Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism, also rarely known as judeophobia) is prejudice and hostility toward Jews as a group. The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The prejudice is usually characterized by a combination of religious, racial and ethnic biases. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets While the term's etymology might suggest that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic peoples, since its creation it has been used exclusively to refer to hostility towards Jews. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ [1][2]
Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from individual expressions of hatred and discrimination against individual Jews to organized violent attacks by mobs or even state police or military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Extreme instances of persecution include the German Crusade of 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the expulsion from Portugal in 1497, various pogroms, and the most infamous, the Holocaust under Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany. Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual/group by another group The call for the First Crusade touched off new persecutions of the Jews in which Peasant crusaders from France and Germany attacked This article describes the Edict of Expulsion, given by Edward I of England in 1290, that expelled all Jews from England for The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of The history of the Jews in Portugal is directly related to Sephardi history a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities who have originated A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers
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Forms
The Roman Catholic historian Edward Flannery distinguished four varieties of antisemitism[3]:
- Political and economic antisemitism, giving as examples Cicero and Charles Lindbergh;
- Theological or religious antisemitism, sometimes known as anti-Judaism;
- Nationalistic antisemitism, citing Voltaire and other Enlightenment thinkers, who attacked Jews for supposedly having certain characteristics, such as greed and arrogance, and for observing customs such as kashrut and shabbat;
- Racial antisemitism, which culminated in the Holocaust unleashed by the Nazis. The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of Antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group This is a list of resources analyzing Antisemitism in the alphabetical order of author's name A number of writers and researchers such as Walter Laqueur, Paul Berman, and Mark Strauss have argued that there is rising acceptance of Antisemitism Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Islam and Antisemitism|Anti Jewish Arabism Oxymoronic, as Although Christian antisemitism is considered to have started around the 12th century its roots are attributed by some scholars to anti-Jewish attitudes and polemic beginning See also Islam and Judaism Islam and antisemitism looks at the teaching of Islam relating to Jews and Judaism and the attitudes of the A number of Jewish organizations Christian organizations Muslim organizations and academics consider the Nation of Islam to be antisemitic New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds Origins of religious antisemitism Father Edward Flannery in his The Anguish of the Jews Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, traces the first clear examples Secondary antisemitism is a distinct kind of Antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. Evidence of antisemitic incidents on university campuses across North America Europe and Australia since 2000 has been recorded by a number of sources This is a list of countries where Antisemitic sentiment has been experienced An antisemitic canard is a deliberately false story inciting Antisemitism. Jewish Deicide is an Antisemitic canard that placed the Responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole Blood libels against Jews are false accusations that Jews use Human blood in certain aspects of their Religious rituals and holidays Although Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing For the logical fallacy see Poisoning the well. Well-poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in Host Desecration is a form of Sacrilege in Christianity, involving the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated Host, or communion wafer Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Bolshevism, Judeo-Communism, or in Polish Żydokomuna, is a Pejorative Antisemitic expression Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s Zionist Occupation Government (abbreviated as ZOG) is an Antisemitic Conspiracy theory according to which Jews secretly control a country Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы The International Jew is a four volume set of Booklets or Pamphlets originally published and distributed in the early 1920s by Henry Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. The Culture of Critique series comprises Kevin B MacDonald 's principal writings on Judaism and Jewish culture: A People That Shall See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. In the course of history Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Antisemitism numerous times Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as cultural minorities due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses For the modern Jewish skullcap see Kippah. The Jewish hat also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut ( German) Judensau ( German for "Jews' sow" is a derogatory and dehumanizing image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female Pig) which The yellow badge (or yellow patch) also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The Community Security Trust ( CST) is a British charity established in 1994 to ensure the safety and security of the Jewish community in the UK The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA is a Vienna -based agency of the European Union inaugurated on 1 March 2007 The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism is a research institute at Tel Aviv University in Israel. The Wiener Library is the world's oldest institution devoted to the study of the Holocaust, its causes and legacies The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union (abbreviated UCSJ) is an umbrella organization of Jewish Human rights groups working in Eastern The Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism (Svenska Kommittén Mot Antisemitism SKMA) is a Sweden -based non-profit organization founded in 1983, that Yad Vashem (יד ושם also spelled Yad VaShem; "Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority" is Israel 's official memorial to the Jewish Edward H Flannery (1912 &ndash October 19, 1998) was a priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence, and the author of The Anguish of the Jews Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Origins of religious antisemitism Father Edward Flannery in his The Anguish of the Jews Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, traces the first clear examples François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German
In addition, from the 1990s, some writers claim to have identified a new antisemitism, a form of antisemitism coming simultaneously from the far left, the far right, and radical Islam, which tends to focus on opposition to Zionism and a Jewish homeland in the State of Israel, and which may deploy traditional antisemitism motifs. New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [4] Proponents of the concept argue that anti-Zionism, anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, third worldism, and demonization of Israel or double standards applied to its conduct may be linked to antisemitism, or constitute disguised antisemitism. Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Third-worldism is a tendency within left wing political thought to regard the division between developed classically liberal nations and developing or " Third world " For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Critics of the concept argue that it conflates anti-Zionism with antisemitism, defines legitimate criticism of Israel too narrowly and demonization too broadly, trivializes the meaning of antisemitism, and exploits antisemitism in order to silence debate. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [5][6]
Etymology and usage
The term Semite refers broadly to speakers of a language group which includes both Arabs and Jews. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ However, the term antisemitism is specifically used in reference to attitudes held towards Jews. The word antisemitic (antisemitisch in German) was probably first used in 1860 by the Austrian Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider in the phrase "antisemitic prejudices" (German: "antisemitische Vorurteile"). Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as Moritz Steinschneider ( March 30, 1816, Prostějov (Prossnitz Moravia – 1907 was a Bohemian Bibliographer and Orientalist The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. [7] Steinschneider used this phrase to characterize Ernest Renan's ideas about how "Semitic races" were inferior to "Aryan races. Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" " These pseudo-scientific theories concerning race, civilization, and "progress" had become quite widespread in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, especially as Prussian nationalistic historian Heinrich von Treitschke did much to promote this form of racism. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state thumb Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke ( September 15, 1834 &ndash April 28, 1896) was a nationalist German In Treitschke's writings Semitic was synonymous with Jewish, in contrast to its usage by Renan and others. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym"
In 1879 German political agitator Wilhelm Marr used the phrase Judenhass (hatred of Jews) in his book "The Victory of Judaism over Germanicism. Wilhelm Marr (1819–1904 was a German agitator and publicist who coined the term " Antisemitism " Observed from a non-religious perspective. " ("Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum. Vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet. ") to make hatred of the Jews seem rational and sanctioned by scientific knowledge. [8] In his next book, "The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism", published in 1880, Marr developed his ideas further and coined the related German word Antisemitismus - antisemitism. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
The book became very popular, and in the same year he founded the "League of Antisemites" ("Antisemiten-Liga"), the first German organization committed specifically to combatting the alleged threat to Germany posed by the Jews, and advocating their forced removal from the country. Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion
So far as can be ascertained, the word was first widely printed in 1881, when Marr published "Zwanglose Antisemitische Hefte," and Wilhelm Scherer used the term "Antisemiten" in the January issue of "Neue Freie Presse". Wilhelm Scherer ( April 26, 1841 - Berlin, August 6, 1886) German Philologist and historian of literature was The related word semitism was coined around 1885. See also the coinage of the term "Palestinian" by Germans to refer to ethnic Jews, as distinct from the religion of Judaism. The term Palestine and the related term Palestinian have several overlapping (and occasionally contradictory definitions PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut
Despite the use of the prefix "anti," the terms Semitic and anti-Semitic are not directly opposed to each other (unlike similar-seeming terms such as anti-American or anti-Hellenic). Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. To avoid the confusion of the misnomer, many scholars on the subject (such as Emil Fackenheim) now favor the unhyphenated antisemitism[9] in order to emphasize that the word should be read as a single unified term, not as a meaningful root word-prefix combination. A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue Emil Ludwig Fackenheim PhD ( June 22, 1916 – September 18, 2003) was a noted Jewish Philosopher and Reform The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word
The term antisemitism has historically referred to prejudice against Jews alone, and this was the only use of the word for more than a century. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ It does not traditionally refer to prejudice against other people who speak Semitic languages (e. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, g. Arabs or Assyrians). The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Bernard Lewis, Professor of Near Eastern Studies Emeritus at Princeton University, says that "Antisemitism has never anywhere been concerned with anyone but Jews. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American "[1] Yehuda Bauer also articulated this view in his writings and lectures: (the term) "Antisemitism, especially in its hyphenated spelling, is inane nonsense, because there is no Semitism that you can be anti to. Yehuda Bauer (born 1926 is a historian and scholar of the Holocaust. A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes "[10][11] A similar point is made by Professor Shmuel Almog, of the Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who writes "So the hyphen, or rather its omission, conveys a message; if you hyphenate your 'anti-Semitism', you attach some credence to the very foundation on which the whole thing rests. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is "[12]
In recent decades some groups have argued that the term should be extended to include prejudice against Arabs or Anti-Arabism, in the context of answering accusations of Arab antisemitism; further, some, including the Islamic Association of Palestine, have argued that this implies that Arabs cannot, by definition, be antisemitic. Anti-Arabism or Arabophobia is Prejudice or Hostility against people of Arabic origin Islamic Association of Palestine ( IAP) was an Islamist organization that raised money in the United States for Hamas. The argument runs that since the Semitic language family includes Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic languages and the historical term "Semite" refers to all those who consider themselves descendants of the Biblical Shem, "anti-Semitism" should be likewise inclusive. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Aramaic is a Semitic language with Shem (; Greek: Σημ, Sēm; Arabic: ar سام; Ge'ez: ሴም Sēm; "renown prosperity name" However, this usage is not generally accepted.
Definitions
Though the general definition of antisemitism is hostility or prejudice against Jews, a number of authorities have developed more formal definitions. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Holocaust scholar and City University of New York professor Helen Fein defines it as "a persisting latent structure of hostile beliefs towards Jews as a collective manifested in individuals as attitudes, and in culture as myth, ideology, folklore and imagery, and in actions – social or legal discrimination, political mobilization against the Jews, and collective or state violence – which results in and/or is designed to distance, displace, or destroy Jews as Jews. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The City University of New York (CUNY Acronym ˈkjuːni is the public University system of New York City. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological "
Professor Dietz Bering of the University of Cologne further expanded on Professor Fein's definition by describing the structure of antisemitic beliefs. The University of Cologne ( German Universität zu Köln) is one of the oldest universities in Europe and with over 44000 students one To antisemites, "Jews are not only partially but totally bad by nature, that is, their bad traits are incorrigible. Because of this bad nature: (1) Jews have to be seen not as individuals but as a collective. (2) Jews remain essentially alien in the surrounding societies. (3) Jews bring disaster on their 'host societies' or on the whole world, they are doing it secretly, therefore the antisemites feel obliged to unmask the conspiratorial, bad Jewish character. "
Bernard Lewis defines antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from the rest. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American According to Lewis, antisemitism is marked by two distinct features: Jews are judged according to a standard different from that applied to others, and they are accused of "cosmic evil. " Thus, "it is perfectly possible to hate and even to persecute Jews without necessarily being anti-Semitic" unless this hatred or persecution displays one of the two features specific to antisemitism. [13]
There have been a number of efforts by international and governmental bodies to define antisemitism formally. The United States Department of State defines antisemitism in its 2005 Report on Global Anti-Semitism as "hatred toward Jews — individually and as a group — that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and/or ethnicity. "[14]
In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), a body of the European Union, developed a more detailed discussion: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA is a Vienna -based agency of the European Union inaugurated on 1 March 2007 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities. In addition, such manifestations could also target the state of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Antisemitism frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for 'why things go wrong'. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus "
The EUMC then listed "contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere. " These included: "Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews; accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group; denying the Holocaust; and accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the The EUMC also discussed ways in which attacking Israel could be antisemitic, depending on the context, while clarifying that "criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic. " (see anti-Zionism below). [15]
Evolution of usage as a term
In 1879, Wilhelm Marr founded the Antisemiten-Liga (Antisemitic League). Adolphe-Léon Willette ( July 31 1857 &ndash1926 was a French painter, Illustrator, Caricaturist, and Lithographer Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wilhelm Marr (1819–1904 was a German agitator and publicist who coined the term " Antisemitism " Identification with antisemitism and as an antisemite was politically advantageous in Europe in the latter 19th century. For example, Karl Lueger, the popular mayor of fin de siècle Vienna, skillfully exploited antisemitism as a way of channeling public discontent to his political advantage. Karl Lueger ( IPA not) ( October 24, 1844 - March 10, 1910) was an Austrian politician and Mayor of Vienna Fin de siècle (fɑ̃ dɛ si'ɛːkl French for ‛end of the century‘ was a cultural movement between 1880 and the beginning of World War I. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. [16] In its 1910 obituary of Lueger, The New York Times notes that Lueger was "Chairman of the Christian Social Union of the Parliament and of the Anti-Semitic Union of the Diet of Lower Austria. [17] In 1895 A. C. Cuza organized the Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle in Bucharest. A C Cuza ( Alexandru C Cuza; November 8 1857 &mdash1947 was a Romanian Far right politician and theorist In the period before World War II, when animosity towards Jews was far more commonplace, it was not uncommon for a person, organization, or political party to self-identify as an antisemite or antisemitic. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, Goebbels announced: "The German people is anti-Semitic. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race. "[18]
After Hitler's rise to power, and particularly after the extent of the Nazi genocide of Jews became known, the term "antisemitism" acquired pejorative connotations. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt This marked a full circle shift in usage, from an era just decades earlier when "Jew" was used as a pejorative term. [19][20] Yehuda Bauer wrote in 1984: "There are no antisemites in the world. . . Nobody says, 'I am antisemitic. '" You cannot, after Hitler. The word has gone out of fashion. "[21]
History
Ancient world
Examples of antipathy to Jews and Judaism during ancient times are easy to find. The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Statements exhibiting prejudice towards Jews and their religion can be found in the works of many pagan Greek and Roman writers. [22] There are examples of Greek rulers desecrating the Temple and banning Jewish religious practices, such as circumcision, Sabbath observance, study of Jewish religious books, etc. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name Examples may also be found in anti-Jewish riots in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Philo of Alexandria described an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in which thousands of Jews died. Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria
The Jewish diaspora on the Nile island Elephantine, which was founded by mercenaries, experienced the destruction of its Yahweh temple in 410 BC. [23]
Relationships between the Jewish people and the occupying Roman Empire were at first antagonistic and resulted in several rebellions. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial According to Suetonius, the emperor Tiberius expelled from Rome, Jews who had gone to live there. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman The 18th century English historian Edward Gibbon identified a more tolerant period beginning in about 160 CE. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament.
