Citizendia

Arab-Israeli conflict

Israel and members of the Arab League
     Arab League     Israel
     Have been at war with Israel     Gaza Strip and West Bank
DateEarly 20th century-present
LocationMiddle East
ResultOngoing
Belligerents


Arab nations
Israel
Arab-Israeli conflict series
Participants

The Arab-Israeli conflict (Arabic: الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي‎ Aṣ-Ṣirāʿ al-ʿArabī al-'Isrā'īlī, Hebrew: הסכסוך הישראלי ערבי‎) spans roughly one century of political tensions and open hostilities. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. United Nations article Please do not remove -->Issues relating to the Israel–United States relations have evolved from an initial United States policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1947 See also Boycotts Boycotts of Israel are economic and political campaigns that seek a selective or total cutting of ties with the State of Israel Peace proposals of Count Folke Bernadotte (1947-1948 UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22 1967 Land for peace Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language It involves the establishment of the Zionist movement and the creation of the modern State of Israel. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. In its early years, it also involves the establishment and independence of several Arab countries following World War I. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The changing relationships between Arab nations and Israel are also intimately related, as is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Contents

Scope of the conflict

See also: History of the Middle East

Some uses of the term "Middle East conflict" refer to this matter; however, the region has been host to other conflicts not involving Israel (see List of conflicts in the Middle East). See also Timeline of Middle Eastern history This article is a general overview of the history of the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. There have been many conflicts in the Middle East since the time of the Ancient Near East up until Modern times.

Despite involving a relatively small land area and number of casualties,[1][2] the conflict has been the focus of worldwide media and diplomatic attention for decades. Many countries, individuals and non-governmental organizations elsewhere in the world feel involved in this conflict for reasons such as cultural and religious ties with Islam, Arab culture, Christianity, Judaism or Jewish culture; or for ideological, human rights, strategic, or financial reasons; or because they are consistently exposed to the conflict by the media. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Literature See also Arabic literature Arabic literature is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers of the Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public

Some consider the Arab-Israeli conflict a part of (or a precursor to) a wider clash of civilizations between the Western World and the Arab or Muslim world. The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings [3][4] Others claim that the religious dimension is a relatively new matter in this conflict. [5] This conflict has engendered animosities igniting numerous attacks on and by supporters (or perceived supporters) of opposing sides in countries throughout the world.

History of the conflict

Main article: History of the Arab-Israeli conflict

End of 19th century-1948

Before World War I, the Middle East, including Palestine, had been under the control of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 500 years. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish During the closing years of their empire the Ottomans began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within the empire, leading to discrimination against the Arabs. [6] The promise of liberation from the Ottomans led many Jews and Arabs to support the allied powers during World War I, leading to the emergence of widespread Arab nationalism. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [7] During this time tensions between the native Arab population of Palestine and the small, but growing, Jewish population in the area had begun to increase. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding For details, see Aliyah, First Aliyah, Second Aliyah. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) The First Aliyah (also The Farmers' Aliyah) was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist Aliyah. The Second Aliyah was arguably the most important and influential Aliyah.

The British Government was favorable to the establishment in the Holy Land of a national home for the Jewish people as stated under the Balfour Declaration of 1917. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Balfour Declaration of 1917 (dated November 2 1917) was a Classified formal statement of Policy by the British government stating [8]

After World War I the area came under British rule as the British mandate of Palestine. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement Jewish immigration to Palestine increased. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. This, together with the worsening world wide economic situation and other internal factors, led to a large Arab immigration to the region and further increased tensions in the region. [9][10] By 1931, 17 percent of the population of Palestine were Jews, an increase of six percent since 1922. [11] Jewish immigration increased soon after the Nazis came to power in Germany, causing the Jewish population in Palestine to double. [12] Palestinian Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and their identity as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of Arabs in Jewish owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab communities. [13] Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were unfair preferences for the Jewish immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed Palestine at the time. This resentment led to the harassment and persecution of Jews. In August of 1929, Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of Hebron, in what became known as the Hebron Massacre. By 1936, escalating tensions led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939 [14]

