Ottoman occupation, the centres with a high concentration of Armenians lost their geographic continuity (parts of Van, Bitlis, and Kharput vilayets), because over the years, pockets of Kurds and Turks infiltrated into traditionally Armenian land. Regardless of Ottoman rule and an increasingly strong presence of Muslims, Armenians continued to be the majority group in Western Armenia well into the 19th century. A majority, also known as a simple majority in the US, is a Subset of a group that is more than half of the entire group They kept and defended factual autonomy in certain isolated areas like Sassoun, Shatakh, and parts of Dersim. Sason is also a spider genus ( Barychelidae) Sason ( Armenian: Սասուն Kurdish: Kabilcevz; formerly Çatak is a district of Van Province of Turkey, near the border with Iran. Tunceli ( Zazaki: Dêrsım, is a province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. An Armenian stronghold and a symbol of factual Armenian autonomy, Zeitoun (Ulnia) was located between the Six Vilayets and Cilicia, which also had a strong Armenian presence ever since the creation of the Pricipality (and then Kingdom) of Lesser Armenia. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Lesser Armenia (also known as Armenia Minor and Armenia Inferior, "Փոքր Հայք" "Pok'r Hayq" in Armenian refers to the Armenian populated However, due to Ottoman interference and genocide, the autonomous areas were disintegrated.

There were also significant communities in parts of Trabzon and Ankara vilayets bordering Six Vilayets (like in Kayseri (Gessaria)). Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Kayseri ( Ottoman Turkish:قیصریه Greek: Καισάρεια / Kaisareia: Latin: Caesarea Mazaca Zazaish Many Armenians settled in Western Anatolia, in the traditionally Ottoman cities of Istanbul and Izmir. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. The Sultan promoted Armenian migration within the borders of the empire in order to reduce the native Armenian population of historic Armenia, and reduce the Greek majority population of Western Anatolia by adding non-Greeks.

Western Armenia, 1829 - 1918

See also: Russian Armenia

Armenian & Turkish Retailers. Russian Armenia ( Armenian: Ռուսական Հայաստան is the period of Armenia's history under Russian rule beginning from 1829 when Eastern Armenia

The remaining Ottoman Armenia, composed of 6 vilayets (Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Kharput, and Sivas^[4]), till World War I, under Ottoman rule was also referred to as Western Armenia. A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually Erzurum was a Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. See also Erzurum Province (nowadays Turkey Subdivisions of the Ottoman The vilâyet of Van lay along the Persian frontier between the vilâyet s of Erzurum and Mosul. Bitlis ( Kurdish: Bilîs or Bedlîs Armenian: Baghaghesh, later Baghesh) is a town in eastern Turkey and the Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac Elazığ (formerly named "Mamuret ül-Aziz" or in strict Arabic transliteration as "Ma'mûrat al-'Aziz" officially in honor Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Armenians during 19th Century

Calouste Gulbenkian, internationally known businessman and philanthropist born in 1869 at Üsküdar

Besides the learned professions with the schools opened through out Ottoman Empire, the chief occupations were trade and commerce, various industries, and agriculture. Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian ( 23 March 1869 &ndash 20 July 1955) was an Armenian businessman and Philanthropist. List of Armenian schools in the Ottoman Empire gives the Armenian schools for each center in 1912 The peasants, for the most part, were agriculturists. In the empire Armenians were raised to higher occupations, like Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian was an businessman and philanthropist. Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian ( 23 March 1869 &ndash 20 July 1955) was an Armenian businessman and Philanthropist. He played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development. The Armenian Press and literature during this period established institutions that were critical; this attitude has been invaluable in reforming abuses and introducing improvements of Armenian people in their communities. Thus their critical instinct is positive, rather than negative. Armenians organised themselves for different objects ; witness their numerous societies, clubs, political parties, and other associations. Hovsep Pushman was an painter who become very famous in the Empire. Hovsep Pushman ( May 9, 1877 in Turkish Ermenistan - February 1966 was an Armenian-born painter Armenians first thing they do during this period was to establish a church, a school, a library, a newspaper follows. Sargis Mubayeajian was a prolific and multifarious Armenian writer educated in Constantinople. Sargis Mubayeajian ( January 31, 1860 in Kars – 1937 Leninakan) better known by his Pen name Atrpet ( Adrbed Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Many of his works are still scattered in Armenian periodicals.