According to James Carroll, "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. James P Carroll (born 22 January 1943 in Chicago, Illinois) is a noted author novelist and columnist for the Boston Globe The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial By that ratio, if other factors such as pogroms and conversions had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses A forced conversion is the conversion to a Religion or philosophy under duress with the threatened consequence of earthly penalties or harm "[24][25]
Persecutions in the Middle Ages
From the 9th century CE the Islamic world imposed dhimmi laws on both Christian and Jewish minorities. The History of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE can be divided into two categories The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish The 11th century saw Muslim pogroms against Jews in the Iberian Peninsula; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in Granada in 1066. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra [26][27][28] Decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were enacted in the Middle Ages in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Jews were also forced to convert to Islam or face death in some parts of Yemen, Morocco and Baghdad at certain times. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous [29]
The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147,[30] far surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist outlook, and they treated the dhimmis harshly. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians emigrated. [31][32][33] Some, such as the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands,[31] while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and [34][35]
During the Middle Ages in Europe there was full-scale persecution in many places, with blood libels, expulsions, forced conversions and massacres. Blood libels are sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in Human sacrifice, often accompanied by the claim that the Blood of victims is used in A forced conversion is the conversion to a Religion or philosophy under duress with the threatened consequence of earthly penalties or harm A main justification of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents In the First Crusade (1096) flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed; see German Crusade, 1096. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing The call for the First Crusade touched off new persecutions of the Jews in which Peasant crusaders from France and Germany attacked In the Second Crusade (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Shepherds' Crusade refers to separate events from the 13th and 14th century. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290, the banishing of all English Jews; in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from Austria. Many of the expelled Jews fled to Poland. [36]
As the Black Death epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than half of the population, Jews were used as scapegoats. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia scapegoat was a Goat that was driven off into the wilderness as part of the ceremonies of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement in Judaism during the times Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells. For the logical fallacy see Poisoning the well. Well-poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence. Although Pope Clement VI tried to protect them by the July 6, 1348, papal bull and an additional bull in 1348, several months later, 900 Jews were burnt alive in Strasbourg, where the plague hadn't yet affected the city. Pope Clement VI (1291 &ndash December 6, 1352) born Pierre Roger, the fourth of the Avignon Popes, was Pope from May 1342 until his Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région [37]
Seventeenth century
During the mid-to-late 17th century the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was devastated by several conflicts, in which the Commonwealth lost over a third of its population (over 3 million people), and Jewish losses were counted in hundreds of thousands. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic First, the Chmielnicki Uprising when Bohdan Khmelnytsky's Cossacks massacred tens of thousands of Jews in the eastern and southern areas he controlled (today's Ukraine). The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The precise number of dead may never be known, but the decrease of the Jewish population during that period is estimated at 100,000 to 200,000, which also includes emigration, deaths from diseases and jasyr (captivity in the Ottoman Empire). The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [38][39]
Eighteenth century
In 1744, Frederick II of Prussia limited the number of Jews allowed to live in Breslau to only ten so-called "protected" Jewish families and encouraged a similar practice in other Prussian cities. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state In 1750 he issued the Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft: the "protected" Jews had an alternative to "either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin" (quoting Simon Dubnow). Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov, Russian: Семен Маркович Дубнов September 10 1860 &ndash December 8 In the same year, Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa ordered Jews out of Bohemia but soon reversed her position, on the condition that Jews pay for their readmission every ten years. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the This extortion was known as malke-geld (queen's money). Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person Unlawfully obtains either money property or services In 1752 she introduced the law limiting each Jewish family to one son. In 1782, Joseph II abolished most of these persecution practices in his Toleranzpatent, on the condition that Yiddish and Hebrew were eliminated from public records and that judicial autonomy was annulled. Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Moses Mendelssohn wrote that "Such a tolerance. Moses Mendelssohn ( Dessau, 6 September 1729 4 January 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish Philosopher . . is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution. "
In 1772, the empress of Russia Catherine II forced the Jews of the Pale of Settlement to stay in their shtetls and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the partition of Poland. Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which A shtetl (שטעטל diminutive form of Yiddish shtot שטאָט "town" pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutive "Städtle" "little The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the [40]
Nineteenth century
Historian Martin Gilbert writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. This article focuses on the Etymology of the word Jew. Biblical and Middle Eastern origins The Jews in their land The Jewish ethnonym in Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Although Jews and religious leaders share a core of monotheistic principles Judaism has no formal statement of principles of faith such as a Creed or Catechism In Judaism, the name of God is more than a distinguishing title See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים "writings" is the third and final section of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible) after Torah and Nevi'im This article is about commandments in Judaism For the Jewish rite of passage see Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah Mitzvah ( Hebrew: מצוה See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. Jewish services ( Hebrew: תפלה, tefillah; plural תפלות, tefillos or tefillot; Yinglish: davening Tzedakah ( צדקה) is a Hebrew word commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning Justice Jewish ethics stands at the intersection of Judaism and the Western philosophical tradition of Ethics. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. Minhag ( Hebrew: מנהג "custom" pl minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic See also Judaism by country Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended Jewish population refers to the number of Jews in the world Precise figures are difficult to calculate because the definition of " Who is a Jew " remains a Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time due to the constant streams of Jewish refugees created by expulsions persecution and officially sanctioned killing This article deals with the practice of Judaism and the living arrangement of Jewish people in the listed countries The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. The history of the Jews in the United States has been influenced by waves of immigration primarily from Europe inspired by the social and economic opportunities of the United Iraqi Jews are Jews born in Iraq or of Iraqi heritage The history of the Jews in Iraq is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before they The history of the Jews in Portugal is directly related to Sephardi history a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities who have originated The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of The Jewish community of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich and varied history surviving World War II and the Yugoslav Wars, after having The history of the Jews in the Americas dates back to Christopher Columbus and his first cross- Atlantic voyage on August 3, 1492 The history of the Jews of Argentina harks back to the days of the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition when Jews fleeing persecution settled in what A Brazilian Jew ( Portuguese: Judeu Brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of full partial or predominantly Jew ancestry or a Jew-born person residing in Brazil Jewish immigration to Latin America began with seven sailors arriving in Christopher Columbus 's crew Jewish Cubans, Cuban Jews, or Cubans of Jewish heritage, have lived on the island of Cuba for centuries Jews have been present in El Salvador since the early 19th Century. Jews have lived in Mexico since the times of the Inquisition. Jewish Nicaraguans or Nicaraguan Jews (Judío Nicaragüense are Nicaraguans of Jewish Ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Nicaragua The History of the Jews in Venezuela dates to the middle of the 17th century when records suggest that groups of Marranos (Spanish and Portuguese descendants of baptized The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is The first written records of Jewish settlement in England date from the time of the Norman Conquest, mentioning Jews who arrived with William the Conqueror Canada has the world's fourth-largest Jewish population According to the Canada 2001 Census, there are an estimated 351000 Jews currently living in Canada The history of the Jews in Australia began with the transportation of a number of Jewish Convicts aboard the First Fleet in 1788 when History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins Indian Jews are a religious minority of India. Judaism was one of the first non- Dharmic religions to arrive in India in recorded history Jews {ref|name|§}} have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) for more than 2400 years There have been organized Jewish communities in Greece for more than two thousand years Since Biblical times the Jewish people have had close ties with Africa beginning with Abraham 's sojourns in Egypt, and later the Israelite captivity under The beginnings of Jewish history in Iran date back to late biblical times Jews and Judaism in China' have had a long history Jewish settlers are documented in China as early as the 7th or 8th century CE, but may The history of Jews in the territory of the present-day Republic of Macedonia began in Roman times when Jews first arrived in the region in the The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory By type List of Jewish historians List of Jewish scientists and philosophers List of Jewish nobility Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement based on the ideas of the late Mordecai Kaplan (1881 – 1983 Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and Humanistic Judaism is a movement within Judaism that emphasizes Jewish culture and history—rather than belief in God—as the sources of Jewish identity Jewish Renewal is a recent movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with mystical, Hasidic, Musical and Alternative Judaism or Agnostic Judaism refers to a variety of groups whose members while identifying as Jews in some fashion nevertheless do not practice Rabbinical The Jewish languages are a set of Languages that developed in various Jewish communities around the world more notably in Europe, West Asia, and Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Judæo-Persian dialects are a subgroup of Persian dialects spoken by the Jews of Iran Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew -influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic Languages History The Judæo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in the Arab world; the term also refers to Jewish history is the History of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. This is a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Jewish leadership has evolved over time Since the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE there has been no single body that has a leadership The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the See also Religious significance of Jerusalem Since the 10th century BCE Jerusalem in Judaism has been the holiest city, focus and spiritual centre of This is a partial timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem:; 1800 BCE: The Jebusites build the wall Jebus ( Jerusalem The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly Schisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious They have happened as a product of historical accident geography and Theology. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" This article discusses the traditional views of the two religions and may not be applicable all adherents of each The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence The History of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE can be divided into two categories Also not to be confused with Subbotniks or Sabbatarians. Note Most Sabbateans during and after Sabbatai Zevi were Jews Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment Jewish question Jewish emancipation was the abolition of discriminatory laws as applied especially to Jews in Europe in the nineteenth century the recognition of Jews The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The State of Israel (מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael) was established in 1948 after nearly two thousand For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Note This article is about the movement See Orthodox outreach, Reform outreach, and Conservative outreach for more information about the rabbis See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside of History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Revisionist Zionism is a nationalist faction within the Zionist movement Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious The General Zionists (ציונים כלליים Tzionim Klalim) were centrists within the Zionist movement and a political party in Israel World Agudath Israel (The World Jewish Union usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious legal and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books Benny Morris writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli Morris quotes a 19th century traveler: "I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching [them] to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish gaberdine. Gabardine is a tough tightly woven fabric used to make Suits Overcoats Trousers and other garments To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mahommedan. "[41]
Twentieth century
In the first half of the twentieth century, in the USA, Jews were discriminated against in employment, access to residential and resort areas, membership in clubs and organizations, and in tightened quotas on Jewish enrollment and teaching positions in colleges and universities. The Leo Frank lynching by a mob of prominent citizens in Marietta, Georgia in 1915 turned the spotlight on antisemitism in the United States and led to the founding of the Anti-Defamation League. Leo Max Frank ( 17 April 1884 - 17 August 1915) was an American Jew convicted of the rape and murder of a young girl The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The case was also used to build support for the renewal of the Ku Klux Klan which had been inactive since 1870. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are
Antisemitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period. The pioneer automobile manufacturer Henry Ford propagated antisemitic ideas in his newspaper The Dearborn Independent. Henry Ford ( July 30, 1863 &ndash April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of The Dearborn Independent, also dubbed The Ford International Weekly, was a newspaper established in 1901 but published by Henry Ford from 1919 The radio speeches of Father Coughlin in the late 1930s attacked Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the notion of a Jewish financial conspiracy. Father Charles Edward Coughlin ( October 25, 1891 &ndash October 27, 1979) was a Canadian -born Roman Catholic priest at The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Such views were also shared by some prominent politicians; Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency, blamed Jews for president Roosevelt's decision to abandon the gold standard, and claimed that "in the United States today, the Gentiles have the slips of paper while the Jews have the lawful money. Louis Thomas McFadden ( July 25 1876 &ndash October 1 1936) was a Republican member of the U The United States House Committee on Financial Services (or House Banking Committee) oversees the entire financial services industry including the securities insurance banking The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold "[42]
In the 1940s the aviator Charles Lindbergh and many prominent Americans led The America First Committee in opposing any involvement in the war against Fascism. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The America First Committee was the foremost non-interventionist Pressure group against the American entry into the Second World War. During his July 1936 visit he wrote letters saying that there was “more intelligent leadership in Germany than is generally recognized. ”
The German American Bund held parades in New York City during the late 1930s where Nazi uniforms were worn and flags featuring swastikas were raised alongside American flags. The German American Bund or German American Federation (German Amerikadeutscher Bund) was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s The City of New York Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is The US House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was very active in denying the Bund's ability to operate. With the start of US involvement in World War II most of the Bund's members were placed in internment camps, and some were deported at the end of the war. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial
Sometimes, during race riots, as in Detroit in 1943, Jewish businesses were targeted for looting and burning.
Of course, the Holocaust in Europe is one of the most prominent examples of antisemitism. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Six million Jews, along with five million other "Untermenschen" targeted by the Nazis, were killed. Untermensch ( German for under man, sub-man, sub-human; plural Untermenschen is a term from Nazi racial Ideology [44][45]
This is seen by many as the culmination of generations of antisemitism in Europe.
Antisemitism was commonly used as an instrument for personal conflicts in Soviet Russia, starting from conflict between Stalin and Trotsky ("Jews are trotskists, trotskists are Jews") and continuing through numerous conspiracy theories spread by official propaganda. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Departament IV of NKVD was called "Jewsekcia" for its activity in "cleansing" party structures from Jews. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat Antisemitism in the USSR reached its peak after 1948 during the campaign against "rootless cosmopolitan", when several hundred Yiddish-writing poets, writers, painters and sculptors were killed. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Rootless cosmopolitan ( Russian language: безродный космополит, "bezrodniy kosmopolit" was a Soviet Euphemism introduced
After the war, the Kielce pogrom and "March 1968 events" in communist Poland represented a further incidents of antisemitism in Europe. The Kielce pogrom refers to the events that occurred on July 4 1946 in the Polish town of Kielce. The Polish 1968 political crisis (also known in Polish as 'March 1968' or 'March events' Marzec 1968 or wydarzenia marcowe) describes the major Student and intellectual Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The common theme behind the anti-Jewish violence in the postwar Poland were blood libel rumours [46] [47] . Blood libels are sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in Human sacrifice, often accompanied by the claim that the Blood of victims is used in
The cult of Simon of Trent was disbanded in 1965 by Pope Paul VI, and the shrine erected to him was dismantled. Background Shortly before Simon went missing Bernardo da Feltre, an itinerant Franciscan preacher had delivered a series of sermons in Trent in which he vilified Pope He was removed from the calendar, and his future veneration was forbidden, though a handful of extremists still promote the narrative as a fact. In the 20th century, the Beilis Trial in Russia represented incidents of blood libel in Europe. "Beilis trial" "Beilis affair" redirect here Menahem Mendel Beilis spelled '''Beiliss'''''Blood Accusation Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Unproven rumours of Jews killing Christians were used as justification for killing of Jews by Christians.