In response to Arab pressure, the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of Jewish immigrants to Palestine (see White Paper of 1939 and the Exodus ship). The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over Early history The ship was built in 1928 by Pusey and Jones Corp These restrictions remained in place until the end of the mandate, a period which coincided with the Nazi Holocaust and the flight of Jewish refugees from Europe. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as In the course of history Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Antisemitism numerous times As a consequence, most Jewish entrants to Palestine were illegal (see Aliyah Bet), causing further tensions in the region. Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British asked the newly formed United Nations for help. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security On 15 May 1947 the UN appointed a committee, the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP was formed in the May 1947 in response to the British Governments announcement to terminate Mandate of Palestine. To make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented. [15] After five weeks of in-country study, the commission recommended creating a partitioned state with separate territories for the Jews and the Arabs in Palestine . This "two state solution" was accepted with resolution 181 by the UN General Assembly in November 1947 by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 The Arab states, which constituted the Arab League, voted against. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية On the ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several major atrocities were committed by both sides. [16]

The main differences between the 1947 partition proposal and 1949 armistice lines are highlighted in light red and magenta
The main differences between the 1947 partition proposal and 1949 armistice lines are highlighted in light red and magenta

On 14 May 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, Israel declared its independence and sovereignty on the portion partitioned by UNSCOP for the Jewish state. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May The next day, the Arab League reiterated officially their opposition to the "two-state solution" in a letter to the UN. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية [17] That day, the armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded the territory partitioned for the Arab state, thus starting the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The nascent Israeli Defense Force repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit [18] By December of 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank (controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Prior and during this conflict, 711,000[19] Palestinians Arabs fled their original lands to become Palestinian refugees, in part, due to several atrocities committed by the Israeli forces. The causes and explanations of the exodus of Palestinian Arabs that arose during the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War [20] The War came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan This 1949 armistice line, the so-called green line, is to this day the internationally-recognized border of the state of Israel. The term Green Line is used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours ( Egypt, Jordan, It is often referred to as the "pre-1967" border.

1949-June 11, 1967

Following the adoption by the United Nations of Resolution 181 in November 1947 and the declaration of the State of Israel in May 1948, several Arab countries adopted discriminatory measures against their local Jewish populations. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May [21][22] There were riots in Yemen and Syria in particular. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية In Libya, Jews were deprived citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab [23] As a result, a large number of Jews were forced to emigrate from Arab lands. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi In total, about 850,000 Jews emigrated from Arab countries between 1948 and 1952. Today, these displaced Jews and their descendants represent 41% of the total population of Israel. [24] For details, see Jewish exodus from Arab lands. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi

In 1956, Egypt, in an act of war, closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. The Straits of Tiran ( Arabic: مضيق تيران Hebrew: מיצרי טיראן are the narrow sea passages about 13 km (8 miles wide between the Sinai The Gulf of Aqaba ( Arabic: خليج العقبة transliterated: Khalyj al-'Aqabah in Israel known as the Gulf of Eilat ( Hebrew The Convention of Constantinople was a Treaty signed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, France Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan [25][26] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Universal Suez Ship Canal Company ( French: Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez, or simply Compagnie de Suez for short was the French [27]

Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French support. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. During the Suez Canal Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء The United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [27][28] Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and deployed to oversee the demilitarization. The first United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF) was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the 1956 Suez Crisis with resolution [29] The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory. [30]

On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[31] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. [32] It again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[33][34] returning the region to the way it was in 1956 when Israel was blockaded. The Straits of Tiran ( Arabic: مضيق تيران Hebrew: מיצרי טיראן are the narrow sea passages about 13 km (8 miles wide between the Sinai

On May 30, 1967, Jordan entered into the mutual defense pact between Egypt and Syria. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. In response, on June 5 Israel sent almost all of its planes on a preemptive mission in Egypt. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Preemptive war (or a preemptive strike) is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived inevitable offensive or Invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in The Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the surprised Egyptian Air Force, then turned east to pulverize the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces. The Israeli Air Force ( IAF; Hebrew: זרוע האויר והחלל Zroa HaAvir VeHahalal, "Air and Space Arm" commonly known as חיל The Egyptian Air Force, or EAF (القوات الجوية المصرية) is the aviation branch of the Egyptian armed forces. [35] This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt [32][34] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, eastern Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.

June 12, 1967-1973

In the summer of 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be:

In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula. The War of Attrition (מלחמת ההתשה حرب الاستنزاف was a Limited war fought between the Israeli military and forces of the Egyptian Republic [37] The war ended following Nasser's death in 1970.

