Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British Conservative politician who was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients The Military Cross ( MC) is the third level Military decoration awarded to officers and (since 1993 other ranks of the British Army and formerly also to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart 7th Marquess of Londonderry KG MVO PC (13 May 1878 – 10 February 1949 was an Irish Peer and had The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Samuel John Gurney Hoare 1st Viscount Templewood GCSI, GBE, CMG, PC ( 24 February 1880 &ndash 7 May 1959 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC ( 16 April 1881 &ndash Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC ( 16 April 1881 &ndash Ernest Bevin ( 9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader politician and statesman best known for his time as Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Herbert Stanley Morrison Baron Morrison of Lambeth, CH PC ( 3 January 1888 &ndash 6 March 1965) was a British (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician The Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is a senior member of the British Cabinet. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Herbert Stanley Morrison Baron Morrison of Lambeth, CH PC ( 3 January 1888 &ndash 6 March 1965) was a British Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common West Auckland is a Village in County Durham, in North East England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Alvediston is a village and Civil parish in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire, England, with a population of 91 (2001 census Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Anne Clarissa Eden Countess of Avon ( née Spencer-Churchill, 28 June 1920) is the widow of Sir Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients The Military Cross ( MC) is the third level Military decoration awarded to officers and (since 1993 other ranks of the British Army and formerly also to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom
His world-wide reputation as a "Man of Peace" and skilled diplomat was severely damaged by his conduct of the Suez Crisis in 1956, which was considered disastrous for Britain and a decisive sign of the decline of the British Empire[1]. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.
In the post-war years, Eden was a protagonist of the change in British policy[2] about war criminal trials, maybe best symbolised by his signature under the pardon conceded to the German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring on 24 October 1952. Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 - 16 July 1960 was a Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
He is generally ranked among the least successful British Prime Ministers of the 20th century [3][4], although two broadly sympathetic biographies (in 1986 and 2003) have gone some way to redressing the balance of opinion [5]. Although many surveys have been conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States, until the late 1990s few had been
Contents |
Early career
Eden was born in West Auckland, County Durham, England, into a very conservative landed gentry family, and attended Eton. West Auckland is a Village in County Durham, in North East England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. He was a younger son of Sir William Eden, baronet, from an old titled family. A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder The Eden Baronetcy, of West Auckland in the County of Durham and the Eden Baronetcy, of Maryland in North America are two titles in the Baronetage of England and His mother, Sybil Frances Grey, was a member of the famous Grey family of Northumberland (see below). Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west This was perhaps the meaning of Rab Butler's later gibe that Eden - in later life a handsome but ill-tempered man - was "half mad baronet, half beautiful woman". Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 He had an elder brother called Timothy and a younger brother, Nicholas, who was killed when the battlecruiser HMS Indefatigable blew up and sank at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy. fix various bugs per WikipediaHow to fix bunched-up edit links -->
During the First World War, Eden serving with the King's Royal Rifle Corps reached the rank of captain, received a Military Cross, and at the age of twenty-one became the youngest brigade-major in the British Army; at a conference in the early 1930s he and Hitler observed that they had probably fought on opposite sides of the trenches in the Ypres sector. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Military Cross ( MC) is the third level Military decoration awarded to officers and (since 1993 other ranks of the British Army and formerly also to After the war he studied at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in Oriental Languages. Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as There is a wide variety of Languages spoken throughout Asia, comprising a number of families and some unrelated isolates (He was fluent in French, German and Persian and also spoke Russian and Arabic). After fighting a hopeless seat in the November 1922 General Election, Captain Eden, as he was still known, was elected Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington in the December 1923 General Election, as a Conservative. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Warwick and Leamington is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. In that year also he married Beatrice Beckett. They had two sons (as well as a third who died in infancy), but the marriage was not a success and broke up under the strain of Eden's political career.