Christianity and antisemitism
Religious antisemitism is also known as anti-Judaism. Origins of religious antisemitism Father Edward Flannery in his The Anguish of the Jews Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, traces the first clear examples Although Christian antisemitism is considered to have started around the 12th century its roots are attributed by some scholars to anti-Jewish attitudes and polemic beginning As the name implies, it was the practice of Judaism itself that was the defining characteristic of the antisemitic attacks. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Under this version of antisemitism, attacks would often stop if Jews stopped practicing or changed their public faith, especially by conversion to the "official" or "right" religion, and sometimes, liturgical exclusion of Jewish converts (the case of Christianized Marranos or Iberian Jews in the late 15th and 16th centuries convicted of secretly practising Judaism or Jewish customs). Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or [48]
Jews have lived as a religious minority in Christian and Muslim lands since the Roman Empire became Christian. Christianity and Islam have both portrayed Jews as those who rejected God's truth. Christians and Muslims have, over the centuries, alternately lived in peace with Jews and persecuted them.
New Testament and antisemitism
Certain historians have noted that the New Testament, although recognized as being largely authored by Jews within a Jewish cultural context, has been singled out for its progressively antagonistic tone and hostile attitude toward Jews. A number of Christian scholars have concluded that the root of Antisemitism in the Christian community is ultimately found within the New Testament. Particularly, the Gospel of John (יוחנן Yôḥānnān) has been singled out in antisemitic texts, because it includes many anti-Jewish episodes, and it contains many references to Jews in a pejorative manner. The Gospel of John (literally According to John; Greek, Κατὰ Ἰωάννην Kata Iōannēn) is the fourth Gospel in the canon [49]
Any study of antisemitism in the New Testament must come to terms with 1 Thessalonians 2:13-16. The verse states that the Jews killed Jesus, displease God, oppose all men, and had prevented Paul et al from speaking to the goyim/gentile nations concerning the New Testament message. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The verse has created significant debate among scholars because it appears to contradict many other writings attributed to Paul, and because Paul did not have an attitude of revulsion toward his life as a Pharisee before Christianity. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and [50]
The New Testament states that while on trial, Jesus was struck in the face by a Jewish guard for allegedly speaking ill of the high priest (John 18:20-22). Such incidents were the source of the myth of the wandering Jew, who was doomed to the punishment of endless roaming and suffering fated to never die. Wandering Jew is a figure from medieval Christian folklore whose legend began to spread in Europe in the thirteenth century and became a fixture of Christian mythology [51]
The death of Jesus, according to the New Testament, was done in brutal mockery by the Roman soldiers. Pontius Pilate's words (Matthew 27:24-25) imply that the Jews were entirely responsible for the killing. When Jesus is nailed to the cross, the New Testament states that those present mocked Jesus (Matthew 27:39); some have speculated that the unnamed individuals were in fact Jews. Further speculation states that the overall impression on Christians was that the Jews controlled the events that lead to the death of Jesus [52], even though the Roman (or goy/gentile) involvement in the affair, specifically the form of execution, is attested to within the New Testament text. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
The process by which some believe that Christians began to see Judaism first as a rival, and then as a scapegoat, is seen as traceable through select passages in the New Testament, as well as early Christian writings and of the Apostolic fathers. The destruction of the Second Temple was seen as judgment from God to the Jews for the death of Jesus. The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE [53] Parallel passages to this affect can be seen in the Old Testament nevi'im (prophets), specifically Book of Jeremiah, which speaks of the judgment, destruction, and deportation of the Jewish nation from Jerusalem by the Babylonians (under Nebuchadrezzar II in 587 BC )
The majority of the New Testament was written by Jews who became followers of Jesus, and all but two books (Luke and Acts) are traditionally attributed to such Jewish followers. Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים "Prophets" is the second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, between the Jeremiah ( jirmɛ'jahu; Septuagint Greek: Ἰερεμίας was one of the 'greater prophets ' of the Hebrew Bible. Nebuchadrezzar II, more often called Nebuchadnezzar (c 630-562 BC was a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c Events and trends 589 BC — Apries succeeds Psammetichus II as king of Egypt. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. Nevertheless, there are a number of passages in the New Testament that some see as antisemitic, or have been used for antisemitic purposes, most notably:
Jesus (Y'shua, ישוע) speaking to a group of Pharisees: "I know that you are descendants of Abraham; yet you seek to kill me, because my word finds no place in you. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: I speak of what I have seen with my Father, and you do what you have heard from your father. " They answered him, "Abraham is our father. " Jesus said to them, "If you were Abraham's children, you would do what Abraham did. . . . You are of your father the devil, and your will is to do your father's desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, and has nothing to do with the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks according to his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies. But, because I tell the truth, you do not believe me. Which of you convicts me of sin? If I tell the truth, why do you not believe me? He who is of God hears the words of God; the reason why you do not hear them is you are not of God. " (John 8:37-39, John 8:44-47)
Stephen speaking before a synagogue council just before his execution: "You stiff-necked people, uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Spirit. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance As your fathers did, so do you. Which of the prophets did not your fathers persecute? And they killed those who announced beforehand the coming of the Righteous One, whom you have now betrayed and murdered, you who received the law as delivered by angels and did not keep it. " (Acts 7:51-53, RSV)
"Behold, I will make those of the synagogue of Satan who say that they are Jews and are not, but lie — behold, I will make them come and bow down before your feet, and learn that I have loved you. " (Revelation 3:9, RSV).
Some biblical scholars point out that Jesus and Stephen are presented as Jews speaking to other Jews, and that their use of broad accusation against Israel is borrowed from Moses and the later Jewish prophets (e. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ g. Deuteronomy 9:12-14; Deuteronomy 31:27-29; Deuteronomy 32:5, Deuteronomy 32:20-21; 2 Kings 17:13-14; Isiah 1:4; Deuteronomy 9:12-14Hosea q:12-149; Hosea 10:9). Jesus once calls his own disciple Peter 'Satan' (Mark 8:33). Other scholars hold that verses like these reflect the Jewish-Christian tensions that were emerging in the late first or early second century, and do not originate with Jesus.
Drawing from the Jewish prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah 31:31-34), the New Testament taught that with the death of Jesus a new covenant was established which rendered obsolete - and in many respects seen as superseding - the first covenant established by Moses (Hebrews 8:7-13; Luke 22:20). Jeremiah ( jirmɛ'jahu; Septuagint Greek: Ἰερεμίας was one of the 'greater prophets ' of the Hebrew Bible. The term New Covenant (; Greek:, diathēkē kainē is used in the Bible (both in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament) to refer Observance of the earlier covenant traditionally characterizes Judaism. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut This New Testament teaching, and later variations to it, are part of what is called supersessionism. Supersessionism ( British English: supercessionism) and replacement theology are particular interpretations of New Testament claims viewing However, the early Jewish followers of Jesus continued to practice circumcision and observe dietary laws, which is why the failure to observe these laws by the first Gentile Christians became a matter of controversy and dispute some years after Jesus' death (Acts 11:3; Acts 15:1; Acts 16:3). Male circumcision is the removal of some or all of the Foreskin (prepuce from the Penis. Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible.
The New Testament holds that Jesus' (Jewish) disciple Judas Iscariot (Mark 14:43-46), the Roman governor Pontius Pilate along with Roman forces (John 19:11; Acts 4:27) and Jewish leaders and people of Jerusalem were (to varying degrees) responsible for the death of Jesus (Acts 13:27). Judas Iscariot, יהודה איש־קריות Yəhûḏāh ʾΚ-qəriyyôṯ was according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Diaspora Jews are not blamed for events which were outside their control.
After Jesus' death, the New Testament portrays the Jewish religious authorities in Jerusalem as hostile to Jesus' followers, and as occasionally using force against them. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Stephen is executed by stoning (Acts 7:58). Before his conversion, Saul puts followers of Jesus in prison (Acts 8:3; Galatians 1:13-14; 1 Timothy 1:13). After his conversion, Saul is whipped at various times by Jewish authorities (2 Corinthians 11:24), and is accused by Jewish authorities before Roman courts (e. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and g. , Acts 25:6-7). However, opposition from Gentiles is also cited repeatedly (2 Corinthians 11:26; Acts 16:19; Acts 19:23). More generally, there are widespread references in the New Testament to suffering experienced by Jesus' followers at the hands of others (Romans 8:35; 1 Corinthians 4:11; Galatians 3:4; 2 Thessalonians 1:5; Hebrews 10:32; 1 Peter 4:16; Revelation 20:4).
See Joseph Atwill's interview on the The Roots of Anti-Semitism
Early Christianity
A number of early and influential Church works — such as the dialogues of Justin Martyr, the homilies of John Chrysostom, and the testimonies of church father Cyprian — are strongly anti-Jewish. Saint Justin Martyr (also Justin the Martyr, Justin of Caesarea, Justin the Philosopher, Latin Iustinus Martyr or Flavius This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. This page is about Cyprian bishop of Carthage For other Cyprians see Cyprian (disambiguation.
During a discussion on the celebration of Easter during the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, Roman emperor Constantine said,
. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine . . it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this most holy feast we should follow the practice of the Jews, who have impiously defiled their hands with enormous sin, and are, therefore, deservedly afflicted with blindness of soul. (. . . ) Let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd; for we have received from our Saviour a different way. [54]
Prejudice against Jews in the Roman Empire was formalized in 438, when the Code of Theodosius II established Roman Catholic Christianity as the only legal religion in the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Flavius Theodosius ( 10 April, 401 – July 28, 450) called the Calligrapher, known in English as Theodosius II, was The Justinian Code a century later stripped Jews of many of their rights, and Church councils throughout the sixth and seventh century, including the Council of Orleans, further enforced anti-Jewish provisions. The Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law" is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in Jurisprudence, issued from 529 These restrictions began as early as 305, when, in Elvira, (now Granada), a Spanish town in Andalusia, the first known laws of any church council against Jews appeared. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Christian women were forbidden to marry Jews unless the Jew first converted to Catholicism. Jews were forbidden to extend hospitality to Catholics. Jews could not keep Catholic Christian concubines and were forbidden to bless the fields of Catholics. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status In 589, in Catholic Iberia, the Third Council of Toledo ordered that children born of marriage between Jews and Catholic be baptized by force. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Third Council of Toledo (589 marks the entry of Catholic Christianity into the rule of Visigothic Spain, and the introduction into Western Christianity By the Twelfth Council of Toledo (681) a policy of forced conversion of all Jews was initiated (Liber Judicum, II. 2 as given in Roth). [55] Thousands fled, and thousands of others converted to Roman Catholicism.
Europe (Middle Ages)
Antisemitism was widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages. The History of Jews in the Middle Ages (approximately 500 CE to 1750 CE can be divided into two categories Accusations of deicide See also [[Jewish deicide]] [[Nostra Aetate]] In the Middle Ages Antisemitism in Europe was religious In those times, a main cause of prejudice against Jews in Europe was the religious one. Although not part of Roman Catholic dogma, many Christians, including members of the clergy, held the Jewish people collectively responsible for the death of Jesus, a practice originated by Melito of Sardis. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation Saint Melito of Sardis (died c180 was the bishop of Sardis, near Smyrna in Asia Minor, and a great authority Jerome, speaking of the Among socio-economic factors were restrictions by the authorities. Local rulers and church officials closed the doors for many professions to the Jews, pushing them into occupations considered socially inferior such as accounting, rent-collecting and moneylending, which was tolerated then as a "necessary evil". A moneylender offers small Personal loans at high rates of interest, usually higher rates than the market rate charged on Credit cards or on Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action [56]During the Black Death, Jews were accused as being the cause, and were often killed. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia [37] There were expulsions of Jews from England, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain during the Middle Ages as a result of antisemitism. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [57]
German for "Jews' sow", Judensau was the derogatory and dehumanizing imagery of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Judensau ( German for "Jews' sow" is a derogatory and dehumanizing image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female Pig) which Its popularity lasted for over 600 years and was revived by the Nazis. The Jews, typically portrayed in obscene contact with unclean animals such as pigs or owls or representing a devil, appeared on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings, etc. Obscenity (in Latin obscenus, meaning "foul repulsive detestable" is a term that is most often used in a legal context to Unclean animals, in some Religions are Animals on whose consumption or handling is labelled a Taboo. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The Owls are an order of birds of prey. Most are Solitary, and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e The Devil is the This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Often, the images combined several antisemitic motifs and included derisive prose or poetry.
"Dozens of Judensaus. . . intersect with the portrayal of the Jew as a Christ killer. For the American death metal band see Deicide (band Deicide is the killing of a god either the God of a monotheistic religion Various illustrations of the murder of Simon of Trent blended images of Judensau, the devil, the murder of little Simon himself, and the Crucifixion. Background Shortly before Simon went missing Bernardo da Feltre, an itinerant Franciscan preacher had delivered a series of sermons in Trent in which he vilified The Devil is the Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from In the seventeenth-century engraving from Frankfurt[58] . . . a well-dressed, very contemporary-looking Jew has mounted the sow backward and holds her tail, while a second Jew sucks at her milk and a third eats her feces. The horned devil, himself wearing a Jewish badge, looks on and the butchered Simon, splayed as if on a cross, appears on a panel above. The yellow badge (or yellow patch) also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order "[59]
In Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice," considered to be one of the greatest romantic comedies of all time, the villain Shylock was a Jewish moneylender. William Shakespeare ( baptised The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598 Shylock is a central character in Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice who famously demanded a pound of flesh from the title character By the end of the play he is mocked on the streets after his daughter elopes with a Christian. Shylock, then, compulsorily converts to Christianity as a part of a deal gone wrong. This has raised profound implications regarding Shakespeare and antisemitism. [60]
During the Middle Ages, the story of Jephonias,[61] the Jew who tried to overturn Mary's funeral bier, changed from his converting to Christianity into his simply having his hands cut off by an angel. [62]
1: the hosts are stolen
2: the hosts bleed when pierced by a Jew
3: the Jews are arrested
4: they are burned alive.
On many occasions, Jews were subjected to blood libels, false accusations of drinking the blood of Christian children in mockery of the Christian Eucharist. Blood libels against Jews are false accusations that Jews use Human blood in certain aspects of their Religious rituals and holidays Although The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Jews were subject to a wide range of legal restrictions throughout the Middle Ages, some of which lasted until the end of the 19th century. Jews were excluded from many trades, the occupations varying with place and time, and determined by the influence of various non-Jewish competing interests. Often Jews were barred from all occupations but money-lending and peddling, with even these at times forbidden.
19th and 20th century
Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, the Roman Catholic Church still incorporated strong antisemitic elements, despite increasing attempts to separate anti-Judaism, the opposition to the Jewish religion on religious grounds, and racial antisemitism. This article discusses the traditional views of the two religions and may not be applicable all adherents of each See also Christianity and Judaism See also Christian-Jewish reconciliation This article on relations between Catholicism and Judaism deals with Pope Pius VII (1800-1823) had the walls of the Jewish Ghetto in Rome rebuilt after the Jews were released by Napoleon, and Jews were restricted to the Ghetto through the end of the Papal States in 1870. Pope Pius VII, OSB (August 14 1740&mdashAugust 20 1823 born Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14 1800 to August A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure The ascendancy of Napoleon Bonaparte proved to be an important event in the emancipation of the Jews of Europe from old laws restricting them to Jewish Additionally, official organizations such as the Jesuits banned candidates "who are descended from the Jewish race unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great-grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church" until 1946. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Brown University historian David Kertzer, working from the Vatican archive, has further argued in his book The Popes Against the Jews that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". David I Kertzer is Paul Dupee Jr University Professor of Social Science Professor of Anthropology (1992&ndash) Professor of History (1992&ndash2001 and Professor of Italian Studies The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc. Many Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of Jews, would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of antisemitism. Kertzer's work is not, therefore, without critics; scholar of Jewish-Christian relations Rabbi David G. Dalin, for example, criticized Kertzer in the Weekly Standard for using evidence selectively. David Gil Dalin is an American historian and author Dalin co-author of several books on Jewish history. The Weekly Standard is an American opinion Magazine published 48 times per year
The Second Vatican Council, the Nostra Aetate document, and the efforts of Pope John Paul II have helped reconcile Jews and Catholicism in recent decades, however. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Nostra Aetate is the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council. Pope The Nazis used Martin Luther's book, On the Jews and Their Lies, to claim a moral righteousness for their ideology. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation In 1994, the Church Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States and a member of the Lutheran World Federation publicly rejected Luther's antisemitic writings. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago Illinois. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation The controversial document Dabru Emet was issued by many American Jewish scholars in 2000 as a statement about Jewish-Christian relations. The Dabru Emet ( Heb דברו אמת "Speak Truth" is a document concerning the relationship between Christianity and Judaism. This document says,
"Nazism was not a Christian phenomenon. Without the long history of Christian anti-Judaism and Christian violence against Jews, Nazi ideology could not have taken hold nor could it have been carried out. Too many Christians participated in, or were sympathetic to, Nazi atrocities against Jews. Other Christians did not protest sufficiently against these atrocities. But Nazism itself was not an inevitable outcome of Christianity. "
Accusations of deicide
Though never a part of Christian dogma, many Christians, including members of the clergy, held the Jewish people under a antisemitic canard to be collectively responsible for deicide, the killing of Jesus, who they believed to be God. Jewish Deicide is an Antisemitic canard that placed the Responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. An antisemitic canard is a deliberately false story inciting Antisemitism. ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation For the American death metal band see Deicide (band Deicide is the killing of a god either the God of a monotheistic religion Jewish Deicide is an Antisemitic canard that placed the Responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole [63]
According to this interpretation, the Jews present at Jesus’ death as well as the Jewish people collectively and for all time had committed the sin of deicide, or God-killing. The accusation has been the most powerful warrant for antisemitism by Christians. [64]
Passion plays are dramatic stagings representing the trial and death of Jesus and have historically been used in remembrance of Jesus' death during Lent. A Passion play is a Dramatic presentation depicting the Passion of Christ: the trial, suffering and Death Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. These plays historically blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus in a polemical fashion, depicting a crowd of Jewish people condemning Jesus to crucifixion and a Jewish leader assuming eternal collective guilt for the crowd for the murder of Jesus, which, The Boston Globe explains, "for centuries prompted vicious attacks — or pogroms — on Europe's Jewish communities". For the American death metal band see Deicide (band Deicide is the killing of a god either the God of a monotheistic religion Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses [65] Time magazine in its article, The Problem With Passion, explains that "such passages (are) highly subject to interpretation". Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and [66] Although modern scholars interpret the "blood on our children" (Matthew 27:25) as "a specific group's oath of responsibility" some audiences have historically interpreted it as "an assumption of eternal, racial guilt". This last interpretation has often incited violence against Jews; according to the Anti-Defamation League, "Passion plays historically unleashed the torrents of hatred aimed at the Jews, who always were depicted as being in partnership with the devil and the reason for Jesus' death". The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop [67] The Christian Science Monitor, in its article, Capturing the Passion, explains that "historically, productions have reflected negative images of Jews and the long-time church teaching that the Jewish people were collectively responsible for Jesus' death. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation Violence against Jews as 'Christ-killers' often flared in their wake. "[68] Christianity Today in Why some Jews fear The Passion (of the Christ) observed that "Outbreaks of Christian antisemitism related to the Passion narrative have been. Christianity Today is an Evangelical Christian Periodical based in Carol Stream Illinois. . . numerous and destructive. "[69] The Religion Newswriters Association observed that
"in Easter 2001, three incidents made national headlines and renewed their fears. One was a column by Paul Weyrich, a conservative Christian leader and head of the Free Congress Foundation, who argued that "Christ was crucified by the Jews. Paul M Weyrich (born October 7, 1942, in Racine Wisconsin) is a US conservative political activist and commentator The Free Congress Foundation (more formally the Free Congress Research and Education Foundation, and Free Congress or FCF for short is a conservative " Another was sparked by comments from the NBA point guard and born-again Christian Charlie Ward, who said in an interview that Jews were persecuting Christians and that Jews "had his [Jesus'] blood on their hands. Charlie Ward Jr (born October 12 1970 in Thomasville Georgia) is a retired American professional Basketball player college " Finally, the evangelical Christian comic strip artist Johnny Hart published a B. Johnny Hart ( February 18 1931 &ndash April 7 2007) was an American Cartoonist noted as the creator of the Comic strip C. strip that showed a menorah disintegrating until it became a cross, with each panel featuring the last words of Jesus, including "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. The seven sayings of Jesus on the cross are a traditional collection of seven short phrases uttered by Jesus at his Crucifixion immediately before he died "[70]
The charge of deicide and all direct and indirect antisemitism was ruled wrong by the Second Vatican Council in 1962 and most Christians have followed suit since. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. [56]
In 1988, the Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Inter religious Affairs of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops published Criteria for the Evaluation of Dramatizations of the Passion, in order to ensure that Passion Plays adhere to the teaching of the Second Vatican Council and the Pontifical Biblical Commission as expressed in Nostra Aetate no. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB) is the official leadership body of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. The Pontifical Biblical Commission is a committee of Cardinals, aided by Consultors who meet in Rome to ensure the proper interpretation and defense of Nostra Aetate is the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council. 4 (October 28, 1965). Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. These criteria were summarized for the Archdiocese of Boston as:[71]
- The overriding preoccupation of any dramatization of the Passion must be, in the words of Ellis Rivkin, not who killed Christ, but what killed Christ, namely, our sins. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston ( Latin: Archidioecesis Bostoniensis) is an ecclesiastical territory or Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church
- Those scripting a Passion play must use the best available biblical scholarship to elucidate the gospel texts which were not written to preserve historical facts so much as to proclaim the saving truth about Jesus.
- Harmonizing the four accounts of Jesus’ Passion — i. e. constructing a single story of the Passion by combining elements from the four gospel versions — risks violating the integrity of the texts, each of which offers a distinct theological interpretation of Jesus ’ death.
- Because of the nature of the gospels, the choice of what gospel passages to use in the making of a Passion play must be guided by the Church’s teaching that “the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God as if this followed from Sacred Scripture” (Nostra Aetate 4). The claim that a passage is “in the Bible” does not suffice to justify its inclusion.
- As ignorance of Judaism often leads to misinterpretation of events, the complexity of the Jewish world of Jesus must be carefully researched and correctly represented; e. g. , it is important to know that the high priest was appointed by the Roman procurator.
- Crowd scenes must represent this rich diversity and reflect a range of responses to Jesus among the crowd as among their leaders.
- The Jewishness of Jesus and his followers must be taken seriously. They must be portrayed as Jews among Jews and not set apart by means of costuming or makeup.
- Stereotypes of Jews and Judaism (e. g. depicting Jews as avaricious) must be avoided. [This is especially important in portraying Judas, whose name means Jew, and who is given money for betraying Jesus. ]
- The Pharisees are not mentioned in the gospel accounts of Jesus’ Passion and therefore should not be depicted as responsible for his death. The Jews most directly implicated in the death of Jesus are the Temple priests.
- Roman soldiers should be on stage throughout the play to keep before the audience the pervasive and oppressive reality of Roman occupation.
- Problematic passages, like Matthew’s “his blood be on us and on our children” (27:25), that can be misconstrued as blaming all Jews of all time for the death of Jesus, should be omitted. As a general rule in these cases, the Bishops suggest that “if one cannot show beyond reasonable doubt that the particular gospel element selected or paraphrased will not be offensive or have the potential for negative influence on the audience for whom the presentation is intended, the element cannot, in good conscience, be used” (“Criteria,” p. 12).
On January 6, 2004, the Consultative Panel on Lutheran-Jewish Relations of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America similarly issued a statement urging any Lutheran church presenting a Passion Play to adhere to their Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations, stating that "the New Testament . Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago Illinois. . . must not be used as justification for hostility towards present-day Jews," and that "blame for the death of Jesus should not be attributed to Judaism or the Jewish people. "[72]
In 2003 and 2004 some people compared Mel Gibson's recent film The Passion of the Christ to these kinds of passion plays, but this characterization is hotly disputed; an analysis of that topic is in the article on The Passion of the Christ. Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson, AO (born January 3 1956 The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 film co-written co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson. Despite such fears, there have been no publicized antisemitic incidents directly attributable to the movie's influence. However, the film's reputation for antisemitism led to the movie being distributed and well-received throughout the Muslim world, even in nations that typically suppress public expressions of Christianity. [73]
Islam and antisemitism
- See also: Arabs and antisemitism and History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Various definitions of antisemitism in the context of Islam are given. See also Islam and Judaism Islam and antisemitism looks at the teaching of Islam relating to Jews and Judaism and the attitudes of the Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Islam and Antisemitism|Anti Jewish Arabism Oxymoronic, as Aside the regions of Israel and Judea Jews have lived in the Middle East at least since the Babylonian Captivity ( 597 BCE, about 2600 years The extent of antisemitism among Muslims varies depending on the chosen definition:
- Scholars like Claude Cahen and Shelomo Dov Goitein define it to be the animosity specifically applied to Jews only and do not include discriminations practiced against Non-Muslims in general. Claude Cahen (1909 - 1991 was a French Orientalist. He specialized in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages, Muslim sources about the Shelomo Dov Goitein ( April 3, 1900 &mdash February 6 1985) whose original given name was Fritz was an Arabist, Historian [74] [75] [76] For these scholars, antisemitism in Medieval Islam has been local and sporadic rather than general and endemic [Shelomo Dov Goitein][74] , not at all present [Claude Cahen], [75] or rarely present. [76]
- According to Bernard Lewis, antisemitism is marked by two distinct features: Jews are judged according to a standard different from that applied to others, and they are accused of "cosmic evil. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American " [77] For Lewis, from the late nineteenth century, movements appear among Muslims of which for the first time one can legitimately use the term anti-semitic. [78]
Jews in Islamic texts
Leon Poliakov,[79] Walter Laqueur,[80] and Jane Gerber,[81] suggest that passages in the Qur'an contain attacks on Jews for their refusal to recognize Muhammad as a prophet of God. Walter Zeev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator Jane S Gerber is a professor of Jewish history and the director of the Institute for Sephardic Studies at City University of New York. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. [79] "The Qurʾān is engaged mainly in dealing with the sinners among the Jews and the attack on them is shaped according to models that one encounters in the New Testament. "[82] Muhammad had also friends among Jews [80] and there are also Qur'anic verses showing respect for the Jews (e. g. see [Qur'an 2:47], [Qur'an 2:62])[83] [84] and preaching tolerance (e. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran g. see [Qur'an 2:256]). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [80] The Qur'an differentiates between "good and bad" Jews, Poliakov states. [85] Laqueur argues that the conflicting statements about Jews in the Muslim holy text has defined Arab and Muslim attitude towards Jews to this day, especially during periods of rising Islamic fundamentalism. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Islamic fundamentalism Arabic: usul (from usul the "fundamentals"] is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the [86]
During Muhammad's life, Jews lived in the Arabian Peninsula, especially in and around Medina. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as They reportedly refused Muhammad's offer for them to convert and accept him as the Prophet. [87] According to F.E. Peters, they also began to secretly to conspire with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him (despite having signed a peace treaty [88]). Francis Edward Peters was a Professor of Middle Eastern Studies History and Religion at New York University until 2008 [89] [90] After each major battle, Muhammad accused one of the Jewish tribes of treachery and attacked it. Two Jewish tribes were expelled and the last one was wiped out. [91][80] Samuel Rosenblatt states that these incidents were not part of policies directed exclusively against Jews, and that Muhammad was more severe with his pagan Arab kinsmen than foreigner monotheists. [88]
The words "humility" and "humiliation" occur frequently in the Qur'an and later Muslim literature in relation to Jews. According to Lewis, "This, in Islamic view, is their just punishment for their past rebelliousness, and is manifested in their present impotance between the mighty powers of Christendom and Islam. " The standard Quranic reference to Jews is verse [Qur'an 2:61]: "And remember ye said: "O Moses! we cannot endure one kind of food (always); so beseech thy Lord for us to produce for us of what the earth groweth, -its pot-herbs, and cucumbers, Its garlic, lentils, and onions. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran " He said: "Will ye exchange the better for the worse? Go ye down to any town, and ye shall find what ye want!" They were covered with humiliation and misery; they drew on themselves the wrath of Allah. This because they went on rejecting the Signs of Allah and slaying His Messengers without just cause. This because they rebelled and went on transgressing. "[92]
Cowardice, greed, and chicanery are but a few of the characteristics that the Qur'an ascribes to the Jews. [93](Quranic verse needed) The Qur'an further associates Jews with interconfessional strife and rivalry (Qur'an [Qur'an 2:113]). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran It claims that Jews believe that they are children of God (Qur'an [Qur'an 5:18]) and that only they will achieve salvation. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ([Qur'an 2:111]) According to the Qur'an, Jews blasphemously claim that Ezra is the son of God, as Christians claim Jesus is, (Qur'an [Qur'an 9:30]) and that God’s hand is fettered. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Ezra ( was a Jewish Priestly Scribe who led about 5000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran (Qur'an [Qur'an 5:64]) Together with the pagans, Jews are, “the most vehement of men in enmity to those who believe”. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran (Qur'an [Qur'an 5:82]) Some of those who are Jews,[94] "pervert words from their meanings", (Qur'an [Qur'an 4:44]) have committed wrongdoing, for which God has "forbidden some good things that were previously permitted them", (Qur'an [Qur'an 4:160]) they listen for the sake of mendacity, (Qur'an [Qur'an 5:41]) and some of them have committed usury and will receive "a painful doom. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran " (Qur'an [Qur'an 4:161])[94] The Qur'an gives credence to the Christian claim of Jews scheming against Jesus, ". The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran . . but God also schemed, and God is the best of schemers. "(Qur'an [Qur'an 3:54]) In the Muslim view, the crucifixion of Jesus was an illusion, and thus the Jewish plots against him ended in complete failure. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging [95] In numerous verses ([Qur'an 3:63]; [Qur'an 3:71]; [Qur'an 4:46]; [Qur'an 4:160-161]; [Qur'an 5:41-44], [Qur'an 5:63-64], [Qur'an 5:82]; [Qur'an 6:92])[96] the Qur'an accuses Jews of deliberately obscuring and perverting scripture. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Tahrif ( Arabic: ar تحريف "corruption forgery" the stem-II verbal noun of the consonantal root, "to make oblique" [97]