On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, overwhelming the surprised Israeli military. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר ˈjɔm kiˈpur also known in English as the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn and important of the Jewish holidays Its [38][39] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a ceasefire on October 25. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a [38][39]

1974-2000

Egypt

Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty in March, 1979. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, Under its terms, the Sinai Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state. Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently

Jordan

In October, 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of hostilities, and a resolution of other unsorted issues.

Iraq

In June, 1981, Israel successfully attacked and destroyed newly built Iraqi nuclear facilities in Operation Opera. Operation Opera (מבצע אופרה Mivtza Opera, also known as Operation Babylon and Operation Ofra) was a surprise Israeli Air strike

During the Gulf War, Iraq fired 39 missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world against the coalition which sought to liberate Kuwait. At the behest of the United States, Israel did not respond to this attack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.

Lebanon

In 1970, following an extended civil war, King Hussein expelled the PLO from Jordan. September 1970 is known as the Black September ( in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of regrettable events The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The PLO resettled in Lebanon, whence it staged raids into Israel. In 1981, Syria, allied with the PLO, positioned missiles in Lebanon. In June, 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon. Within two months, the PLO agreed to withdraw thence.

In March, 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured President Amin Gemayel into nullifying the truce in March, 1984. Amine Pierre Gemayel (أمين بيار الجميٌل (born 22 January 1942) was President of Lebanon from 1982 By 1985, Israeli forces had mostly withdrawn from Lebanon, and Israel completed its withdrawal in May 2000, leaving behind a power vacuum which Syria and Hezbollah soon filled. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation [40]

Palestinians

In 1987, the First Intifada began. The First Intifada (1987–1993 (also " Intifada " and "war of the stones" was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli The PLO was excluded from negotiations to resolve it until it recognized Israel and renounced terrorism the following year. In 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords, and their Declaration of Principles, which, together with the Road map for peace, have been loosely used as the guidelines for Israeli-Palestinian relations since. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles The "road map" for peace is a Plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by a " quartet " of international entities the

2000-present

As an attempt to halt the al-Aqsa Intifada, Israel raided facilities in major urban centers in the West Bank in 2002. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Violence again swept through the region. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2003. (אריאל The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west This policy was fully implemented in August, 2005. [41]

In July, 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli soldiers, and kidnapped two others, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much destruction in Lebanon. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon [42] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [43]

On September 6, 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed an eastern Syrian complex which was allegedly a nuclear reactor being built with assistance from North Korea. Operation Orchard was an Israeli Airstrike on a target in the Deir ez-Zor region of Syria carried out just after midnight on September 6 North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [44] Israel had also bombed Syria in 2003. The Ain es Saheb airstrike occurred on October 5, 2003 and was the first overt Israeli military operation in Syria since the 1973 Yom Kippur

In April, 2008, Syrian President Bashar Al Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. Dr Bashar al-Assad (بشار الأسد) (born 11 September, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This was confirmed in May, 2008, by a spokesman for Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader As well as a peace treaty, the future of the Golan Heights is being discussed. Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous President Assad was quoted in the The Guardian as telling the Qatari paper:

. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. . . there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office. The US was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, President Assad told the paper, but added that the Bush administration "does not have the vision or will for the peace process. Dr Bashar al-Assad (بشار الأسد) (born 11 September, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America It does not have anything. " [45]