During the 1924-1929 Conservative Government, Eden was first Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, Sir William Joynson Hicks, and then in 1926 to the Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain. A Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS) is a role given to a United Kingdom Member of Parliament (MP by a senior minister in government or shadow In 1931 he held his first ministerial office as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. A Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, in the United Kingdom government structure is a minister who is junior to a Minister of State who is in turn Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P In 1934 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Minister for the League of Nations in Stanley Baldwin's Government. The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major Like many of his generation who had served in the First World War, Eden was strongly anti-war and strove to work through the League of Nations to preserve European peace. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. He was however among the first to recognise that peace could not be maintained by appeasement of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest He privately opposed the policy of the Foreign Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, of trying to appease Italy during its invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. Samuel John Gurney Hoare 1st Viscount Templewood GCSI, GBE, CMG, PC ( 24 February 1880 &ndash 7 May 1959 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page When Hoare resigned after the failure of the Hoare-Laval Pact, Eden succeeded him as Foreign Secretary. The Hoare-Laval Pact was a December 1935 proposal by British Foreign Secretary, Samuel Hoare and French Prime Minister
At this stage in his career Eden was considered as something of a leader of fashion. He regularly wore a Homburg hat (similar to a trilby but more rigid), which became known in Britain as an "Anthony Eden". A homburg is a stiff Felt Hat that is superficially very similar to the Trilby or fedora, since both can have a crease from the front to the An "Anthony Eden" hat, or simply an "Anthony Eden", was a silk-brimmed black felt Homburg of
Foreign Secretary and resignation (1935-38)
Eden became Foreign Secretary at a time when Britain was having to adjust its foreign policy to face the rise of the fascist powers. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P He supported the policy of non-interference in the Spanish Civil War, and supported Neville Chamberlain in his efforts to preserve peace through reasonable concessions to Germany. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom He did not protest when Britain and France failed to oppose Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Remilitarization of the Rhineland by the German Army took place on 7 March 1936 when German forces entered the Rhineland. His resignation in February 1938 was largely attributed to growing dissatisfaction with Chamberlain`s policy of Appeasement. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom That is, however, disputed by new research; it was not the question if there should be negotiations with Italy but only when they should start and how far they should be carried. [1] He became a Conservative dissenter leading a group conservative whip David Margesson called the "Glamour Boys," and a leading anti-appeaser like Winston Churchill who led a similar group called "The Old Guard. Henry David Reginald Margesson 1st Viscount Margesson, of Rugby ( July 26 1890 – December 24 1965) was a British Conservative politician Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 "[6] Although Churchill claimed to have lost sleep the night of Eden's resignation (later recounted in his wartime memoirs (The Gathering Storm, 1948), they were not allies, and did not see eye to eye until Churchill became Prime Minister. There was much speculation that Eden would become a rallying point for all the disparate opponents of Chamberlain, but instead he maintained a low profile, avoiding confrontation though he opposed the Munich Agreement and abstained in the vote on it in the House of Commons. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders As a result Eden's position declined heavily amongst politicians, though he remained popular in the country at large - in later years he was often wrongly supposed to have resigned in protest at the Munich Agreement.
Second World War (1939-45)
In September 1939, on the outbreak of war, Eden, who had briefly rejoined the army with the rank of major, returned to Chamberlain's government as Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, but was not in the War Cabinet. The position of Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs was a British cabinet level position created in 1925 to deal with British relations with the Dominions &mdash Canada, A War Cabinet is a committee formed by a government in time of war As a result he was not a candidate for the Premiership when Chamberlain resigned after Germany invaded France in May 1940 and Churchill became Prime Minister. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Churchill appointed Eden Secretary of State for War. The position of Secretary of State for War, commonly called War Secretary, was a British Cabinet -level position first applied to Henry Dundas
At the end of 1940 Eden returned to the Foreign Office, and in this role became a member of the executive committee of the Political Warfare Executive in 1941. During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and Black propaganda Although he was one of Churchill's closest confidants, his role in wartime was restricted because Churchill conducted the most important negotiations, with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, himself, but Eden served loyally as Churchill's lieutenant. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Nevertheless he was in charge of handling much of the relations between Britain and de Gaulle during the last years of the war. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Eden was often critical of the emphasis Churchill put on the Special Relationship with the US, often disappointed by their treatment of their British allies [1].
In 1942 Eden was given the additional job of Leader of the House of Commons. The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons He was considered for various other major jobs during and after the war, including Commander-in-Chief Middle East in 1942 (this would have been a very unusual appointment as Eden was a civilian; General Harold Alexander was in fact appointed), Viceroy of India in 1943 (General Archibald Wavell was appointed to this job) or Secretary-General of the newly-formed United Nations Organisation in 1945. Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis KG OM GCB GCMG CSI DSO Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell 1st Earl Wavell GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC, PC (5 May 1883 – 24 May
Eden's eldest son, Simon Eden, went missing in action, later declared deceased, while serving as a pilot with the RAF in Burma in the latter days of the Second World War. There was a close bond between Anthony and Simon, and Simon's death was a great personal shock to his father. De Gaulle wrote him a personal letter of condolence in French. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French
Post-war
Opposition (1945-51)
After the Labour Party won the 1945 elections, Eden went into opposition as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Deputy Leader in the Westminster system is the second-in-command of a Political party, behind the Party leader. Many felt that Churchill should have retired and allowed Eden to become party leader, but Churchill refused to consider this and Eden was too loyal to press him. He was in any case depressed during this period by the break-up of his first marriage and the death of his eldest son. Churchill was in many ways only "part-time Leader of the Opposition"[1], given his many journeys abroad and his literary work, and left the day-to-day-work largely to Eden. Eden was largely regarded as lacking sense of party politics and contact with the common man [7]. In these opposition years, however, he developed some knowledge about domestic affairs and created the idea of a "property-owning-democracy", which was only realized by the Thatcher government decades later. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 His domestic agenda is overall considered centre-left [1].
Return to government (1951-55)
In 1951, the Conservatives returned to office and Eden became Foreign Secretary for a third time. Churchill was largely a figurehead in this government and Eden had effective control of British foreign policy for the first time, as the Cold War grew more intense. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the He dealt effectively with the various crises of the period, although Britain was no longer the world power it had been before the war, the success of the 1954 Geneva Conference on Indo-China ranks as his outstanding achievement of his third term in the Foreign Office. Power in international relations is defined in several different ways Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting In 1950 he and Beatrice Eden were finally divorced and in 1952 he married Churchill's niece, Lady Clarissa Spencer-Churchill (b. Anne Clarissa Eden Countess of Avon ( née Spencer-Churchill, 28 June 1920) is the widow of Sir Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon 1920) —a nominal Roman Catholic who was fiercely criticised by Catholic writer Evelyn Waugh for marrying a divorced man—a marriage much more successful than his first had been. Arthur Evelyn St John Waugh (ˈiːvlɪn ˈwɔː (28 October 1903 &ndash 10 April 1966 was an English Writer, best known for such darkly humorous and In 1954 he was made a Knight of the Garter and became Sir Anthony Eden. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients
The release of Nazi war criminals
Upon regaining office, Winston Churchill and Eden moved for the release of the Nazi war criminals still in British custody,[8] following a policy focused on Anti-Communism and the emerging Cold War. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the This policy had been discreetly pursued at least since 1947, when Churchill and Harold Alexander had pressured Clement Attlee to commute the death sentence on the German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring for atrocities perpetrated in Italy during the Second World War handed down by a British Military Court in Venice on May 6, 1947. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis KG OM GCB GCMG CSI DSO Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 - 16 July 1960 was a Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kesselring had been called to account for more than 1,400 innocent civilians massacred in a series of violent reprisals, including the Ardeatine massacre. The Fosse Ardeatine massacre (Eccidio delle Fosse Ardeatine was a mass execution carried out in Rome on 24 March 1944 by Nazi
In December 1951 Eden introduced to the Cabinet a cleverly drafted policy according to which pre-trial custody should be counted against sentences inflicted upon war criminals, so effectively reducing them. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The policy - apparently aimed only to promote an equitable principle - exploited a loophole which - in certain instances - was effectively used to double a prison reduction already in effect, as for example, in the case of the German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein. Erich von Manstein ( November 24, 1887 &ndash June 9 1973) served the German military as a lifelong professional soldier
Von Manstein was mainly accused of orders equating Partisans to Jews, thus aiming at their indiscriminate extermination. Churchill donated money to von Manstein's defence and openly branded the trial against the German Field Marshal as yet another effort by the then ruling Attlee government to appease the Soviets. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Anticipating an extensive interpretation of the pre-trial custody reduction, the Tribunal that condemned von Manstein on December 19, 1949 explicitly stated in its ruling that "The period during which the accused has been in custody has been taken into account". Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nevertheless, Eden pushed ahead with the idea that it was legitimate to subtract the pre-trial custody time from the period decreed by judicial decision even in cases such as von Manstein's.
The pressure on Eden and the government to resolve the war criminals issue as quickly as possible increased during the summer of 1952, coinciding with the looming question of the ratification of the European Defence Community Treaty by West Germany. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( A lobby that included Harold Alexander - then Minister of Defence - and Basil Liddell Hart strove to this end, echoing the calls in the same direction coming from the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer and the press campaign orchestrated in West Germany for the pardoning of most war criminals. Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis KG OM GCB GCMG CSI DSO The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co-ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964. Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart ( 31 October 1895 &ndash 29 January 1970) usually known before his knighthood as The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. Alexander in particular had gone to considerable lengths to justify their release in a way or another, tactically and falsely emphasising health issues and, almost incredibly, the "melancholy" experienced by jailed war criminals. [9]
Under Eden, who as Foreign Minister had taken over responsibility after the withdrawal of the British High Commission from the International Military Tribunal, with the clear approval of Churchill, and based on the tactics suggested by Alexander - which included adequately priming prison doctors on which medical aspects concentrate on - both Kesselring (July) and Manstein (August) were released from prison under medical pretexts during the summer of 1952, allegedly because they needed urgent hospitalization for treating, respectively, an "exploratory operation" on a throat cancer, and cataracts. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following their operations, both were conveniently left in liberty for an indefinite convalescence period, and were not to set again foot in jail or, as the German press proclaimed, in a "dungeon". [10][11].