The traditional biographies of Muhammad recount the expulsion of the Jewish tribes of Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir from Medina, the massacre of Banu Qurayza, and Muhammad's attack on the Jews of Khaybar. The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, بنو قينقاع) were one of the three main Jewish The Banu Nadir ( بنو النظير) were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia until the 7th century, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina The Banu Qurayza (بني قريظة بنو قريظة alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers The rabbis of Medina are singled out as "men whose malice and enmity was aimed at the Apostle of God [i. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master e. , Muhammad]". Jews appear in the biographies of Muhammad not only as malicious, but also deceitful, cowardly, and totally lacking in resolve. Their ignominy is presented in marked contrast to Muslim heroism, and in general conforms to the Quranic image of people with "wretchedness and baseness stamped upon them". (Qur'an [Qur'an 2:61])[94]
- Another hadith says: "A Jew will not be found alone with a Muslim without plotting to kill him. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran "[97] According to another hadith, Muhammad said: "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Jews, and the stone behind which a Jew will be hiding will say. "O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, so kill him. '"(Sahih Bukhari 4:52:177) This hadith has been quoted countless times, and has become part of the charter of Hamas. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة [98]
Differences with Christianity
Bernard Lewis holds that Muslims were not antisemitic in the way Christians were for the most part because:
- The gospels are not part of the educational system in Muslim society and therefore Muslims are not brought up with the stories of Jewish deicide; on the contrary the notion of deicide is rejected by the Qur'an as a blasphemous absurdity
- Muhammad and his early followers were not Jews and therefore they did not present themselves as the true Israel nor felt threatened by survival of the old Israel
- The Qur'an was not viewed by Muslims as a fulfillment of the Hebrew Bible but rather a restorer of its original messages that had been distorted over time; Thus no clash of interpretations between Judaism and Islam could arise
- Muhammad was not killed by the Jewish community and he was victorious in the clash with the Jewish community in Medina
- Muhammad did not claim to have been Son of God or Messiah but only a prophet; a claim to which Jews reproached less. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Jewish Deicide is an Antisemitic canard that placed the Responsibility for the death of Jesus on the Jewish people as a whole
- Muslims saw the conflict between Muhammad and the Jews as something of minor importance in Muhammad's career. [99]
Status of Jews under Muslim rule
Traditionally Jews living in Muslim lands, known (along with Christians) as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religion and to administer their internal affairs but subject to certain conditions. A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish [100] They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims. Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic [100] Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. [101] Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The most degrading one was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Qur'an or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. The yellow badge (or yellow patch) also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to sew on their outer garments in order The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous [102] Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession. [103]
The notable examples of massacre of Jews include the 1066 Granada massacre, when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian Joseph ibn Naghrela or Joseph ha-Nagid ( Hebrew: רבי יהוסף בן שמואל הלוי הנגיד Rabbi Yehosef ben Sh'muel ha-Levi han-Nagid; "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day. "[104] This was the first persecution of Jews on the Peninsula under Islamic rule. There was also the killing or forcibly conversion of them by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or [105] Notable examples of the cases where the choice of residence was taken away from them includes confining Jews to walled quarters (mellahs) in Morocco beginning from the 15th century and especially since the early 19th century. A mellah ( Arabic ملاح probably from the word ملح Arabic for "salt" is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an [106] Most conversions were voluntary and happened for various reasons. However, there were some forced conversions in the 12th century under the Almohad dynasty of North Africa and al-Andalus as well as in Persia. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or [107]
Antisemitism in Muslim countries increased in the 19th century. The nature and extent of antisemitism among Muslims, and its relation to anti-Zionism, are hotly-debated issues in contemporary Middle East politics. Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.
Pre-modern times
The portrayal of the Jews in the early Islamic texts played a key role in shaping the attitudes towards them in the Muslim societies. According to Jane Gerber, "the Muslim is continually influenced by the theological threads of anti-Semitism embedded in the earliest chapters of Islamic history. Jane S Gerber is a professor of Jewish history and the director of the Institute for Sephardic Studies at City University of New York. "[108] In the light of the Jewish defeat at the hands of Muhammad, Muslims traditionally viewed Jews with contempt and as objects of ridicule. Jews were seen as hostile, cunning, and vindictive, but nevertheless weak and ineffectual. Cowardice was the quality most frequently attributed to Jews. Another stereotype associated with the Jews was their alleged propensity to trickery and deceit. While most anti-Jewish polemicists saw those qualities as inherently Jewish, Ibn Khaldun attributed them to the mistreatment of Jews at the hands of the dominant nations. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 For that reason, says ibn Khaldun, Jews "are renowned, in every age and climate, for their wickedness and their slyness". [109]
Some Muslim writers have inserted racial overtones in their anti-Jewish polemics. Al-Jahiz speaks of the deterioration of the Jewish stock due to excessive inbreeding. Al-Jāḥiẓ (in Arabic الجاحظ (real name Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Fuqaimi al-Basri) (born in Basra, c Ibn Hazm also implies racial qualities in his attacks on the Jews. Ibn Hazm ( 7 November 994 &ndash 15 August 1064 was an Andalusian - Arab philosopher, litterateur However, these were exceptions, and the racial theme left little or no trace in the medieval Muslim anti-Jewish writings. [110]
Anti-Jewish sentiments usually flared up at times of the Muslim political or military weakness or when Muslims felt that some Jews had overstepped the boundary of humiliation prescribed to them by the Islamic law. [111] In Moorish Spain, ibn Hazm and Abu Ishaq focused their anti-Jewish writings on the latter allegation. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or This was also the chief motivation behind the 1066 Granada massacre, when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",[104] and in Fez in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed. Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat [41] There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465. [112]
Islamic law does not differentiate between Jews and Christians in their status as dhimmis. According to Bernard Lewis, the normal practice of Muslim governments until modern times was consistent with this aspect of sharia law. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. [92] This view is countered by Jane Gerber, who maintains that of all dhimmis, Jews had the lowest status. Gerber maintains that this situation was especially pronounced in the latter centuries, when Christian communities enjoyed protection, unavailable to the Jews, under the provisions of Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers particularly France. For example, in 18th century Damascus, a Muslim noble held a festival, inviting to it all social classes in descending order, according to their social status: the Jews outranked only the peasants and prostitutes. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. [113] In 1865, when the equality of all subjects of the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed, Cevdet Pasha, a high-ranking official observed: "whereas in former times, in the Ottoman State, the communities were ranked, with the Muslims first, then the Greeks, then the Armenians, then the Jews, now all of them were put on the same level. Some Greeks objected to this, saying: 'The government has put us together with the Jews. We were content with the supremacy of Islam. '"[114]
Some scholars have questioned the correctness of the term "antisemitism" to Muslim culture in pre-modern times. [115][13][116][117] Robert Chazan and Alan Davies argue that the most obvious difference between pre-modern Islam and pre-modern Christendom was the "rich melange of racial, ethic, and religious communities" in Islamic countries, within which "the Jews were by no means obvious as lone dissenters, as they had been earlier in the world of polytheism or subsequently in most of medieval Christendom. " According to Chazan and Davies, this lack of uniqueness ameliorated the circumstances of Jews in the medieval world of Islam. [118]According to Norman Stillman, antisemitism, understood as hatred of Jews as Jews, "did exist in the medieval Arab world even in the period of greatest tolerance". Norman Arthur Stillman, also Noam (נועם in Hebrew b 1945 is the Schusterman-Josey Professor and Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma [119]
Nineteenth century
Historian Martin Gilbert writes that in the 19th century the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries. Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books
There was a massacre of Jews in Baghdad in 1828[41] and in 1839, in the eastern Persian city of Meshed, a mob burst into the Jewish Quarter, burned the synagogue, and destroyed the Torah scrolls. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Mashhad ( literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia A Sefer Torah ( Hebrew: ספר תורה; plural ספרי תורה Sifrei Torah; “Book(s of Torah ” or “Torah Scroll (s” It was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted. [120] There was another massacre in Barfurush in 1867. [41]
In 1840, the Jews of Damascus were falsely accused of having murdered a Christian monk and his Muslim servant and of having used their blood to bake Passover bread or Matza. Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups those who inhabited Syria from early times and the Sephardim who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Blood libels are sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in Human sacrifice, often accompanied by the claim that the Blood of victims is used in Matza (also Matzah, Matzoh, or Matsah) מַצָּה in Ashkenazi matzo or matzoh, and in Yiddish, matze A Jewish barber was tortured until he "confessed"; two other Jews who were arrested died under torture, while a third converted to Islam to save his life. Throughout the 1860s, the Jews of Libya were subjected to what Gilbert calls punitive taxation. Jews have lived in Libya since the 3rd century BC, when North Africa was under Roman rule In 1864, around 500 Jews were killed in Marrakech and Fez in Morroco. Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In 1869, 18 Jews were killed in Tunis, and an Arab mob looted Jewish homes and stores, and burned synagogues, on Jerba Island. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Djerba (also transliterated as Jerba, Jarbah or Girba جربة is with its 514 km² the largest Island off North Africa In 1875, 20 Jews were killed by a mob in Demnat, Morocco; elsewhere in Morocco, Jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. Demnate (دمناط is a town in central Morocco, in the Atlas Mountains. In 1891, the leading Muslims in Jerusalem asked the Ottoman authorities in Constantinople to prohibit the entry of Jews arriving from Russia. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In 1897, synagogues were ransacked and Jews were murdered in Tripolitania. Tripolitaniajpg|thumb|250px|Tripolitania]] Tripolitania or Tripolitana ( Arabic: طرابلس, Transliterated: Tarābulus) is a historic [120]
Benny Morris writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli Morris quotes a 19th century traveler: "I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching [them] to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish gaberdine. Gabardine is a tough tightly woven fabric used to make Suits Overcoats Trousers and other garments To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mahommedan. "[41]
According to Mark Cohen in The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies, most scholars conclude that Arab antisemitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalism, and was imported into the Arab world primarily by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamized"). Mark Cohen may refer to Mark Cohen (''Rent'', fictional character Mark Cohen (cricketer Mark Cohen (comedian [121]
20th century
- See also: Jewish exodus from Arab lands
The massacres of Jews in Muslim countries continued into the 20th century. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi Martin Gilbert writes that 40 Jews were murdered in Taza, Morocco in 1903. Taza is a city in northern Morocco, about 100 km east of Fez. In 1905, old laws were revived in Yemen forbidding Jews from raising their voices in front of Muslims, building their houses higher than Muslims, or engaging in any traditional Muslim trade or occupation. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya [120] The Jewish quarter in Fez was almost destroyed by a Muslim mob in 1912. [41] There were Nazi-inspired pogroms in Algeria in the 1930s, and massive attacks on the Jews in Iraq and Libya in the 1940s (see Farhud). Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Farhud (translation from Arabic: " Pogrom " "violent dispossession" was a violent Pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad Pro-Nazi Muslims slaughtered dozens of Jews in Baghdad in 1941. [41]
George Gruen attributes the increased animosity towards Jews in the Arab world to several factors, including the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; domination by Western colonial powers under which Jews gained a disproportionately larger role in the commercial, professional, and administrative life of the region; the rise of Arab nationalism, whose proponents sought the wealth and positions of local Jews through government channels; resentment against Jewish nationalism and the Zionist movement; and the readiness of unpopular regimes to scapegoat local Jews for political purposes. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Arab nationalism ( Arabic: القومية العربية is a Nationalist ideology which rose to prominence amongst Arabs from the early 20th century onwards The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The word regime (occasionally spelled " régime " particularly in older texts refers to a set of conditions most often of a Political nature scapegoat was a Goat that was driven off into the wilderness as part of the ceremonies of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement in Judaism during the times [122]
Antagonism and violence increased still further as resentment against Zionist efforts in the British Mandate of Palestine spread. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement Anti-Zionist propaganda in the Middle East frequently adopts the terminology and symbols of the Holocaust to demonize Israel and its leaders. Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Demonization is the reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as Demons by other religions generally monotheistic and Henotheistic ones At the same time, Holocaust denial and Holocaust minimization efforts have found increasingly overt acceptance as sanctioned historical discourse in a number of Middle Eastern countries. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the Arabic- and Turkish-editions of Hitler's Mein Kampf and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion have found an audience in the region with limited critical response by local intellectuals and media. Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы See International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust. The International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust was a two-day conference that opened on December 11, 2006, in Tehran, Iran
According to Robert Satloff, Muslims and Arabs were involved both as rescuers and as perpetrators of the Holocaust during Italian and German Nazi occupation of Morocco, Tunisia and Libya. Robert Satloff is an American writer and since January 1993 the executive director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP [123]
Antisemitism has been reportedly found in Arab and Iranian media and schoolbooks. For example, the Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House analyzed a set of Saudi Ministry of Education textbooks in use during the current academic year in Islamic studies courses for elementary and secondary school students. Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political Among the statements and ideas found against non-Wahhabi Muslims and "non-believers" were those that teach Muslims to "hate" Christians, Jews, "polytheists" and other "unbelievers," including non-Wahhabi Muslims, though, incongruously, not to treat them "unjustly"; teach the infamous forgeries The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, as historical fact and relate modern events to it; teach that "Jews and the Christians are enemies of the [Muslim] believers" and that "the clash" between the two realms is perpetual; instruct that "fighting between Muslims and Jews" will continue until Judgment Day, and that the Muslims are promised victory over the Jews in the end; cite a selective teaching of violence against Jews, while in the same lesson, ignoring the passages of the Qur'an and hadiths that counsel tolerance; include a map of the Middle East that labels Israel within its pre-1967 borders as "Palestine: occupied 1948"; discuss Jews in violent terms, blaming them for virtually all the "subversion" and wars of the modern world. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы [124] A 38-page overviewPDF (277 KB) of Saudi Arabia's curriculum has been released to the press by the Hudson Institute. The Hudson Institute is an American, non-profit, conservative Think tank founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson New York, by
Racial antisemitism
Racial antisemitism is the idea that the Jews are a distinct and inferior race compared to their host nations. Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds Racial antisemitism is the belief that Antisemitism, hatred or Prejudice toward Jews is justified and justifiable on racial and not religious grounds In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it gained mainstream acceptance as part of the eugenics movement, which categorized non-"Europeans" as inferior. Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention It more specifically claims that the so-called Nordic Europeans are superior. Racial antisemites saw the Jews as part of a Semitic race and emphasized their "alien" extra-European origins and culture. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility They saw Jews as beyond redemption even if they converted to the majority religion. Anthropologists discussed whether the Jews possessed any Arabic-Armenoid, African-Nubian or Asian-Turkic ancestries. The Nubians (Arabic نوبي Nuubi are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, now inhabiting East Africa and some parts of Northeast Africa in southern Egypt The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Since the second world war racial antisemitism has rarely appeared outside of Neo-Nazi and white supremacist movements. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups.