References

  1. ^ Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century in Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century, compiled by Matthew White
  2. ^ Casualties in Arab-Israeli Wars Jewish Virtual Library, based on OnWar - Armed Conflict Israel 1948-1999)
  3. ^ Abdel Mahdi Abdallah (Dec. The Jewish Virtual Library is an online Encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE 2003), More specifically, author Edward Said affirms his belief that if a solution can be found in Israel, the global community may be able to follow this guideline, generating peace and understanding between the cultures of the East and West. "Causes of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: A Socio-Political Perspective," Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) 7. Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA is a quarterly journal on Middle East issues edited by Barry Rubin and published by the Global Research 4, accessed January 9, 2007. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  4. ^ Section 2: "Clash of Civilizations," in Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion, Israel Science and Technology ("the national database and directory of science and technology related sites in Israel"), (c) 1999-2007, accessed January 9, 2007. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Ibrahim Al-Khouli and Wafa Sultan (February 21, 2006), "Arab-American Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan: There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century", transcript of television interview with Sultan conducted by Al-Khouli, broadcast on Al Jazeera, Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) February 22, 2006. Wafa Sultan (وفاء سلطان born 1958, Damascus, Syria) is an American Psychiatrist and a controversial critic of Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" The Middle East Media Research Institute, or MEMRI for short is a Middle Eastern press monitoring organization located in Washington D Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  6. ^ Fraser, T. G. The Middle East: 1914-1979. St. Martin’s Press, New York. (1980) Pg. 2
  7. ^ Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East.(Book review). encyclopedia (9/22/2007).
  8. ^ "In the Promised Land", Time Magazine, April 13, 1925.  
  9. ^ Sela, Avraham. Avraham Sela is an Israeli authority on the Politics of the Middle East and International relations. "Arab-Israeli Conflict. " The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 58-121.
  10. ^ "Palestinians: The making of a people", by Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal
  11. ^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg. 47
  12. ^ Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents. Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 129
  13. ^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg. 47,51
  14. ^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg.
  15. ^ Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents. Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 186
  16. ^ Fraser, T. G. The Middle East: 1914-1979. St. Martin’s Press, New York. (1980). Pg. 41
  17. ^ Statement by the Arab League States Following the Establishment of the State of Israel (May 15, 1948), www. ibiblio. org
  18. ^ Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents. Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 198
  19. ^ GENERAL PROGRESS REPORT AND SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE, Covering the period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950, GA A/1367/Rev. 1 23 October 1950
  20. ^ Lesch, Ann M. and Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood Press: West Port, Connecticut. (1998). Pg. 12
  21. ^ Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries by Ya'akov Meron. Middle East Quarterly, September 1995
  22. ^ Jews in Grave Danger in All Moslem Lands, The New York Times, May 16, 1948, quoted in Was there any coordination between Arab governments in the expulsions of the Middle Eastern and North African Jews? (JIMENA)
  23. ^ Aharoni, Ada. JIMENA ( Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa) is a San Francisco -based human rights organization "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries", Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group, Volume 15, Number 1/March 2003.  
  24. ^ Bermani, Daphna. "Sephardi Jewry at odds over reparations from Arab world", November 14, 2003.  
  25. ^ Howard M. Sachar. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our TimePublished by Alfred A. Knopf (New York). 1976. p. 455. ISBN 0-394-28564-5.
  26. ^ Background Note: Israel. US State Department. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  27. ^ a b 1956: Egypt Seizes Suez Canal. British Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  28. ^ UN GA Resolution 997. Mideast Web. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  29. ^ Israel - MSN Encarta
  30. ^ First United Nations Emergency Force (Unef I) - Background (Full Text)
  31. ^ UN: Middle East - UNEF I, Background. United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  32. ^ a b Lorch, Netanel. The Arab-Israeli Wars. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  33. ^ 'Egypt Closes Gulf Of Aqaba To Israel Ships: Defiant move by Nasser raises Middle East tension', The Times, Tuesday, May 23, 1967; pg. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne 1; Issue 56948; col A.
  34. ^ a b The Disaster of 1967. The Jordanian Government. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  35. ^ Course of the Six Day War. Palestine Facts. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  36. ^ President Mubarak Interview with Israeli TV. Egyptian State Information Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  37. ^ Israel: The War of Attrition. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-03-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
  38. ^ a b Israel: The Yom Kippur War. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-03-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
  39. ^ a b Arab-Israeli War of 1973. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-03-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  40. ^ "After the cease-fire", Brandeis University.
  41. ^ "Special Update: Disengagement - August 2005", Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  42. ^ Israel (country), Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. , 2007, p. 12.
  43. ^ "Lebanon truce holds despite clashes", CNN
  44. ^ "The White House Statement by the Press Secretary", 2008-04-24. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to  
  45. ^ Walker, Peter; News Agencies. "Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria", The Guardian, 21 May 2008. Retrieved on 21 May 2008. (English) "Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator. . . " 

Further reading

External links

Government and official sources

Regional media

Israeli
Arab

Think tanks and strategic analysis

Peace proposals

See main article: List of Middle East peace proposals

Maps

General sources

See also

Inter Press Service (abbreviated IPS) is a global News agency. The one-state solution, also known as the binational solution, is a proposed resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The State of Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. Relations between Israel and the European Union are generally positive Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt: 1947 - October 1956 March 1957 - June 1967 The West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Jordan (formerly Transjordan) for a period of nearly two decades (1948&ndash1967 starting Policide is a Neologism used in Political science to describe the intentional destruction of a city or nation The political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip is one of the most violently disputed issues in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. Conflict Middle East Political Simulator, often known as ConfMEPS or simply Conflict, is a turn-based Government simulation game.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic