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Anarchism (from Greek ἀν (without) + ἄρχειν (to rule) + ισμός (from stem -ιζειν), "without archons," "without rulers")[1] is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which reject compulsory government[2][3] (the state) and support its elimination,[4][5] often due to a wider rejection of involuntary or permanent authority. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Infoanarchism is an Umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of Intellectual property, such as Copyright and Patents Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism refers to forms of anarchism that are seen by some on the ' left of politics ' Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger. Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Especifismo (English specifism is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro and other South American anarchist organizations Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Individual reclamation ( Fr: reprise individuelle) is a form of the Direct action, characterized by the individual theft of resources from the rich by the Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Participatory Politics or Parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen R A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a Community that is autonomous from the generally recognized Government or authority structure in which The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements and in short it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Refusal of work is a concept that has been advocated at various times by many social activist groups mostly located on the Libertarian left. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Criticisms of anarchism originate from the interest groups it opposes as well as related theories such as Marxism. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Originating in the Greek language ( αρχή "arche" means "beginning origin outset prime principle start threshold" the term "anarchy" The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for "The Modern School" was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider The, also known as the, was a Socialist - Anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910 leading to a mass arrest of leftists and the execution The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a Library dedicated to anarchist texts and History. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of Anarchism LIP is a French clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and management in France For other events in May 1968 see 1968. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Provo was a Dutch Counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi Concentration camps had to wear The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of Trade negotiations occurred Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism Freeganism is an anti-consumerist lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on "limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Lifestyle anarchism is a term derived from Murray Bookchin 's polemical essay " Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism An Unbridgeable Chasm. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger Environmental movement that emerged out of an Ecocentrism -based frustration with the co-option of mainstream Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with A free school, sometimes intentionally spelled free skool, is a decentralized network in which skills information and knowledge are shared without Hierarchy or the Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A gift economy is a Social theory in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future Quid pro quo. Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense should be completely eliminated from society Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism The Really Really Free Market ( RRFM) movement is a non- hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary Market based on an alternative Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production This is a list of anarchist movements by region, both geographical and/or political Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa The powerful Radical faction of Austria-Hungary 's Social Democratic Party was anarchist in all but name until 1884 and anarchist ideas penetrated deeply Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic. Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including Anarcho-syndicalism, Individualist anarchism, green anarchy and Anarchist The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the Working classes during the 19th and early 20th century Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. evolution of Anarchism in Greece has shown a series of historical paradoxes which have to do with both the insufficient historical coverage of such events as well as the distortion In India, Anarchism never took the form of formally named "anarchism" Irish Anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s - although one organisation the Workers Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement Anarchism was an influential movement in Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries Anarchism in Korea began in 1894 when Japan invaded Korea with the stated intention of protecting it from China. Pre-conquest some of the indigenous peoples of what is today Mexico had decisionmaking structures based on participation discussion and consensus hallmarks of modern anarchism The Anarchist movement in Poland developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia Russian anarchism is Anarchism in Russia or among Russians. Bakunin and the anarchists' exile See also Exile In 1848 Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War One of the first Swedish anarchists was the Swedish artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and sentenced in the " Trial of the thirty " in Paris Anarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine Anarchism in Ukraine dates to the 20th century though it has roots in the peasant uprisings of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev as well as the Zaporozhian Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less Anarchism as a Political movement in Vietnam started in the early twentieth century This is a list of Anarcho-punk bands The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present Throughout history anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities This is a list of Fictional anarchists; the source material in which they are found their creator(s the individual(s who interpreted them as anarchists during This is a list of Jewish Anarchists. A Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich B The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details instruments such musicians utilize musical genres they perform and if applicable bands which they are members of This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense Some of the following groups would be better categorized as networks. The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals This is a list of anarchists poets, examples of their published work and the source material in which their poetry is found Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism. Anti-corporate activists (see Activism) believe that the rise of large business Corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Archon (Gr ἄρχων pl ἄρχοντες is a Greek word that means "ruler" frequently used as the title of a specific public office Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium [6] Anarchism is defined by The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics as "the view that society can and should be organized without a coercive state. "[7]