Jeane Kirkpatrick, promoter of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine advocating Anti-Communism worldwide, swiftly suggested that Adenauer propose the application of the same principal to the US High Commission, which helped West Germany not to misunderstand the real significance of the "medical" release of the Field Marshals, and the policy pursued by both the British and the US governments. Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926 &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was a political Doctrine expounded by United States of America Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick [12]
To make the path taken by the British government towards the war criminals clear to German public opinion however, a more explicit gesture was deemed to be necessary. Therefore, on 24 October 1952 Eden signed an act of clemency in favour of the German war criminal Field Marshal Albert Kesselring. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 - 16 July 1960 was a Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. Kesselring - officially pardoned in consideration of his allegedly cancerous throat - addressed a rally of veterans immediately after his release (including the fanatic Green Devils who had fought under his command at Monte Cassino and a number of Nazi former leaders), calling for the wholesale liberation of all war criminals. Monte Cassino has made it the repeated scene of battles and Sieges from antiquity.
Afterwards he lived an active public life for another eight years - he died in July 1960 - mostly rallying ex-Nazis as leader of the neo-Nazi organisation Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, at the head of which had been elected while still in prison[13]. The Stahlhelm Bund der Frontsoldaten ( English: Steel Helmet League of Frontline Soldiers was one of the many Paramilitary organizations that arose after the defeat
Thus Eden - albeit with some reluctance and attention for legal stricture - had put his signature upon a policy commenced by Churchill which, by means of a broad campaign of rehabilitation of Nazi military personalities, was aimed at re-establishing a strong Army in what was then West Germany, as a central part of the NATO front line at the height of Cold War. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The North Atlantic Treaty Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the
When Churchill took over the Foreign Office due to Eden's serious health problems in 1953, the plan for liberating the war criminals was brought to it logical conclusion, without any further scruples. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Selwyn Lloyd, the Minister of State in the Foreign Office with responsibility for German Affairs, was given carte-blanche to resolve the issue of war criminals, now seen as no more than embarrassing. John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative A blank cheque ( blank check, carte blanche) in the literal sense is a Cheque that has no numerical value written in but is already signed On May 6, 1953 Manstein was pardoned and in 1956 he returned to service upon Adenauer's call, assuming an important official role in the resurrection of the German Army. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Prime Minister (1955-57)
In April 1955 Churchill finally retired, and Sir Anthony succeeded him as Prime Minister. Eden was a very popular figure, as a result of his long wartime service and his famous good looks and charm. On taking office he immediately called a general election, at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority. Results |} Total votes cast 26759729 All parties shown Conservatives include National Liberal Party and Ulster Unionists Votes But Sir Anthony had never held a domestic portfolio and had little experience in economic matters. He left these areas to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close alliance with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower. Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general His famous words "Peace comes first, always" added to his already substantial popularity.
Suez (1956)
- Further information: Suez Crisis
This alliance proved illusory, however, when in 1956 Sir Anthony, in conjunction with France, tried to prevent Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt, from nationalising the Suez Canal, which had been owned since the 19th century by British and French shareholders in the Suez Canal Company. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation Eden, drawing on his experience in the 1930s, saw Nasser as another Mussolini, considering the two men aggressive nationalist "socialists" determined to invade other countries. Sir Anthony even responded by plotting to assassinate Nasser by enlisting Miles Copeland's "assistance" since he was-apparently-a close friend of Nasser's. Miles Axe Copeland Jr ( July 16, 1916 &ndash January 14, 1991) was an American Musician, businessman and CIA Others believed that Nasser was acting from legitimate patriotic concerns.