Many Armenians, who have emigrated to foreign countries become prosperous there, return to their native land because the love of the Mother Country is so intense in them. Alex Manoogian who become a philantorophis and active member of Armenian General Benevolent Union was from ottoman lands (modern Izmir), Arthur Edmund Carewe born Trebizond become an Actor in the silent film era. Alex Manoogian (1901 Smyrna, Ottoman Empire - 10 July 1996, Detroit) was a successful American businessman industrial The Armenian General Benevolent Union (Հայկական Բարեգործական Ընդհանուր Միութիւն abbreviated as AGBU, established in 1906 is a Non-profit İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Arthur Edmund Carewe ( December 30, 1884 – April 22, 1937) born Jan Fox in Trebizond, Ottoman Empire (now

See also: Balyan family, Vartan Pasha, Güllü Agop, Hampartsoum Limondjian, and Kemani Tatyos Ekserciyan

Eastern Question

See also: Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Question

The Eastern Question (normally dated to 1774), in European history used in referring the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire, during the 18th century, including instability in the territories ruled by the Ottoman Empire. The Balyan family is a Dynasty of famous Ottoman imperial Architects of Armenian ethnicity who designed and constructed numerous magnificent Vartan Pasha ( Hovsep Vartanian or Osep Vartanian) was an Ottoman Armenian statesman author and journalist of the 19th Agop Vartovyan, better known as Güllü Agop, (took later the name Mehmet Yakup) (1840 Istanbul - 1902 Istanbul was a Turkish - Armenian Hampartsoum Limondjian (Համբարձում Լիմոնջեան (1768– June 29 1839) was an Ottoman Armenian Composer of Tatyos Ekserciyan (1858-March 13 1913 or Tatyos Efendi was a famous composer of classical Turkish music, and his works continue to be among the best-remembered and The rise of the Western notion of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet The " Eastern Question " in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire The " Eastern Question " in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The position of educated and privileged Christians within the Ottoman Empire improved in the 17th and 18th centuries. Empire increasingly recognized the missing skills which the larger Ottoman population lacked, as the empire became more settled, and began to feel its increasing backwardness in relation to the European powers, European powers on the other side, engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Empire, this gave the motivation to the powers to help people in need. The rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, direct result of enlightenment of Christian millets through education, was the dominant theme, though Armenians, for the most part, remained passive during these years, earning them the title of millet-i sadıka or the "loyal millet. The rise of the Western notion of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet "^[5]

The Eastern Question gained another dimension by the late 1820s, Greek Enlightenment and Greek War of Independence already developed the conditions to establish the Greece, along with several countries of the Balkans, frustrated with conditions, had, often with the help of the Powers, broken free of Ottoman rule. Diafotismos ( Greek: Διαφωτισμός "enlightenment" "illumination" from fos " Light " The Modern Greek The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Great Power Imperial Russia stood to benefit from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; on the other hand, Austria and the United Kingdom deemed the preservation of Empire to be in their best interests. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The position of France changed several times over the centuries. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Armenian involvement into international view would had to wait until Armenian national awakening, which the Armenian Question as used in European history, became common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin (1878). See also Armenian nationalism Armenian national awakening covers the activities of ethnic Armenian to obtain independence similar to other non-Ottoman ethnic The term " Armenian Question " as used in European history, became common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War The Armenian national ideology developed long after the Greek movement, however the factors contributing to the emergence of Armenian nationalism made the movement far more similar to that of the Greeks than those of other ethnic groups. Armenian nationalism in the modern period has its roots in the Romantic nationalism of Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823 and generally defined as the the creation of ^[6]

Reform implementation, 1860s–1880s

See also: Tanzimat and Armenian Question

The three major European powers, Great Britain, France and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the Sublime Porte) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 The term " Armenian Question " as used in European history, became common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court

Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the Tanzimat reforms to improve the situation of minorities, although these would prove largely ineffective. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 In 1856, the Hatt-ı Hümayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Hatt-ı Hümayun ( Imperial Edict, Imperial Reform Edict or Rescript of Reform) was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Hatt-i Sharif (Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber was an 1839 proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I that The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the Kanûn-ı Esâsî (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. The Kanûn-ı Esâsî (قانون اساسى was the first Constitution of the Ottoman Empire. The term basic law is used in some places as an alternative to " Constitution " implying it is a temporary but necessary measure without formal enactment The Young Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar were a group of Ottoman nationalist intellectuals formed in 1865, influenced by such Western thinkers as Montesquieu Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. "Firman of the Reforms" gave immense privileges to the Armenians, which formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the aristocratic dominance of the Armenian nobles by development of the political strata in the society. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime ^[7]