Racial antisemitism replaced the hatred of Judaism with the hatred of Jews as a group. In the context of the Industrial Revolution, following the emancipation of the Jews, Jews rapidly urbanized and experienced a period of greater social mobility. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Jewish question Jewish emancipation was the abolition of discriminatory laws as applied especially to Jews in Europe in the nineteenth century the recognition of Jews With the decreasing role of religion in public life tempering religious antisemitism, a combination of growing nationalism, the rise of eugenics, and resentment at the socio-economic success of the Jews led to the newer, and more virulent, racist antisemitism. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention
New antisemitism
In recent years some scholars have advanced the concept of New antisemitism, coming simultaneously from the left, the far right, and radical Islam, which tends to focus on opposition to the creation of a Jewish homeland in the State of Israel,[4] and argue that the language of Anti-Zionism and criticism of Israel are used to attack the Jews more broadly. New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. In this view, the proponents of the new concept believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and attribute this to antisemitism. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the [125] The concept has been criticized by those who argue it is used to stifle debate and deflect attention from legitimate criticism of the State of Israel, and, by associating anti-Zionism with antisemitism, is intended to taint anyone opposed to Israeli actions and policies. [126]
Bans on kosher slaughter
- See also: Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
Kosher slaughter is currently banned alongside of Islamic Dhabīḥah Halal slaughter in Norway, Switzerland and Sweden, and partially banned in the Netherlands (for older animals only, who are considered to take longer to lose consciousness). The legal aspects of ritual slaughter include the regulation of Slaughterhouses Butchers and religious personnel involved with traditional Shechita (Jewish Shechita ( Hebrew:he שחיטה is the Ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. Dhabīḥah (ar ذَبِيْحَة is the prescribed method of Ritual slaughter of all animals excluding fish and most sea-life per Islamic law Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Support for these bans does come from groups like PETA on the grounds that failing to stun the animal hurts it and is cruel. [127] Some people claim that these laws exist because of antisemitic or islamophobic sentiments, as many of them were indeed initiated by antisemites,[128] whereas others believe that they exist solely because of concerns for animal rights.
One of the main reasons the Chassidim were excommunicated by the contemporary Jewry was their development of the Chasidische Hallaf, the principal modern utensil in Shechitah [129] . Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Shechita ( Hebrew:he שחיטה is the Ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. Shechita ( Hebrew:he שחיטה is the Ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. The Swiss banned kosher slaughter in 1902 and saw an antisemitic backlash against a proposal to lift the ban a century later. [130] Both the Netherlands and Switzerland have considered extending the ban in order to prohibit importing kosher products. The former chief rabbi of Norway, Michael Melchior, argues that antisemitism is a motive for the bans: "I won't say this is the only motivation, but it's certainly no coincidence that one of the first things Nazi Germany forbade was kosher slaughter. Rabbi Michael Melchior (מיכאל מלכיאור born 31 January 1954) is a Danish-Norwegian rabbi an Israeli Politician and leader of I also know that during the original debate on this issue in Norway, where shechitah has been banned since 1930, one of the parliamentarians said straight out, 'If they don't like it, let them go live somewhere else. '"[131]
Current situation
A report from the U.S. State Department from March 14, 2008 detailed "an upsurge" across the world of anti-Semitism -- hostility and discrimination toward Jewish people. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [132]
United States
In the United States, in the context of the "Global War on Terrorism" there have been statements by both the Democrat Ernest Hollings and the Republican Pat Buchanan that suggest that the George W. Bush administration went to war in order to win Jewish supporters. Jewish Americans have flourished in the United States, enjoying freedom and opportunity that have not been afforded to them in other countries The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Ernest Frederick "Fritz" Hollings (born January 1 1922) served as a Democratic United States Senator from South Carolina Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Some note these statements echo Lindberg’s 1941 claim before the US entered World War II that a Jewish minority was pushing America into a war against its interests. [133] During 2004, a number of prominent public figures accused Jewish members of the Bush administration of tricking America into war against Saddam Hussein to help Israel. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 U. S. Senator Ernest Hollings (D-South Carolina) claimed that the US action against Saddam was undertaken 'to secure Israel. ' Television talk show host Pat Buchanan said a 'cabal' had managed 'to snare our country in a series of wars that are not in America’s interests. '" [134] Hollings wrote an editorial in the May 6, 2004 Charleston Post and Courier, where he argued that Bush invaded Iraq possibly because "spreading democracy in the Mideast to secure Israel would take the Jewish vote from the Democrats. "
On April 3, 2006, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights announced its finding that incidents of antisemitism are a "serious problem" on college campuses throughout the United States. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The US Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal commission charged with the responsibility for investigating reporting on and making recommendations concerning The Commission recommended that the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights protect college students from antisemitism through vigorous enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and further recommended that Congress clarify that Title VI applies to discrimination against Jewish students. The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States The Office for Civil Rights (OCR is a sub-agency of the US Department of Education (ED that is primarily focused on protecting Civil rights in Federally assisted Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses [135]
On July 28, 2006, Naveed Afzal Haq shot six women, one fatally, in the Seattle Jewish Federation shooting. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Naveed Afzal Haq (born September 23, 1975) is an American who was tried for the July 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting. The Seattle Jewish Federation shooting occurred on July 28, 2006, at around 400 p Police have classified the shooting as a hate crime based on Haq statements during a 9-1-1 call. Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined 911 (usually pronounced "nine-one-one" is the Emergency telephone number for the North American Numbering Plan (NANP [136]
On September 19, 2006, Yale University founded The Yale Initiative for Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, the first North American university-based center for study of the subject, as part of its Institution for Social and Policy Studies. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Director Charles Small of the Center cited the increase in antisemitism worldwide in recent years as generating a "need to understand the current manifestation of this disease". Charles or Charlie Small can refer to Charles A Small, a lecturer at Yale University Charlie Small, a MLB player [137]
According to an Anti-Defamation League survey 14 percent of U. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop S. residents had anti-Semitic views. The 2005 survey found "35 percent of foreign-born Hispanics" and "36 percent of African-Americans hold strong antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites". Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa [138]
Europe
Anti-semitism has increased significantly in Europe since 2000, with significant increases in verbal attacks against Jews and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, desecration of synagogues and cemeteries. Physical assaults against Jews including beatings, stabbings and other violence increased markedly, in a number of cases resulting in serious injury and even death. Since 2000, Austria and Germany have consistently had the highest rates of physical violence, verbal attacks, and vandalism against Jews. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [139] The Netherlands and Sweden have also consistently had high rates of anti-semitic attacks since 2000, being only behind Austria and Germany. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. [140]
France is home to Europe’s largest Muslim population (about 6 million) as well as the continent’s largest Jewish community (about 600,000). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Jewish leaders decry an intensifying anti-semitism in France, mainly among Muslims of Arab or African heritage, but also growing among Caribbean islanders from former French colonies. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting [141]
However, it is Muslims rather than Jews who can expect to suffer more from bigotry in France, stated Holocaust survivor and former French cabinet minister Simone Veil. Simone Veil, DBE (born 13 July 1927 is a French Lawyer and Politician who served as a member of the Constitutional Council of France "Let's not exaggerate," she said. While noting that radical Islamists are behind some violent incidents against Jews in certain French neighbourhoods, "Anti-Arab sentiment is much stronger in France than anti-Semitism. " France's Jewish community is much more integrated than its almost 6 million Muslims, she noted, claiming Muslim youth are moved by a militant and anti-Jewish hierarchy. [142] Former Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy denounced the killing of Ilan Halimi on 13 February 2006 as an anti-semitic crime. Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, Ilan Halimi ( 11 October 1982 - 13 February 2006) was a young French Jew (of Moroccan parentage kidnapped Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
In 2004 the UK Parliament set up an all-party inquiry into anti-semitism, which published its findings in 2006. The inquiry stated that "until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond [had been] that anti-semitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society. " It found a reversal of this progress since 2000. It aimed to investigate the problem, identify the sources of contemporary anti-semitism and make recommendations to improve the situation. [143]. On January 1, 2006, Britain's chief rabbi, Sir Jonathan Sacks, warned that what he called a "tsunami of antisemitism" was spreading globally. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks (born 8 March[[ 948]] London) is the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when In an interview with BBC's Radio Four, Sacks said that antisemitism was on the rise in Europe, and that a number of his rabbinical colleagues had been assaulted, synagogues desecrated, and Jewish schools burned to the ground in Germany. He also said that: "People are attempting to silence and even ban Jewish societies on campuses on the grounds that Jews must support the state of Israel, therefore they should be banned, which is quite extraordinary because . . . British Jews see themselves as British citizens. So it's that kind of feeling that you don't know what's going to happen next that's making . . . some European Jewish communities uncomfortable. "[144]
Much of the new European antisemitic violence can actually be seen as a spill over from the long running Arab-Israeli conflict since the majority of the perpetrators are from the large immigrant Arab communities in European cities. However, compared to France, the United Kingdom and much of the rest of Europe, in Germany Arab and pro-Palestinian groups are involved in only a very small percentage of anti-Semitic incidents. Indigenous Germans are far more likely to commit violent anti-semitic acts, attack Jews verbally or vandalize Jewish property. This is also true of Sweden and Austria. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich [145][139] According to The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, most of the current antisemitism in Europe, with exceptions to Germany, Austria, and Sweden, comes from militant Islamic and Muslim groups, and most Jews tend to be assaulted in countries where groups of young Muslim immigrants reside. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. [146]
Similarly, in the Middle East, anti-Zionist propaganda frequently adopts the terminology and symbols of the Holocaust to demonize Israel and its leaders — for instance, comparing Israel's treatment of the Palestinians to Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews. At the same time, Holocaust denial and Holocaust minimization efforts find increasingly overt acceptance as sanctioned historical discourse in a number of Middle Eastern countries.
The Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schaeuble, points out the official policy of Germany: "We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism. "[147] Although the number of right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001)[148] to 182 (2006)[149], especially in the formerly communist East Germany,[147] Germany's measures against right wing groups and antisemitism are effective, despite Germany having the highest rates of anti-semitic acts in Europe. According to the annual reports of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany dropped during the last years from 49,700 (2001),[148] 45,000 (2002),[148] 41,500 (2003),[148] 40,700 (2004),[149] 39,000 (2005),[149] to 38,600 in 2006[149]. The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is the Federal Republic of Germany 's domestic Germany provided several million Euro's to fund "nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims' groups. "[150] Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly "unsafe," stating that they "are not able to live a normal Jewish life" and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers. [150] Yosef Havlin, Rabbi at the Chabad Lubavitch Frankfurt does not agree with the Israeli Ambassador and states in an interview with Der Spiegel magazine in September 2007, that the German public does not support Nazis, instead he has personally experienced the support of Germans, as a Jew and Rabbi he "feels welcome in his (hometown) Frankfurt, he is not afraid, the city is no no-go-area". Der Spiegel (pronounced /deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl/ German for "The Mirror" is a German weekly Magazine, published in Hamburg [151] Despite this comment, on the 11th of September, 2007 an anti-semitic incident occurred whereby Frankfurt Rabbi, Zalman Gurevitch, was stabbed repeatedly, the attacker subsequently threatening in German "I'll kill you, you (expletive) Jew. " [152]
Independent voices, including leading Jewish philanthropist Baron Eric de Rothschild who received an honorary doctorate from Hebrew University, suggest that the extent of antisemitism in Europe has been exaggerated. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is In an interview with the Jerusalem Post he says that "some of the complaints emanating from Israel about the treatment of French Jews amount to 'an element of schadenfreude (taking pleasure at another's misfortune) on the part of those who have already made aliya: When the cousins come over, they say, It's terrible [in France] - you have to come to Israel. Schadenfreude (ˈʃaːdənˌfʁɔʏ̯də) is enjoyment taken from the misfortune of someone else " About France he says: "People are in fact philo-Semitic in the government, mayors, to an extent which goes beyond pure electoral calculations" and "[t]he one thing you can't say is that France is an anti-Semitic country. "[153]
Middle East
According to the Pew Global Attitudes Project released on August 14, 2005, high percentages of the populations of six Muslim-majority countries have negative views of Jews. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Pew Global Attitudes Project, one of the projects carried out by the Pew Research Center, is a series of worldwide public-opinion surveys and reports aimed at understanding Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. To a questionnaire asking respondents to give their views of members of various religions along a spectrum from "very favorable" to "very unfavorable," 60% of Turks, 88% of Moroccans, 99% of Lebanese Muslims and 100% of Jordanians checked either "somewhat unfavorable" or "very unfavorable" for Jews. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [155]
In Egypt, Dar al-Fadhilah published a translation of Henry Ford's anti-semitic treatise, The International Jew, complete with distinctly anti-semitic imagery on the cover. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Henry Ford ( July 30, 1863 &ndash April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of The International Jew is a four volume set of Booklets or Pamphlets originally published and distributed in the early 1920s by Henry [156]
The Saudi Arabian government website initially stated that Jews would not be granted tourist visas to enter the country[157][158] It has since removed this statement, and apologized for posting "erroneous information". The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Members of religions other than Islam, including Jews, are not permitted to practice their religion publicly in Saudi Arabia; according to the U. S. State Department,[159] religious freedom "does not exist" in Saudi Arabia. Islam is the official religion of Saudi Arabia, and the tenets of that religion are enforced by law.