In October 1956, after months of negotiation and attempts at mediation had failed to dissuade Nasser, Britain and France, in conjunction with Israel, invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal Zone. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. But Eisenhower was an advocate of decolonisation, and he immediately and strongly opposed the invasion. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction Eden, who faced domestic pressure from his party to take action as well as thought terms of stopping the decline of British influence in the Middle East[1] had ignored Britain's financial dependence on the U. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. S. in the wake of World War II, overestimated US loyalty towards its closest ally and was finally forced to bow to American pressure to withdraw. The Suez Crisis is widely taken as marking the end of Britain's status as a superpower. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh
The Suez fiasco ruined, in many eyes, Eden's reputation for statesmanship and led to a breakdown in his health. A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity He went on vacation to Ian Fleming's estate on Jamaica in November 1957, at a time when he was still determined to soldier on as Prime Minister. Ian Lancaster Fleming ( May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, Journalist and Second World War Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. His health, however, did not improve and during his absence from London, his Chancellor Harold Macmillan and Rab Butler worked to manoeuvre him out of office. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 Macmillan, despite having been one of the architects of Suez, succeeded him as Prime Minister in January 1957. Eden retained some of his personal popularity and was made Earl of Avon in 1961. Earl of Avon was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Suez in retrospect
His official biographer Robert Rhodes James re-evaluated sympathetically Eden's stance over Suez in 1986 [14] and, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, asked, "who can now claim that Eden was wrong?" [15]. Sir Robert Vidal Rhodes James ( 10 April 1933 &ndash 20 May 1999) was a British historian and Conservative Member of The Invasion of Kuwait, also known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait which resulted Such arguments turned mostly on whether, as a matter of policy, the Suez operation was fundamentally flawed or whether, as such "revisionists" thought, the lack of American support conveyed the impression that the West was divided and weak. Anthony Nutting, who resigned as a Foreign Office Minister over Suez, expressed the former view in 1967, the year of the Arab-Israeli Six-Day War, when he wrote that "we had sown the wind of bitterness and we were to reap the whirlwind of revenge and rebellion" [16]. Sir Harold Anthony Nutting 3rd Baronet ( January 11, 1920 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a British diplomat and Conservative Party Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Conversely, D. R. Thorpe, another of Eden's biographers, suggested that had the Suez venture succeeded, "there would almost certainly have been no Middle East war in 1967, and probably no Yom Kippur War in 1973 also" [17]. D R (Richard Thorpe (born 1943 is an historian and biographer who has written biographies of two British Prime Ministers of the mid 20th century Sir Anthony Eden and The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום
Health Issues
A medical mishap would change the course of Eden’s life forever. During an operation in 1953 to remove gallstones, the surgeon damaged his bile duct. In Medicine, gallstones (choleliths are Crystalline bodies formed within the body by accretion or concretion of normal or abnormal Bile component A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. This blunder made Eden vulnerable to recurrent infections and attacks of violent pain and fevers. To overcome this weakness Eden was prescribed the wonder drug of the 1950s - Benzedrine. Benzedrine is the trade name of the Racemic mixture of Amphetamine (dl-amphetamine Regarded by doctors in the 1950s as a harmless stimulant, it belongs to the family of drugs called amphetamines. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness Amphetamine, and related drugs such as Methamphetamine are a group of drugs that act by increasing levels of Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and Dopamine During this time amphetamines were prescribed and used in a very casual way. Among the side effects of Benzedrine are Insomnia, restlessness and mood swings, all of which Eden actually suffered during the Suez Crisis. Side Effect were an influential Disco band that recorded between 1972 and 1995 Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity His health condition is now commonly agreed to have been a part of the reason for the Prime Minister's ill judgment[1].
Rejected plan for union between Britain and France
British Government cabinet papers from September 1956, during Eden's term as Prime Minister, have shown that French Prime Minister Guy Mollet approached the British Government suggesting the idea of an economic and political union between France and Great Britain. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician [18] This was a similar offer, in reverse, to that made by Churchill (drawing on a plan devised by Leo Amery [19]) in June 1940 [20]. Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery CH, PC ( 22 November 1873 – 16 September 1955) usually known as Leo The offer by Guy Mollet was referred to by Sir John Colville, Churchill's former private secretary, in his collected diaries, The Fringes of Power (1985), his having gleaned the information in 1957 from Air Chief Marshal Sir William Dickson during an air flight (and, according to Colville, after several whiskies and soda) [21]. Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician Sir John "Jock" Colville, CB, CVO ( 28 January 1915 - November 1987 Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir William Forster Dickson, GCB, KBE, DSO, AFC (24 September 1898&ndash12 September 1987 was Mollet's request for Union with Britain was rejected by Eden, but the additional possibility of France joining the British Commonwealth was considered, although similarly rejected. Colville noted, in respect of Suez, that Eden and his Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd "felt still more beholden to the French on account of this offer" [21]. John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative
Retirement (1957-77)