Armenian National Constitution, 1863

See also: National Assembly of Armenia‎

Mkrtich Khrimian (Մկրտիչ Խրիմեան) worked to increase the influence of sub-councils of National Assembly speially around Lake Van regin

In 1863 the Armenian National Constitution (Ottoman Turkish:"Nizâmnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân") was Ottoman Empire approved. The Azgayin Zhoghov of Armenia (Ազգային Ժողով English: National Assembly) is the official name of the Legislative branch Mkrtich Khrimian ( Armenian: Մկրտիչ Խրիմեան b April 4, 1820 - d Armenian National Assembly was the governing body of the Armenian Millet established by Armenian National Constitution of 1863 under Ottoman Lake Van (Van Gölü Gola Wanê Վանա լիճ Daryacheye Van ("Lake of Van" is the largest Lake Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Armenian National Constitution or Regulation of the Armenian Nation (Turkish"Nizâmnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân" (1863 was Ottoman Empire approved form The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It was a form of the "Code of Regulations" composed of 150 articles drafted by the "Armenian intelligentsia", which defined the powers of Patriarch (position in Ottoman Millet) and newly formed "Armenian National Assembly". Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. Armenian National Assembly was the governing body of the Armenian Millet established by Armenian National Constitution of 1863 under Ottoman ^[8] Mikrtich, issued a decree, permitting women to have equal votes with men and asking them to take part in all elections.

Armenian National Assembly had wide ranging functions. That Muslim officials (Turks, Kurds, Arabs. . ) did not used to employed to collect taxes in Armenian villages, but the taxes in all the Armenian villages collected by Armenian tax-gatherers appointed by the Armenian National Assembly. Armenians allowed to establish their own courts of justice for the purpose of administering justice and conducting litigation between Armenian and Armenian, and for deciding all questions relating to marriage, divorce, estate, inheritance, etc. , appertaining to themselves. Also Armenians allowed the right to establish their own prisons for the incarceration of offending Armenians, and in no case should an Armenian be imprisoned in a Ottoman prison.

The Armenian National Assembly also had the power to elect the Armenian Governor by an local Armenian legislative council. The councils later will be part of elections during second constitutional era. Local Armenian legislative councils were composed of six Armenians elected by the Armenian National Assembly.

Education and social work

See also: List of Armenian schools in the Ottoman Empire

Beginning with the 1863 education has been offered to the whole people, and so far as funds permit is absolutely free for all. List of Armenian schools in the Ottoman Empire gives the Armenian schools for each center in 1912 All Armenian education is under the direction of lay committees. During this period in Russian Armenia the association of the schools with the Church is rather closer, but the same principle obtains. Russian Armenia ( Armenian: Ռուսական Հայաստան is the period of Armenia's history under Russian rule beginning from 1829 when Eastern Armenia This became a problem for Russian administration, which was peaked during 1897, Tsar Nicholas appointed the Armenophobic Grigory Sergeyevich Golitsin as governor of Transcaucasia, and Armenian schools, cultural associations, newspapers and libraries were closed.

The Armenian charitable works, hospitals, and provident institutions we were organized along the explained perspective. The Armenians, in addition to paying taxes to the State, have voluntarily imposed extra burdens on themselves in order to support such philanthropic agencies. The taxes to the State did not have direct return to Armenians in such cases.

The education and philanthropic agencies made the Armenians most educated and rich section of the Ottoman population.

Armenian Question, 1877

The Armenian Question as used in European history, became common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin (1878); that in like Eastern Question (normally dated to 1774), refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. The term " Armenian Question " as used in European history, became common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day See also Berlin Conference (1884-85 re Africa and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War The " Eastern Question " in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered However in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities. ^[9] The "Armenian question" explains the forty years of Armenian-Ottoman history in the context of English, German, Russian politics between 1877-1914.

National awakening, 1980s

See also: Armenian national awakening‎

The national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples (see: national awakenings in Balkans) and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on hitherto suppressed national movement among the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire - on the development of a national liberation ideology. See also Armenian nationalism Armenian national awakening covers the activities of ethnic Armenian to obtain independence similar to other non-Ottoman ethnic The Balkans is an area of southeastern Europe situated at a major crossroads between mainland Europe and the Near East. ^[10] The Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian national effort to free the historic Armenian homeland of eastern Asia Minor and Transcaucasus from Russian and Ottoman domination and re-establish the independent Armenian state. Armenian national movement, also known as the " Armenian revolutionary movement " and Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian national Armenian nationalism in the modern period has its roots in the Romantic nationalism of Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823 and generally defined as the the creation of Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Those Armenians who did not support national liberation aspirations or who were neutral were called chezoks.