There are many types and traditions of anarchism,[8][9] not all of which are mutually exclusive. [10] Anarchists hold different views as to the economic and legal organisation of society; some favour anarcho-communism, collectivist anarchism, anarcho-syndicalism or participatory economics while others support market systems like mutualism, agorism, or anarcho-capitalism. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination [11] Others, such as anarchists without adjectives neither advocate nor object to any particular form of organization. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an According to The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold, beyond their rejection of compulsory government, and those considered anarchists at best share a certain family resemblance". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy is a reference work in Philosophy edited by Ted Honderich and published by Oxford University Press in 1995 This article is about the philosophical term proposed by Ludwig Wittgenstein not about the common observation that offspring resemble parents and one another [12] Anarchist schools of thought differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism. Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than [7] Some anarchists have opposed coercion, while others have supported it, particularly in the form of violent revolution on the path to anarchy or utopia. Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the [13]
Contents |
Origins
Some claim anarchist themes can be found in the works of Taoist sages Laozi[14] and Zhuangzi. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient For the book with the same name see Zhuangzi (book Zhuangzi ( was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th The latter has been translated, "There has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]. " and "A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a State. "[15] Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics and their contemporary, Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, also introduced similar topics. Diogenes (Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς Diogenes ho Sinopeus) "the Cynic " Greek Philosopher, was born in Sinope The Cynics (Κυνικοί Cynici were an influential group of Philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism Zeno of Citium (Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς Zēnōn ho Kitieŭs) (334 BC - 262 BC was a Greek Philosopher from Citium (Κίτιον Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC [14][16]
Modern anarchism, however, sprang from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau's arguments for the moral centrality of freedom. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century [17] Although by the turn of the 19th century the term "anarchist" had an entirely positive connotation,[18] it first entered the English language in 1642 during the English Civil War as a term of abuse used by Royalists to damn those who were fomenting disorder. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Abuse refers to the use or treatment of something (a person item substance concept or vocabulary that is harmful Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 [18] By the time of the French Revolution some, such as the Enragés, began to use the term positively,[19] in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as oxymoronic. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Les Enragés (literally "the Enraged Ones" were a radical group active during the French Revolution of 1789 opposed to the Jacobins. This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. [18] From this climate William Godwin developed what many consider the first expression of modern anarchist thought. William Godwin ( 3 March 1756 &ndash 7 April 1836) was an English journalist political philosopher and Novelist Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory [20] Godwin was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work. "[14][21] Godwin, a philosophical anarchist, opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present "necessary evil"[22] that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge. Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Limited Government is a government structure where any more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not usually allowed by Law, usually [20] Godwin advocated extreme individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labor be eliminated. [23] Godwin felt discrimination on any grounds besides ability was intolerable.
The first to describe himself as anarchist was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,[18] which led some to call him the founder of modern anarchist theory. A system of government is a term that refers to the set of political Institutions by which a Government of a State is organized in order to exert its powers Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions See also Form of government This article lists forms of government and Political systems according to a series of different ways of categorising them Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler A band society is the simplest form of human Society. A band generally consists of a small kin group no larger than an Extended family or Clan. A chiefdom is a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives Despotism is a Form of government by a single authority either an individual or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute political power A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed A kleptocracy (sometimes cleptocracy, occasionally kleptarchy) ( root klepto+kratein = rule by thieves) is a term applied to a Kritarchy is a form of government ruled by judges It may have existed in Israel during the period of time described in the Book of Judges and exist in Somalia under the Meritocracy is a system of a government or another organization wherein Appointments are made and responsibilities are given based on demonstrated talent and Ability A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Ochlocracy ( Greek: οχλοκρατία or okhlokratía; Latin: ochlocratia) is government by mob or a mass of people Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment Plutocracy is rule by the wealthy or power provided by wealth Corporatocracy is a Neologism that describes a Government dominated by corporate influence banks and governments A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Mixed government, also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy A constitutional Republic is a State where the Head of state and other officials are elected as representatives of the people and A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any A capitalist republic is a concept of government completely the reverse of Marxist thought Cybernetic revolt|Artificial intelligence in fiction The concept of Machine Rule is a common theme in Science fiction stories and film, in which an artificially A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party Technocracy: A form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control "technocracy is described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Theodemocracy is a political system theorized by Joseph Smith Jr Constitutional theory defines a timocracy as either a State where only property owners may participate in Government; or a government Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was [24] Proudhon proposed spontaneous order, whereby organization emerges without central authority, a "positive anarchy" where order arises when everybody does “what he wishes and only what he wishes"[25] and where "business transactions alone produce the social order. See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. "[26] Like Godwin, Proudhon opposed violent revolutionary action. He saw anarchy as "a form of government or constitution in which public and private consciousness, formed through the development of science and law, is alone sufficient to maintain order and guarantee all liberties. In it, as a consequence, the institutions of the police, preventive and repressive methods, officialdom, taxation, etc. , are reduced to a minimum. In it, more especially, the forms of monarchy and intensive centralization disappear, to be replaced by federal institutions and a pattern of life based on the commune"[27] By "commune", Proudhon meant local self-government or according to literal translation, "municipality", rather than a communist arrangement. Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. [28]
Schools of thought
Mutualism