Eden soon retired and lived quietly with his second wife Clarissa, formerly Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, niece of Sir Winston, in 'Rose Bower' by the banks of the River Ebble in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire and published a highly acclaimed personal memoir, Another World (1976), as well as several volumes of political memoirs, in which he, however, denied that there had been any collusion with France and Israel. Anne Clarissa Eden Countess of Avon ( née Spencer-Churchill, 28 June 1920) is the widow of Sir Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon The River Ebble is one the five rivers of the English city of Salisbury. Broad Chalke, sometimes spelt Broadchalke (by Salisbury DC Broad Chalk or Broadchalk is a village and Civil parish in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire In his view, American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, whom he particularly disliked, was responsible for the ill fate of the Suez adventure. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. John Foster Dulles ( February 25, 1888 &ndash May 24, 1959) served as U This and other proved untruths did further diminish his stand. His main concern in his later years was trying to rebuild his reputation that was destroyed by the Suez fiasco, often taking legal actions against authors who didn't share his point of view [1]. He sat for extensive interviews for the famed multi-part Thames Television production, The World at War, which was broadcast in 1974. The World at War is a 26-episode television documentary series on World War II, including the events leading up to it and following in its wake He also featured frequently in Marcel Ophüls' 1969 documentary Le chagrin et la pitié, discussing the occupation of France in a wider geopolitical context. Marcel Ophüls (born November 1, 1927) is a Documentary film maker The Sorrow and the Pity ( Le Chagrin et la pitié) is a two-part Documentary film by Marcel Ophüls that concerns the French Resistance The German occupation of France in World War II occurred during the period between May 1940 to December 1944 He spoke impeccable, if accented, French. [22] From 1945–1973, Eden was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham, England. A Chancellor is the head of a University. Other titles are sometimes used such as President or Rector. The University of Birmingham (informally Birmingham University) is a British red brick University located in the city of Birmingham England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
On a trip to the United States in 1976-1977 to spend Christmas and New Year with Averell and Pamela Harriman, his health rapidly deteriorated. William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman Pamela Churchill Harriman ( 20 March 1920 &ndash 5 February 1997) was an English-born Socialite who was married and linked to important At his family's request, James Callaghan arranged for an RAF plane that was already in America to divert to Miami to fly him home. Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 The Earl of Avon died from liver cancer in Salisbury in 1977 at the age of 79; born in the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, he thus died in the year of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer of the Liver. Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the Eden's papers are housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections [1]
Eden's surviving son, Nicholas Eden (1930–1985), known as Viscount Eden until 1977, was also a politician and was a minister in the Thatcher government until his premature death from AIDS at the age of 54. The University of Birmingham (informally Birmingham University) is a British red brick University located in the city of Birmingham Nicholas Eden 2nd Earl of Avon ( October 3, 1930 – August 17, 1985) was a British Conservative politician and younger Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925
Anthony Eden is buried in the country churchyard at Alvediston, just 3 miles upstream from 'Rose Bower' at the source of the River Ebble.
Character and speaking style
Anthony Eden was always a particularly cultured appearance, well-mannered and good-looking. This gave him huge popular support throughout his political life, but some contemporaries felt that he was merely a superficial person lacking any deeper convictions. That view was enforced by his very pragmatic approach to politics. Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. Sir Oswald Mosley, for example, said that he never understood why Eden was so strongly pushed by the Tory party, while he felt that Eden's abilities were very much inferior to those of Harold Macmillan and Oliver Stanley. Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 &ndash 3 December 1980 was a British Politician, known principally as the founder of the British In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Oliver Frederick George Stanley MC ( 4 May 1896 &ndash 10 December 1950) was a prominent British Conservative Politician [23] Also, Secretary of State Dean Acheson regarded him as a quite old-fashioned amateur in politics typical of the British Establishment. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Dean Gooderham Acheson ( April 11, 1893 — October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer as United States The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [1] Recent biographies however put more emphasis on Eden's outstanding achievements in foreign policy and perceive him to have held deep convictions regarding world peace and security as well as a strong social conscience. [5]
Eden was, for all his abilities not a very effective public speaker. A public speaker is a person who makes speeches in Public settings Too often in his career, for instance in the late thirties, following his resignation from Chamberlain´s government, his parliamentary performances disappointed many of his followers. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Churchill once even commented on an Eden speech that the latter had used every cliché except "God is love" [7]. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 A cliché (from French, klɪ'ʃe or cliche is a phrase expression or idea that has been overused to the point of losing its intended force His inability to express himself clearly is often attributed to shyness and lack of self-confidence. Eden is known to have been much more direct in meeting with his secretaries and advisors than in Cabinet meetings and public speeches, sometimes tending to become enraged and behaving "like a child" [24] only to regain his temper within a few minutes [1]. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch.
Eden in popular culture
As Secretary of State for War in 1940, Eden authorised the setting-up of the Local Defence Volunteers (soon renamed the Home Guard). The British Home Guard (initially "Local Defence Volunteers" or LDV, or in slang Look-Duck-Vanish, hence the name change was a defence In the film of the TV sitcom Dad's Army, the (fictional) Walmington-on-Sea platoon is formed in response to Eden's radio broadcast. Dad’s Army is a British sitcom about the Home Guard in the Second World War. The debonair Sergeant Wilson is often said to resemble Eden, something he takes enormous pride in. Sergeant The Honourable Arthur Wilson is a fictional Home Guard platoon sergeant and bank clerk portrayed by John Le Mesurier on the BBC television
Eden appears as a character in James P. Hogan's science-fiction novel The Proteus Operation. James Patrick Hogan (born June 27, 1941) is a British Science fiction Author. The Proteus Operation is a Science fiction Novel which was written by James P
Eden appears as a character in the 2008 play Never So Good – portrayed as a hysterical, pill-addicted wreck, spying on members of his own Cabinet by ordering government chauffeurs to report on their comings and goings. Never So Good is a 2008 play by Howard Brenton, which portrays the life and career of Harold Macmillan, a 20th-century Conservative He is shown being overwhelmed by the chaos of the Suez Crisis and eventually forced out of office by his Conservative Party colleagues, at the urging of the American government. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Eden is mentioned in the 1993 film The Remains of the Day when Anthony Hopkins´s character mentions that Eden has also been a guest at Darlington Hall. The Remains of the Day ( 1989) is the third published Novel by Japanese-British author Kazuo Ishiguro. Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins, CBE (born 31 December 1937 is a Welsh Film, stage and Television Actor.