Saudi Arabian government officials and state religious leaders often promote the idea that "the Jews" are conspiring to take over the entire world; as proof of their claims they publish and frequently cite The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as factual. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы [160][161]
In 2001, Arab Radio and Television of Saudi Arabia produced a 30-part television miniseries entitled "Horseman Without a Horse", a dramatization of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ( Protocols of the wise men of Zion, Library of Congress 's Uniform Title; "Протоколы [162]
One Saudi Arabian government newspaper suggested that hatred of all Jews is justifiable. [163]
Saudi textbooks vilify Jews (and Christians and non-Wahabi Muslims): according to the May 21, 2006 issue of The Washington Post, Saudi textbooks claimed by them to have been sanitized of anti-Semitism still call Jews apes (and Christians swine); demand that students avoid and not befriend Jews; claim that Jews worship the devil; and encourage Muslims to engage in Jihad to vanquish Jews. Since the September 11 attacks, content in Saudi Arabian textbooks has been the subject of controversy. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D [164]
Al-Manar recently aired a drama series, called The Diaspora, which observers allege is based on historical anti-Semitic allegations. BBC reporters who watched the series said that correspondents who have viewed The Diaspora note that it quotes extensively from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a notorious 19th century publication used by the Nazis among others to fuel race hatred. [165]
Muslim clerics in the Middle East have frequently referred to Jews as descendants of apes and pigs, which are conventional epithets for Jews and Christians. [166][167] In April 2002, Egyptian Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Mosque and Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar University, and the highest ranking Sunni Arab cleric,[168] described Jews in his weekly sermon as "the enemies of Allah, descendants of apes and pigs. Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi (محمد سيد طنطاوى (born 28 October 1928) is the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Mosque and Grand An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of " Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais is the leading imam of the Grand mosque located in the Islamic holy city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Abdul Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz as-Sudais an-Najdi(Hanbali ( Arabic ar عبد الرحمن السديس (ar-Latn ʕabd ar-Raxman ibn ʕabd al-Aziz as-Sudais an-Najdi born An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( ar المسجد الحرام ʔælmæsʤɪd ælħaram "The Sacred Mosque" is the largest Mosque in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [169] The BBC aired a Panorama episode, entitled A Question of Leadership, which reported that al-Sudais referred to Jews as "the scum of the human race" and "offspring of apes and pigs", and stated, "the worst . Panorama is the longest-running current affairs documentary series in the world . . of the enemies of Islam are those . . . whom he . . . made monkeys and pigs, the aggressive Jews and oppressive Zionists and those that follow them . History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the . . Monkeys and pigs and worshippers of false Gods who are the Jews and the Zionists. "[170] In another sermon, on April 19, 2002, he declared that Jews are "evil offspring, infidels, distorters of [others'] words, calf-worshippers, prophet-murderers, prophecy-deniers. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. . . the scum of the human race whom Allah cursed and turned into apes and pigs. . . "[171]
On December 11, 2006 the "International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust" opened in Tehran, Iran with widespread condemnation. The International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust was a two-day conference that opened on December 11, 2006, in Tehran, Iran Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. [172] The conference, called for by and held at the behest of Ahmadinejad, was widely described as a "Holocaust denial conference" or a "meeting of Holocaust deniers",[173][174][175][176][177][178] though Iran has said that it was not a Holocaust denial conference. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the [179]
On May 5, 2001, after Shimon Peres visited Egypt, the Egyptian al-Akhbar internet paper stated that: "lies and deceit are not foreign to Jews. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. . . . For this reason, Allah changed their shape and made them into monkeys and pigs. " [180]
See also
- Anti-globalization and antisemitism
- Anti-Judaism
- Anti-Semite and Jew
- Anti-Zionism
- Antisemitic canards
- Antisemitism around the world
- Antisemitism in Europe (Middle Ages)
- Arabs and antisemitism
- Blood libel
- Christianity and antisemitism
- Criticism of Judaism
- Dreyfus Affair
- Farhud
- General Order № 11 (1862)
- History of antisemitism
- The Holocaust
- Holocaust denial
- Host desecration
- Islam and antisemitism
- May Laws
- Nazi propaganda
- Nazism
- New antisemitism
- Persecution of Jews
- Philosemitism
- Pogrom
- Polish 1968 political crisis
- Racial policy of Nazi Germany
- Secondary antisemitism
- Self-hating Jew
- Timeline of antisemitism
- Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944-1946
- Jan T. Gross
Notes
- ^ a b "Antisemitism has never anywhere been concerned with anyone but Jews. A number of writers and researchers such as Walter Laqueur, Paul Berman, and Mark Strauss have argued that there is rising acceptance of Antisemitism Anti-Judaism has been called "a total or partial opposition to Judaism &mdashand to Jews as adherents of it&mdashby persons who accept a competing system " Antisemite and Jew " (original in French: " Réflexions sur la question juive " literally " Reflections on the Jewish Question " Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known An antisemitic canard is a deliberately false story inciting Antisemitism. This is a list of countries where Antisemitic sentiment has been experienced Accusations of deicide See also [[Jewish deicide]] [[Nostra Aetate]] In the Middle Ages Antisemitism in Europe was religious Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Islam and Antisemitism|Anti Jewish Arabism Oxymoronic, as Blood libels are sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in Human sacrifice, often accompanied by the claim that the Blood of victims is used in Although Christian antisemitism is considered to have started around the 12th century its roots are attributed by some scholars to anti-Jewish attitudes and polemic beginning Criticism of Judaism has existed since Judaism 's formative stages as with many other Religions, on Theological grounds The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s Farhud (translation from Arabic: " Pogrom " "violent dispossession" was a violent Pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad Not to be confused with General Order No 11 (1863 General Order No The history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group goes back many centuries The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the Host Desecration is a form of Sacrilege in Christianity, involving the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated Host, or communion wafer See also Islam and Judaism Islam and antisemitism looks at the teaching of Islam relating to Jews and Judaism and the attitudes of the The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O Nazi propaganda is the term that describes the psychologically powerful Propaganda within Nazi Germany, much of which was centered around Jews consistently Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of Antisemitism is on the rise in the 21st century emanating simultaneously from the left, the Right, and See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. Philo-Semitism, Philosemitism, or Judeophilia is an interest in respect for and appreciation of the Jewish people their historical significance and the A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses The Polish 1968 political crisis (also known in Polish as 'March 1968' or 'March events' Marzec 1968 or wydarzenia marcowe) describes the major Student and intellectual The racial policy of Nazi Germany refers to the policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany, asserting the superiority of the so-called " Aryan race " and Secondary antisemitism is a distinct kind of Antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. Self-hating Jew (or self-loathing Jew) is a term used to describe a Jew who feels hatred toward his or her Jewish ancestry or other Jews This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of Antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group Jan Tomasz Gross (born December 8, 1947) is a Polish American historian and sociologist " Lewis, Bernard. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American "Semites and Antisemites", Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East, The Library Press, 1973.
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- ^ Flannery, Edward H. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, Stimulus Books, first published 1965, this edition 2004.
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- Chesler, Phyllis. Phyllis Chesler (born October 1 1940) is an American writer psychotherapist, and professor emerita of Psychology and The New Antisemitism: The Current Crisis and What We Must Do About It, Jossey-Bass, 2003, pp. 158-159, 181
- Kinsella, Warren. For the Canadian author see W P Kinsella. J Warren Kinsella (born August 1960 in Montreal, The New antisemitism, accessed March 5, 2006
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- ^ a b Lewis, Bernard. Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American "The New Anti-Semitism", The American Scholar, Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25-36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on March 24, 2004. Brandeis University is a private research University with a Liberal arts focus located in Waltham Massachusetts, United States. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
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- ^ Daily Telegraph, November 12, 1938. Cited in Gilbert, Martin. Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. Harper Collins, 2006, p. 142.
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- ^ Kraemer, 2005, pp. 16-17.
- ^ Why the Jews? - Black Death
- ^ a b See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in L'Histoire magazine, n°310, June 2006, p. L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French Magazine dedicated to historical studies recognized by peers as the most important historical popular 47 (French)
- ^ "Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed. " Judaism Timeline 1618-1770, CBS News. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Accessed May 13, 2007.
- ^ ". . . as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage. " Martin Gilbert. Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past, Columbia University Press, 1999, ISBN 0231109652, p. 219.
- ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour By Rebecca Weiner
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- ^ Dawidowicz, Lucy. Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz ( June 16, 1915 – December 5, 1990) was an American Historian and an author of books on modern Jewish The War Against The Jews, 1933–1945. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975.
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- ^ Spero, Shubert (2000). Holocaust and Return to Zion: A Study in Jewish Philosophy of History. KTAV Publishing House , Inc. , 164. ISBN 0881256366.
- ^ Cohen's book includes an earlier variation of the same image.
- ^ Jeremy Cohen (2007): Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen. Oxford University Press. p. 208 ISBN 0195178416
- ^ On Beyond Shylock by Bradley S. Berens
- ^ Transitus or Dormitio Virginis, the original 5th or 6th century text
- ^ Self-Description and the Antisemite: Denying Privileged Access
- ^ Nostra Aetate: a milestone - Pier Francesco Fumagalli
- ^ Schweitzer, Perry (2002) pp. 26
- ^ Sennott, Charles M. "In Poland, new 'Passion' plays on old hatreds", The Boston Globe, April 10, 2004. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England,
- ^ Van Biema, David. "The Problem With Passion", Time Magazine, August 25, 2003. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and
- ^ Foxman, Abraham H. "'Passion' Relies on Theme of antisemitism", The Palm Beach Post, January 25, 2004. Abraham Foxman is the current National Director and Chairman of the Anti-Defamation League. The Palm Beach Post is a major daily newspaper in Florida, serving Palm Beach County in South Florida, and the Treasure
- ^ Lampman, Jane. "Capturing the Passion", Christian Science Monitor, July 10, 2003. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday
- ^ Hansen, Colin. "Why some Jews fear The Passion", Christianity Today, 2004. Christianity Today is an Evangelical Christian Periodical based in Carol Stream Illinois.
- ^ "'Passion' plays out locally" February 17, 2004
- ^ Sirois, Celia. "Guidelines for Dramatizing the Passion of the Lord"
- ^ "Lutheran Statement on The Passion of the Christ" January 6, 2004
- ^ Gibson's Passion arrives in the Middle East Accessed October 8, 2006
- ^ a b Shelomo Dov Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: An Abrudgment in One Volume, p. Shelomo Dov Goitein ( April 3, 1900 &mdash February 6 1985) whose original given name was Fritz was an Arabist, Historian 293
- ^ a b "Dhimma" by Claude Cahen in Encyclopedia of Islam
- ^ a b The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, Antisemitism
- ^ Lewis, Bernard. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. "The New Anti-Semitism", The American Scholar, Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25-36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on March 24, 2004
- ^ Lewis(1984), p. 184
- ^ a b Poliakov
- ^ a b c d Laqueur 192
- ^ Gerber 78
- ^ Uri Rubin, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Jews and Judaism
- ^ Poliakov (1961), pg. The Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an ( EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Qur'an terms concepts 27
- ^ Glazov, Jamie, "Symposium: The Koran and Anti-Semitism", FrontPageMag. com, June 25, 2004. (retrieved May 3, 2006)
- ^ Poliakov (1961), pg. 27
- ^ Laqueur 191
- ^ F. E. Peters(2003), p. 103
- ^ a b Samuel Rosenblatt, Essays on Antisemitism: The Jews of Islam, p. 112
- ^ F. E. Peters(2003), p. 194
- ^ The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), pp. 43-44
- ^ Esposito (1998), pp. 10-11
- ^ a b Lewis (1999), p. 128
- ^ Gerber (1986), pp. 78–79
- ^ a b c Here the Qur'an uses an Arabic expression alladhina hadu ("those who are Jewish"), which appears in the Qur'an ten times. "Yahud". Encyclopedia of Islam
- ^ Lewis (1999), p. 120
- ^ Gerber (1986), p. 91
- ^ a b Gerber (1986), p. 78
- ^ Laqueur (2006), p. 192
- ^ Lewis (1999), p. 117-118
- ^ a b Lewis (1984), pp. 10,20
- ^ Lewis (1987), p. 9, 27
- ^ Lewis (1999), p. 131
- ^ Lewis (1999), p. 131; (1984), pp. 8,62
- ^ a b Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. Meyer Kayserling (born in Hanover, June 17, 1829; died at Budapest, April 21, 1905) was a German rabbi and historian The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. 1906 ed.
- ^ Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p. 77
- ^ Lewis (1984), p. 28
- ^ Lewis (1984), pp. 17,18,94,95; Stillman (1979), p. 27
- ^ Gerber (1986), p. 82
- ^ Lewis (1999), pp. 129–130
- ^ Lewis (1999), pp. 131–132
- ^ Lewis (1999), p. 130; Gerber (1986), p. 83
- ^ Gerber (1986), p. 84
- ^ Gerber (1986), pp. 84–85
- ^ Lewis (1999), pp. 136–137; Gerber (1986), p. 86
- ^ Cahen, Cl. "ḎH̲imma." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2006. Brill Online. 21 November 2006>
- ^ Mark Cohen (1995) p. Mark Cohen may refer to Mark Cohen (''Rent'', fictional character Mark Cohen (cricketer Mark Cohen (comedian xvii
- ^ Nissim Rejwan, Israel's Place in the Middle East: A Pluralist Perspective, University Press of Florida, p. 31
- ^ Encyclopedia of religion, anti-semitism article.
- ^ Stillman (1979), p. 63
- ^ a b c Gilbert, Martin. Sir Martin John Gilbert, CBE, DLitt (born October 25, 1936) is a British Historian and the author of over eighty books Dearest Auntie Fori. The Story of the Jewish People. HarperCollins, 2002, pp. 179-182.
- ^ Mark Cohen (2002), p. Mark Cohen may refer to Mark Cohen (''Rent'', fictional character Mark Cohen (cricketer Mark Cohen (comedian 208
- ^ Gruen, George E. "The Other Refugees: Jews of the Arab World", The Jerusalem Letter, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, June 1, 1988. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (JCPA was founded in 1976 by Professor Daniel J
- ^ Righteous Muslims. A briefing by Robert Satloff by Rachel Silverman, Jewish Exponent, December 14, 2006 (Middle East Forum, December 11, 2006)
- ^ freedomhouse.org: Press Release
- ^ Sources for the following are:
- Bauer, Yehuda. The Middle East Forum (MEF is an American Think tank founded in 1990 by historian and columnist Daniel Pipes, who also serves as its director Yehuda Bauer (born 1926 is a historian and scholar of the Holocaust. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism", 2003, retrieved April 22, 2006.