Sultan Abdul Hamid, 1876 - 1909

Abdülhamid II was the 34th sultan and he oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from August 31, 1876 until he was deposed on April 27, 1909. Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit The military and political events during the decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the era between 1828 to 1908 Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Abdülhamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power.

Bashkaleh Resistance, 1889

The Bashkaleh Resistance was the bloody encounter between the Armenakans and the Ottoman Empire on May 1889. The Ramgavar party (before 1921 it was known as the Armenakan party or the Armenian Democratic Liberal party is an Armenian Political party in It is named as Bashkaleh Resistance as Bashkaleh was a border town of Van Province, Ottoman Empire. The vilâyet of Van lay along the Persian frontier between the vilâyet s of Erzurum and Mosul. The event was important as it was reflected on main Armenian newspapers as the recovered documents on the Armenakans showed an extensive plot for an national movement. ^[11] Ottoman officials believed that the men were members of a large revolutionary apparatus and the discussion was reflected on newspapers, (Eastern Express, Oriental Advertiser, Saadet, and Tarik) and the responses were on the Armenian papers. In some Armenian circles, this event was considered as a martyrdom and brought other armed conflicts. ^[12] The Bashkaleh Resistance was on the Persian border, which the Armenakans were in communication with Armenians in the Persian Empire. Persian Armenia corresponds to the Armenian territory controlled by Persia throughout history The Gugunian Expedition, which followed within the couple months, was an attempt by a small group of Armenian nationalists from the Russian Armenia to launch an armed expedition across the border into the Ottoman Empire in 1890 in support of local Armenians. The Gugunian Expedition was an attempt by a small group of Armenian nationalists from the Russian Empire to launch an armed expedition across the border into the Russian Armenia ( Armenian: Ռուսական Հայաստան is the period of Armenia's history under Russian rule beginning from 1829 when Eastern Armenia

Kum Kapu demonstration, 1890

The Kum Kapu demonstration occurred at the Armenian quarter of Kum Kapu, the seat of the Armenian Patriarch, was spared through the prompt action of the commandant, Hassan Aga^[13]. The Kum Kapu demonstration occurred in the Kumkapı district of Constantinople on July 27, 1890. On 27 July 1890, Harutiun Djangulian, Mihran Damadian and Hambartsum Boyajian interrupted the Armenian mass to read a manifesto and denounce the indifference of the Armenian patriarch and Armenian National Assembly. Mihran Damadian (1863 Constantinople - 1945 was an Armenian freedom fighter political activist writer and teacher Hampartsoum Boyadjian or Medzn Mourad ( Mourad the Great) (1867 - 1915 was an Armenian Fedayee and political Activist. For the Roxy Music album see Manifesto (album. A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions often The Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul is today head of one of the smallest Patriarchates of the Oriental Orthodox Church but has exerted a very significant political Armenian National Assembly was the governing body of the Armenian Millet established by Armenian National Constitution of 1863 under Ottoman Harutiun Djangulian (member from Van) tried to assassinate the Patriarch of Istanbul. Van ( Armenian hy Վան Kurdish: Wan from Armenian van - village settlement is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van The goal was to persuade the Armenian clerics to bring their policies in align with the national politics. They soon forced the patriarch to join the procession heading to the Yildiz Palace to demand implementation of Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin. Yıldız Palace is a collection of pavilions and villas in Istanbul, Turkey, built in the 19th and early 20th centuries It is significant that this massacre, in which 6000 Armenians are said to have perished, was not the result of a general rising of the Muslim population^[13]. The Softas took no part in it, and many Armenians found refuge in the Muslim sections of the city^[13].