Eden is also mentioned in a song by The Kinks, "She's Bought a Hat Like Princess Marina" from the 1969 album Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire). The Kinks were an English pop and rock group formed in 1963 and categorised in the US as a British Invasion band Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire is a Concept album by the English rock band The Kinks, released in late 1969
The Eden Government
- Anthony Eden: Prime Minister
- Lord Chancellor: Lord Kilmuir
- Lord President of the Council: Lord Salisbury
- Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons: Harry Crookshank
- Chancellor of the Exchequer: R.A. Butler
- Foreign Secretary: Harold Macmillan
- Home Secretary: Gwilym Lloyd George
- Secretary of State for the Colonies: Alan Lennox-Boyd
- Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations: Lord Home
- President of the Board of Trade: Peter Thorneycroft
- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Lord Woolton:
- Minister of Education: Sir David Eccles:
- Secretary of State for Scotland: James Stuart
- Minister of Agriculture: Derick Heathcoat Amory
- Minister of Labour and National Service: Sir Walter Turner Monckton
- Minister of Defence: Selwyn Lloyd
- Minister of Housing and Local Government: Duncan Sandys
- Minister of Pensions and National Insurance: Osbert Peake
Changes
- December 1955 - Rab Butler succeeds Harry Crookshank as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons. The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. David Patrick Maxwell Fyfe 1st Earl of Kilmuir GCVO, PC, KC, (29 May 1900 &ndash 27 January 1967 was a British Conservative Party The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil 5th Marquess of Salisbury, KG PC ( August 27, 1893 &ndash February 23, 1972) was a The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons Henry Frederick Comfort Crookshank 1st Viscount Crookshank, CH PC ( 27 May 1893 &ndash 17 October 1961) known as The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Major Gwilym Lloyd George 1st Viscount Tenby, ( 4 December 1894 &ndash 14 February 1967) was a politician and cabinet minister in the The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Alan Tindal Lennox-Boyd 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton CH PC (18 November 1904 &ndash 8 March 1983 was a British Conservative Party politician The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet office existing between 1947 and 1966, responsible for dealing with British relationship with Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. Frederick James Marquis 1st Earl of Woolton CH, PC (1883&ndash1964 was a British businessman and politician David McAdam Eccles 1st Viscount Eccles CH KCVO PC ( September 18, 1904 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the James Gray Stuart 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn CH MVO MC and Bar PC ( 9 February 1897 - 20 February The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Derick Heathcoat Amory 1st Viscount Amory, KG, PC, GCMG, TD, DL, Bart The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Walter Turner Monckton 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, GCVO, KCMG, MC, PC ( January 17, 1891 &ndash January 9 A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions is a position in the UK cabinet responsible for the Department for Work and Pensions. Osbert Peake 1st Viscount Ingleby PC ( 30 December 1897 &ndash 11 October 1966) was a British Conservative Party Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 Harold Macmillan succeeds Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Selwyn Lloyd succeeds Macmillan as Foreign Secretary. Sir Walter Monckton succeeds Lloyd as Minister of Defence. Iain Macleod succeeds Monckton as Minister of Labour and National Service. Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and Lord Selkirk succeeds Lord Woolton as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Group Captain the Rt Hon George (Geordie Nigel Douglas-Hamilton 10th Earl of Selkirk, KT, GCMG, GBE, AFC, The Minister of Public Works, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, enters the Cabinet. Patrick George Thomas Buchan-Hepburn 1st Baron Hailes, GBE, CH ( 2 April 1901 &ndash 5 November 1974) was a British The Minister of Pensions and National Insurance leaves the Cabinet upon Peake's retirement.
- October 1956: Sir Walter Monckton becomes Paymaster-General. HM Paymaster General is a ministerial position in the United Kingdom. Antony Henry Head succeeds Monckton as Minister of Defence. Antony Henry Head 1st Viscount Head GCMG CBE MC PC (1906 &ndash 1983 was a British Member of Parliament, peer
Eden's initial cabinet is remarkable for the fact that 10 out of the original 18 members were Old Etonians: Eden, Salisbury, Crookshank, Macmillan, Home, Stuart, Thorneycroft, Heathcoat Amory, Sandys and Peake were all educated at Eton.