- Chesler, Phyllis. Phyllis Chesler (born October 1 1940) is an American writer psychotherapist, and professor emerita of Psychology and The New Anti-Semitism: The Current Crisis and What We Must Do About It, Jossey-Bass, 2003, pp. 158-159, 181.
- Doward, Jamie. Jews predict record level of hate attacks: Militant Islamic media accused of stirring up new wave of anti-semitism, The Guardian, August 8, 2004. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.
- Kinsella, Warren. For the Canadian author see W P Kinsella. J Warren Kinsella (born August 1960 in Montreal, The New anti-Semitism, accessed March 5, 2006.
- Sacks, Jonathan. Sir Jonathan Henry Sacks (born 8 March[[ 948]] London) is the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom. "The New Antisemitism", Ha'aretz, September 6, 2002, retrieved on January 10, 2007. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- Strauss, Mark. Mark Strauss is a US journalist and senior editor at Smithsonian Magazine. "Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem" in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, p 272.
- ^ Klug, Brian. For the Football (soccer coach, see Bryan Klug. Brian Klug is Senior Research Fellow & Tutor in Philosophy at St The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism. The Nation, posted January 15, 2004 (February 2, 2004 issue), accessed January 9, 2006; and Lerner, Michael. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Michael Lerner is an American rabbi political Activist, the editor of Tikkun, a progressive Jewish and Interfaith There Is No New Anti-Semitism, posted February 5, 2007, accessed February 6, 2007.
- ^ Sources for the following are:
- Shafran, Avi (December 26, 2004). The Shechita Controversy. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Investigation reveals slaughter horrors at Agriprocessors. PETA. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Jewish Leaders Respond to Animal Abuse at AgriProcessors (PDF). PETA. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Grandin, Temple. Answers to questions about cattle insensibility and pain during kosher slaughter and analysis of the Agriprocessors video. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Grandin, Temple (May 2004). Kosher Meat from Uruguay. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- "Should Halal and Kosher meat be banned?", BBC News, June 16, 2003. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- "Halal and Kosher slaughter 'must end'", BBC News, June 10, 2003. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Why can't animals be stunned first and still be kosher?. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Gross, Aaron (March-April 2005). When Kosher Isn't Kosher. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- Genack, Menachem. Setting the Record Straight on Kosher Slaughter. OU Kosher. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Berlin, Howard M. . "Jews, Muslims on same side of several battles", editorial, The News Journal, March 8, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ A Simple Jew: Question & Answer With Akiva Of Mystical Paths - Shechita
- ^ Berlin, Howard, "Jews, Muslims on same side of several battles", NewsJournal, March 8, 2004
- ^ World Net Daily, "Europe's new face of antisemitism: 5 countries now ban production of kosher meat as synagogues burn, boycott of Israel continues", December 3, 2002
- ^ "Report: Anti-Semitism on the rise globally", CNN, March 14, 2008. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,
- ^ "The echoes of Lindbergh's 1941 speech charging 'the Jews' with dragging America into war can be heard in our own time.
- ^ Rafael Medoff, President Lindbergh? Roth's New Novel Raises Questions About Antisemitism in the 1940s--and Today, David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, September 2004. Retrieved June 20, 2007. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
- ^ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Findings and Recommendations Regarding Campus AntisemitismPDF (19. The US Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal commission charged with the responsibility for investigating reporting on and making recommendations concerning 3 KB). April 3, 2006
- ^ Associated Press. "1 Killed, 5 Wounded in Seattle Jewish Center Shooting", Fox News, July 29, 2006. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Yale creates center to study antisemitism Associated Press, September 19, 2006
- ^ http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4680_12.htm
- ^ a b Anti-Semitism In Germany Today: Its Roots And Tendencies - Susanne Urban
- ^ The 2005 U. S. State Department Report on Global Antisemitism.
- ^ Jews for Le Pen by Daniel Ben-Simon. Haaretz. 25/03/07
- ^ Block, Irwin. "More hatred towards Muslims and Jews in France: Holocaust survivor", The Gazette, October 13, 2007. The Gazette, often called the Montreal Gazette to avoid ambiguity is now the only English-language daily Newspaper published in Montreal, Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism (UK) (September 2006). [http://thepcaa.org/Report.pdf Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism].
- ^ Gillan, Audrey. "Chief rabbi fears 'tsunami' of hatred", Guardian, January 2, 2006.
- ^ Stephen Roth Institute, Tel Aviv University, http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/.
- ^ "Annual Reports: General Analysis, 2004", The Steven Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, Tel Aviv University, accessed March 12, 2006.
- ^ a b BBC NEWS. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ a b c d Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Verfassungsschutzbericht 2003. Annual Report. 2003, Page 29
- ^ a b c d Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is the Federal Republic of Germany 's domestic Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Verfassungsschutzbericht 2006. Annual Report. 2006, Page 51
- ^ a b The Associated Press. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio "Berlin police say 16 arrested during neo-Nazi demonstration". International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper October 22, 2006
- ^ Der Spiegel. "Wir dürfen uns auf keinen Fall verstecken". Der Spiegel. Der Spiegel (pronounced /deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl/ German for "The Mirror" is a German weekly Magazine, published in Hamburg September 12, 2007
- ^ ""Police: Anti-Semitic insult preceded Frankfurt rabbi stabbing"", Haaretz, November 9, 2007. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Krieger, Leila Hilary. "Rothschild: France not anti-Semitic". Jerusalem Post, Jun. The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 15, 2006
- ^ Karikaturen-Irrsinn Der Führer in Pakistan - n-tv.de
- ^
- PEW Globel Attitudes Report statistics on how the world views different religious groups
- Bortin, Meg. "Poll Finds Discord Between the Muslim and Western Worlds", New York Times, June 23, 2006. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
- ^ Examples of anti-Semitism in the Arab and Muslim world on intelligence. org. il, site of the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (C. S. S), Israel. Accessed 24 September 2006.
- ^ "Official Saudi Arabia Tourism Website: No Jews Allowed. 'Jewish People' May Not Receive Travel Visas Required To Travel Into The Kingdom" by Congressman Anthony D. Weiner (D-Queens & Brooklyn) February 26, 2004
- ^ "Jews barred in Saudi tourist drive" (BBC) February 27, 2004.
- ^ United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Countries of Particular Concern. Saudi Arabia
- ^ CMIP report: "The Jews in World History according to the Saudi textbooks". The Danger of World Jewry, by Abdullah al-Tall, pp. 140–141 (Arabic). Hadith and Islamic Culture, Grade 10, (2001) pp. 103–104.
- ^ http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/pdfdocs/KSAtextbooks06.pdfPDF 2006 Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance, Report by Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House. 2006
- ^ ADL
- ^ Al-Riyadh, Saudi government daily, April 15, 2002, Turki 'Abdallah as-Sudayri, All of History is against Them
- ^ Shea, Nina. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. "This is a Saudi textbook. (After the intolerance was removed.)", The Washington Post, May 21, 2006, p. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. B01.
- ^ BBC NEWS | World | Europe | France offers 'hate TV' reprieve
- ^ Bernard Lewis. The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press, 1984, page 33.
- ^ Aluma Solnick. Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals. MEMRI Special Report - No. 11, November 1, 2002
- ^ Informed Comment - Juan Cole. 05 September 2005. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^
- Neil J. Kressel. "The Urgent Need to Study Islamic Anti-Semitism", The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Chronical Review, March 12, 2004.
- Tom Gross, "Living in a Bubble: The BBC’s very own Mideast foreign policy"., National Review, June 18, 2004. National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
- ^ Sacranie, Iqbal, Muhammad Abdul Bari & Mehboob Kantharia, et al. Sir Iqbal Abdul Karim Mussain Sacranie, OBE (born Malawi, 1952) served as General Secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB until June Muhammad Abdul Bari MBE, is Secretary General of Muslim Council of Britain (MCB appointed in 2006 to replace Iqbal Sacranie. Interview with John Ware. A Question of Leadership. Panorama. Panorama is the longest-running current affairs documentary series in the world BBC London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. August 21, 2005. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
- ^ "Jews In The Koran And Early Islamic Traditions" by Dr. Leah Kinberg. Lecture delivered in May 2003, Monash University, Melbourne, quoting [3]
- ^ "Iran hosts Holocaust conference". CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Accessed 27-12-2006.
- ^ "Across Europe, outrage over meeting of Holocaust deniers in Iran". International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Accessed 11-12-2006.
- ^ "Holocaust deniers gather in Iran for 'scientific' conference". The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Accessed 11-12-2006.
- ^ "Holocaust Deniers and Skeptics Gather in Iran", The New York Times. Accessed 11-12-2006.
- ^ "Iran students rebel over Holocaust denial." United Press International. Accessed 12-12-2006.
- ^ "Iran Further Isolates Itself with 'Holocaust Denial'" Weekend Edition, National Public Radio. Weekend Edition is the name given to a set of American Radio News magazines produced and distributed by National Public Radio (NPR Accessed 17-12-2006.
- ^ "Statement on Holocaust Denial Conference Sponsored by Iranian Regime", The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, December 12, 2006. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Berlin Counters Holocaust Conference" Spiegel Online. Accessed 27-12-2006.
- ^ Anti-Semitism in the Egyptian Media: February 2001 - February 2002, "Classic Anti-Semitic Stereotypes", Anti Defamation League. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop Accessed March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
References
- Bodansky, Yossef. Yossef Bodansky (born in Israel) is an Israeli-American Political scientist who served as Director of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Islamic Anti-Semitism as a Political Instrument, Freeman Center For Strategic Studies, 1999.
- Carr, Steven Alan. Hollywood and anti-Semitism: A cultural history up to World War II, Cambridge University Press 2001.
- Chanes, Jerome A. Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, 2004. Antisemitism A Reference Handbook is a book in the Contemporary World Issues series, by Jerome A
- Cohn, Norman. Warrant for Genocide, Eyre & Spottiswoode 1967; Serif, 1996.
- Flannery, Edward H. (2004). The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press. ISBN 0809143240.
- Falk, Avner. Anti-Semitism: The History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. Wesport, Connecticut, Praeger, 2008. ISBN 9780313353840.
- Freudmann, Lillian C. Antisemitism in the New Testament, University Press of America, 1994.
- Gerber, Jane S. (1986). Jane S Gerber is a professor of Jewish history and the director of the Institute for Sephardic Studies at City University of New York. "Anti-Semitism and the Muslim World". In History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism, ed. David Berger. Jewish Publications Society. ISBN 0-8276-0267-7
- Hilberg, Raul. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian The Destruction of the European Jews. The Destruction of the European Jews is a book published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. Holmes & Meier, 1985. 3 volumes.
- Johnson, Paul: A History of the Jews (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1987) ISBN 0-06-091533-1
- Laqueur, Walter. Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic Walter Zeev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530429-2
- Lewis, Bernard (1984). Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00807-8
- Lewis, Bernard (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-31839-7
- Lipstadt, Deborah. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1994.
- McKain, Mark. Anti-Semitism: At Issue, Greenhaven Press, 2005.
- Michael, Robert and Philip Rosen. Dictionary of Antisemitism, The Scarecrow Press, Inc. , 2007
- Perry, Marvin and Frederick Schweitzer. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. Palgrave Macmillan. 2002.
- Poliakov, Leon (1997). "Anti-Semitism". Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1. The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language Encyclopedia of the Jewish people and their faith Judaism. 0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Cecil Roth, ( London, 1899–1970 was a British Jewish Historian and educator Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8
- Prager, Dennis, Telushkin, Joseph. Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism. Touchstone (reprint), 1985.
- Richardson, Peter (1986). Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0889201676.
- Roth, Philip. The Plot Against America, 2004
- Selzer, Michael (ed). The Plot Against America A Novel (ISBN 0-618-50928-3 is a novel by Philip Roth published in 2004 "Kike!" : A Documentary History of Anti-Semitism in America, New York 1972.
- Steinweis, Alan E. Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02205-X.
- Stillman, Norman (1979). Norman Arthur Stillman, also Noam (נועם in Hebrew b 1945 is the Schusterman-Josey Professor and Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
- Stillman, N. A. (2006). "Yahud". Encyclopaedia of Islam. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Eds. : P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill. Brill Online
- Anti-semitism entry by Gotthard Deutsch in the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906 ed. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls.
Further reading
- List of Anti-Semitic Attacks Worldwide in 2007
- List of Anti-Semitic Attacks Worldwide in 2006
- Anti-Semitism Multimedia AJC Survey of Anti-Semitism, Roots and Responses
- Global Anti-Semitism (ADL compilation of modern day anti-semitism happening around the world. )
- "Experts explore effects of Ahmadinejad anti-Semitism", Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles, March 9, 2007
- Arab Antisemitism
- Why the Jews? A perspective on causes of anti-Semitism
- Stav, Arieh (1999). Peace: The Arabian Caricature - A Study of Anti-semitic Imagery. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-215-X
- Falk, Avner. (2008). Anti-Semitism: The History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. Wesport, Connecticut, Praeger, ISBN 9780313353840
- Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism (with up to date calendar of anti-semitism today)
- Annotated bibliography of anti-Semitism hosted by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA)
- Anti-Semitism and responses
- The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary anti-Semitism and Racism hosted by the Tel Aviv University - (includes an annual report)
- Jews, the End of the Vertical Alliance, and Contemporary Antisemitism
- An Israeli point of view on antisemitism, by Steve Plaut
- Council of Europe, ECRI Country-by-Country Reports
- State University of New York at Buffalo, The Jedwabne Tragedy
- Jews in Poland today
- Anti-Defamation League's report on International Anti-Semitism
- The Middle East Media Research Institute - documents antisemitism in Middle-Eastern media.
- Judeophobia: A short course on the history of anti-Semitism at [4] Zionism and Israel Information Center.
- If Not Together, How?: Research by April Rosenblum to develop a working definition of antisemitism, and related teaching tools about antisemitism, for activists.
- Vintage Postcards with an Anti-Jewish theme
- What makes an anti-Semite? Dina Porat, Haaretz, January 27, 2007
- "Post Modern"
- Post-Modern Anti-Semitism: Part I
- Judeophobia: Anti-Judaism, Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism
External links
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Special Focus: Antisemitism; and Encyclopedia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
- Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israelism
- Antisemitism measuring
- 2,000 Year Timeline of Jewish Persecution
- Voices of the Holocaust - a learning resource from the British Library
- A course on Judeophobia
- Tel Aviv University on antisemitism
- 2006 UK Parliamentary Inquiry into antisemitism
- The New Anti-Judaism - according to Professor Irwin Cotler, Dr. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Rivka Shafek Lissak
- Antisemitism in modern Ukraine
- Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism
- Human Rights First Antisemitism Program
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