Bloody Years, 1894–1896

See also: Hamidian Massacres, Sasun Resistance (1894), Zeitun Resistance (1895), 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover, Defense of Van, and Khanasor Expedition

The first notable battle in the Armenian resistance movement took place in Sassoun, where nationalist ideals were proliferated by Hunchak activists, such as Mihran Damadian, Hampartsoum Boyadjian, and Hrayr. The Hamidian massacres, also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896, refers to the massacring of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire, with estimates of the The First Sassoun resistance of 1894 ( Armenian: Սասնո առաջին ապստամբութիւն was the resistance of the Hunchak militia The First Zeitun Rebellion (Զէյթունի առաջին ապստամբութիւնը took place in 1895, during the Hamidian massacres. The 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover ( Armenian: hy Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman The Defense of Van was an act of self-defense of the Armenian population in Van against the Ottoman Empire in June 1896 Khanasor Expedition ( Armenian: hy Խանասորի Արշաւանքը was performed by the Armenian militia against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe on Sason is also a spider genus ( Barychelidae) Sason ( Armenian: Սասուն Kurdish: Kabilcevz; formerly The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party ( SDHP) (Սոցիալ դեմոկրատ Հնչակյան կուսակցություն also known as Hentchak, Henchak Mihran Damadian (1863 Constantinople - 1945 was an Armenian freedom fighter political activist writer and teacher Hampartsoum Boyadjian or Medzn Mourad ( Mourad the Great) (1867 - 1915 was an Armenian Fedayee and political Activist. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation also played a significant role in arming the people of the region. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun The Armenians of Sassoun confronted the Ottoman army and Kurdish irregulars at Sassoun, succumbing to superior numbers. Hamidieh soldiers ( Hamidiye)were irregular Kurdish cavalry well-armed and called the Hamidieh after the Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II. ^[14] This was followed by Zeitun Resistance (1895), which between the years 1891 and 1895, Hunchak activists toured various regions of Cilicia and Zeitun to encourage resistance, and established new branches of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party. The First Zeitun Rebellion (Զէյթունի առաջին ապստամբութիւնը took place in 1895, during the Hamidian massacres. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party ( SDHP) (Սոցիալ դեմոկրատ Հնչակյան կուսակցություն also known as Hentchak, Henchak

In 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover happaned, withe armed with pistols, grenades, dynamite and hand-held bombs, the seizure of the bank lasted for fourteen hours, resulting in the deaths of ten of the Armenian men and Turkish soldiers. The 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover ( Armenian: hy Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of Nitroglycerin, initially using Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur US Spelling kieselguhr Turkish reaction to takeover saw further massacres and pogroms of the several thousand Armenians living in Constantinople and also Hamid threatening to level the entire building itself. However, intervention on part of the European diplomats in the city managed to persuade the men to give, assigning safe passage to the survivors to France. Despite the level of violence the incident had wrought, the takeover was reported positively in the European press, praising the men for their courage and the objectives they attempted to accomplish. ^[15] The years between 1894-1896 ended, with estimates of the dead ranging from 80,000 to 300,000^[16]. The massacres are named for Abdul Hamid II, whose efforts to reinforce the territorial integrity of the embattled Ottoman Empire. Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit

Sasun Resistance, 1904

Ottoman Officials responsible from Sasun Resistance (1904), who were previously defeated in the First Zeitoun Resistance, didn't want the formation of another semi-autonomous Armenian region in the "Eastern" vilayets. The Second Sassoun rebellion of 1904 ( Armenian:Սասունի երկրորդ ապստամբութիւնը was the rebellion of the militia in the The First Zeitun Rebellion (Զէյթունի առաջին ապստամբութիւնը took place in 1895, during the Hamidian massacres. In Sassoun, Armenian activists were working to arm the folk and to recruit young men by motivating them to the Armenian cause. Sason is also a spider genus ( Barychelidae) Sason ( Armenian: Սասուն Kurdish: Kabilcevz; formerly 50,000 Turkish and Kurdish troops started the offensive in Sassoun, where 500 fedayees had to defend 20,000 unarmed people. The Armenians were headed by Andranik Ozanian along with Kevork Chavoush, Sepasdatsi Mourad, Keri, Hrayr Tjokhk, and others. Andranik Toros Ozanian, Zoravar Andranik, ( Անդրանիկ Թորոսի Օզանյան, Զորավար Անդրանիկ ( February 25, 1865 – Kevork Aroyi Ghazarian (Գէորգ Արոյի Ղազարեան (1870 or 1871 - May 27, 1907) commonly known as Kevork Chavush (Գէորգ Չաւուշ Hampartsoum Boyadjian or Medzn Mourad ( Mourad the Great) (1867 - 1915 was an Armenian Fedayee and political Activist. KERI (1180 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format Hrayr Tjokhk (Armenak Kazarian 1866—1904 — the figure of the Armenian national-liberation movement ^[17]