The Grey-Eden connection
Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey = Elizabeth Grey | ------------------------------------------ | | Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey William Grey Prime Minister = Maria Shireff | Georgina Plowden = Sir William Grey | Sir William Eden = Sybil Grey | Anthony Eden Prime Minister
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j David Dutton: Anthony Eden. Charles Grey 1st Earl Grey, KB ( 23 October 1729 &ndash 14 November 1807) was one of the most important British generals of the 18th Charles Grey 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764 &ndash 17 July 1845 known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 was a British A Life and Reputation London, Arnold, 1997
- ^ Churchill had been a major founder of the War Criminal Trials policy, by drafting the Statement on Atrocities of the Moscow Declaration, signed on October 30, 1943 which, under the emergence of the Cold War, he most notably started to undermine since 1947, when he successfully urged the Attlee government to obtain the commuting in a life sentence the death penalty inflicted upon Albert Kesselring by a British Military Court. The Moscow Declaration was signed during the Moscow Conference on October 30 1943. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 - 16 July 1960 was a Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II.
- ^ Rating British Prime Ministers 29 November 2004
- ^ Churchill 'greatest PM of 20th Century' 4 January 2000
- ^ a b Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden; D. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
- ^ Oxford DNB theme: Glamour boys
- ^ a b Sir Anthony Eden: The Man Who Waited - TIME
- ^ Birmingham University Archives, hereafter, 'BUA',FO 800/846, fo. 2, Churchill to Eden, 29 Nov. 1951; fo. 12, Churchill to Eden 8 June 1952, cited in Donald Bloxham, Genocide on Trial - War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 168 ISBN 0-19-925904-6.
- ^ Donald Bloxham, Genocide on Trial - War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 169 ISBN 0-19-925904-6, based on LHCMA, Liddell Hart 11/1952/8, Liddell Hart's notes on London visit 1-3 July 1952.
- ^ PRO, FO, 371/104159, CW 1663/17, Roberts to Strang, 30 Apr. 1953, as cited in Donald Bloxham, Genocide on Trial - War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 169 ISBN 0-19-925904-6.
- ^ (German) Kerstin von Lingen, Kesselrings letzte Schlacht. Kriegsverbrecherprozesse, Vergangenheitspolitik und Wiederbewaffnung: der Fall Kesselring, Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2004, ISBN 3-506-71749-9.
- ^ Adenauer, Memoirs, p. 447.
- ^ Donald Bloxham, Genocide on Trial - War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory, Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 170 ISBN 0-19-925904-6.
- ^ Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden
- ^ Letter, Daily Telegraph, 7 August 1990
- ^ Anthony Nutting (1967) No End of a Lesson
- ^ D. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
- ^ When Britain and France nearly married 15 January 2007
- ^ See David Faber (2005) Speaking for England
- ^ See, for example, Julian Jackson (2003) The Fall of France
- ^ a b "Postscript to Suez", recording conversation of 9 April 1957: John Colville (1985) The Fringes of Power, Volume Two
- ^ We would have done the same under Nazi occupation Tuesday April 25, 2006
- ^ Sir Oswald Mosley. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. My Life London, 1968
- ^ Evelyn Shuckburgh: Descent to Suez. Diaries 1951-1956. London, 1986
- Books
- Eden, Anthony. The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Sir Anthony Eden KG, PC, MC: Full Circle. (3 volumes) London: Cassell, 1960, 1962, 1965.
- Biographies
- Film: Marcel Ophüls. Le chagrin et la pitié, 1971. The Sorrow and the Pity ( Le Chagrin et la pitié) is a two-part Documentary film by Marcel Ophüls that concerns the French Resistance
- Thorpe, D. R. Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden, First Earl of Avon, 1897–1977. London: Chatto and Windus, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7011-6744-0); London: Pimlico, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6505-6).
- Reviewed by Peter Jay in The Guardian, March 22, 2003.
External links
- More about Anthony Eden on the Downing Street website.
- University of Birmingham Special Collections The Avon Papers including papers on the Suez Crisis
- http://www.discoverychannel.com.au/altered_statesmen/anthony_eden/index.shtml
- http://discoverychannelasia.com/altered_statesmen/eden/index.shtml
- "Prime Ministers in the Post-War world: Anthony Eden", lecture by Dr David Carlton, given at Gresham College, 10 May 2007 (available for download as video or audio files)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Eden, Anthony |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | 1st Earl of Avon |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | British politician & Conservative prime minister |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 12, 1897 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | West Auckland, County Durham, England |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 14, 1977 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Alvediston, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
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