Yıldız Attempt, 1905

See also: Yıldız Attempt

The events of the Hamidian massacres and Sultan Abdul Hamid II's continued anti-Armenian policies ^[18] gave way for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation to plan an assassination attempt on the sultan to enact vengeance. Yıldız Attempt ( Armenian: hy Եըլտըզի Մահափորձը Turkish: Yıldız suikast teşebbüsü) was an assassination attempted on Sultan The Hamidian massacres, also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896, refers to the massacring of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire, with estimates of the Anti-Armenianism (also Anti-Armenism and Anti-Armenian sentiment) is hostility toward or Prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian Dashnak members, led by ARF founder Christapor Mikaelian, secretly started producing explosives and planning the operation in Sofia, Bulgaria. Christapor Mikaelian ( Armenian: hy Քրիստափոր Միքայէլեան also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (hy Էլլէն Topal Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Dissolution, 1908 -1918

See also: Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Declaration of the Constitution Muslim, Armenian, Greek leaders together

The Second Constitutional Era of the Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid II restored the constitutional monarchy after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922 began with the watershed event of Young Turk Revolution and ended with the partitioning of the Empire The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional The period established many political groups. List of parties in Ottoman Empire gives an overview of parties in Ottoman Empire. A series of elections during this period resulted in the gradual ascendance of the Committee of Union and Progress's ("CUP") domination in politics. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti This period also marked the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922 began with the watershed event of Young Turk Revolution and ended with the partitioning of the Empire

Young Turk revolution, 1908

See also: Young Turk Revolution and Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)

Karekin Pastermadjian member of "Chamber of Deputies" representative of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation from Erzurum. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid Karekin Pastermadjian, more famously known by his Nom de guerre Armen Garo, was one of the distinguished leaders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace He was later elected to be ambassador of the Armenia to the United States. The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

On July 24, 1908, Armenians' hopes for equality in the empire brightened with the removal of Hamid II from power and restored the country back to a constitutional monarchy. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Two of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II had been the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and the Committee of Union and Progress, a group of mostly European-educated Turks. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti initially a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti ^[19] In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a "state within a state". The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 The "Second congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in Paris, France, in 1907. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza (liberal), Sabahheddin Bey, and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian attended. Ahmed Riza, a prominent Young Turk, an activist scientist and the minister of Education from the party Liberal Union during the second Constitutional Era Khachatur Maloumian (1865 was a Dashnak; editor of Mushak and Droshak. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared. ^[19][20] The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress, hoping that if the Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians.

Armenian reform package, 1914

The Armenian reform package declared that the vilayets which Armenians living were to be under an inspectors general, (the map is an archive document of 1914 Census). The Armenian reform package (1914 was an Ottoman Empire reform solution by which an inspector general would be appointed to oversee Armenian issues ^[21]

The Armenian reform package was an arrangement negotiated with Russia, acting on behalf of the Great Powers, and the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian reform package (1914 was an Ottoman Empire reform solution by which an inspector general would be appointed to oversee Armenian issues It aimed to introduce reforms to the Armenian citizens of the empire. This agreement, which was solidified in February 1914 was based on the arrangements nominally made in 1878. According to this arrangement the inspectors general, whose powers and duties constituted the key to the question, were to be named for a period of ten years, and their engagement was not to be revocable during that period.

World War One, 1914 - 1918

With onslaught of World War I, the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire engaged during the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship The Persian Campaign, also known as Invasion of Persia, was a series of engagements that took place in northern and western Persia as an extension of the the CUP began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was due to the fact that the Russian army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. Armenian volunteer units or " Armenian volunteer corps " were Armenian battalions in Russian and British armies during the World War I. On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Red Sunday - (Կարմիր Կիրակի is the night which the leaders of Armenian community of the Ottoman capital Constantinopole, and later extending to other centers The Tehcir Law ("Regulation for the settlement of Armenians relocated to other places because of war conditions and emergency political requirements" was passed by the Ottoman Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. Armenian resistance is the military and political activities of the " Armenian militia " or ( Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan, The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.

Armenians after World War One

Armenian refugee children near Athens, 1923, after the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey was the first large scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion It involved some two million people, most forcibly made refugees overseen by the international community as part of the Treaty of Lausanne. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Among 2 million exchanged people from Republic of Turkey was 1,2 million Greeks was the major part and the rest was composed from other sections of the Christians, including the survived Armenians. There were 600,000 Armenians left after the World War One in the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian population drop to 100,000 in 1927 when the exchange was ended.

Notes

References