Mutualism began in 18th century English and French labor movements before taking an anarchist form associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in France and others in the United States. Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was [29] Proudhon's ideas were introduced by Charles A. Dana,[30] to individualist anarchists in the United States including Benjamin Tucker and William Batchelder Greene. Charles Anderson Dana ( August 8, 1819 &ndash October 17, 1897) was an American Journalist, author and government official Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism William Batchelder Greene ( April 4, 1819 &ndash May 30, 1878) was a 19th century Individualist anarchist, Unitarian [31]
Mutualist anarchism is concerned with reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation, and credit and currency reform. Many mutualists believe a market without government intervention drives prices to labor-costs, eliminating profit, rent, and interest according to the labor theory of value. The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to Firms would be forced to compete over workers just as workers compete over firms, raising wages. [32] Mutualism has been retrospectively characterized as being ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism. [33] Proudhon first characterized his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property. "[34]
Individualist anarchism
Individualist anarchism comprises several traditions[35] which hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective body or public authority. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective "[36] Individualist anarchism is supportive of property being held privately, unlike the social/socialist/collectivist/communitarian wing which advocates common ownership. [37] Individualist anarchism has been espoused by individuals such as William Godwin,[38] Henry David Thoreau,[39] Josiah Warren, and Murray Rothbard. William Godwin ( 3 March 1756 &ndash 7 April 1836) was an English journalist political philosopher and Novelist Josiah Warren (1798-1874 was an Individualist anarchist, inventor musician and author in the United States. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism
One of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism was Max Stirner,[40] who wrote The Ego and Its Own (1844), a founding text of the philosophy. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856) better known as Max Stirner (the Nom de plume The Ego and Its Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum also translated as The Individual and His Property; a literal translation would read The Sole One and His [40] Stirner's philosophy was an "egoist" form of individualist anarchism according to which the only limitation on the rights of the individual is his power to obtain what he desires[41], taking no notice of God, state, or moral rules. The Philosophy of Max Stirner is credited as an influence on the development of Nihilism, Existentialism, Post-modernism [42] To Stirner, rights were spooks in the mind, and he held that society does not exist but "the individuals are its reality" — he supported property by force of might rather than moral right. [43] Stirner preached self-assertion and foresaw "associations of egoists" where respect for ruthlessness drew people together. [38]
A less radical form of individualist anarchism was advocated by the "Boston anarchists,"[44] American individualists who supported private property and a free market. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers [45] They advocated the protection of liberty and property by private contractors,[46] and endorsed exchange of labor for wages,[47]. They did not have a problem that "one man employ another" or that "he direct him," in his labor but demanded that "all natural opportunities requisite to the production of wealth be accessible to all on equal terms and that monopolies arising from special privileges created by law be abolished. "[48] They believed state monopoly capitalism (defined as a state-sponsored monopoly[49]) prevented labor from being fully rewarded. The theory of state monopoly capitalism ("Stamocap" or "Stamokap" theory was initially a Marxist doctrine popularised after World War II Even among the nineteenth century American individualists, there was not a monolithic doctrine, as they disagreed amongst each other on various issues including intellectual property rights and possession versus property in land. Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual [50][51][52] A major cleft occurred later in the 19th century when Tucker and some others abandoned natural rights and converted to an "egoism" modeled upon Stirner's philosophy. The Philosophy of Max Stirner is credited as an influence on the development of Nihilism, Existentialism, Post-modernism [51] Some "Boston anarchists", like Tucker, identified themselves as "socialist" – a term which at the time denoted a broad concept – by which he meant a commitment to solving "the labor problem" by radical economic reform. [53]) By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed,[54] although it was later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and the anarcho-capitalists in the mid-twentieth century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the [44][55]
Social anarchism
Social anarchism is one of two different broad categories of anarchism, the other category being individualist anarchism. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with The term social anarchism is often used to identify communitarian forms of anarchism that emphasize cooperation and mutual aid. Social anarchism includes anarcho-collectivism, anarcho-communism, Libertarian socialism, anarcho-syndicalism, social ecology and sometimes mutualism.
Collectivist anarchism
Collectivist anarchism (a specific tendency not to be confused with the broad category sometimes called collectivist or communitarian anarchism[56]) is a revolutionary[57] form of anarchism commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin and with Johann Most. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than Communitarianism, as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century opposing in its opinion exalted forms of Individualism while advocating phenomena Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Johann Joseph Most ( February 5, 1846 March 17, 1906) was a German-American Anarchist and orator who in the late 19th century [58] Unlike mutualists, collectivist anarchists oppose all private ownership of the means of production, instead advocating that ownership be collectivized. This was to be initiated by small cohesive elite group through acts of violence, or "propaganda by the deed," which would inspire the workers as a whole to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production. Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against [57] However, collectivization was not to be extended to the distribution of income, as workers would be paid according to time worked, rather than receiving goods being distributed "according to need" as in anarcho-communism. Although the collectivist anarchists advocated compensation for labor, some held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need. [59] Collectivist anarchism arose contemporaneously with Marxism but opposed the Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat, despite the stated Marxist goal a collectivist stateless society. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the [60]
Anarchist communism
Anarchist communists propose that a society composed of a number of self-governing communes with collective use of the means of production and direct democracy as the political organizational form, and related to other communes through federation would be the freest form of social organisation. Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim 's early 12" and EP releases recorded between 1995 and 1998 Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" [61] However, some anarchist communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and favor consensus democracy. Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. [62] In anarchist communism, individuals would not receive direct compensation for labour (through sharing of profits or payment), but would instead have free access to the resources and surplus of the commune. Remuneration is pay or salary typically Monetary payment for services rendered as in an Employment. [63] According to anarchist communist Peter Kropotkin and later Murray Bookchin, the members of such a society would spontaneously perform all necessary labour because they would recognize the benefits of communal enterprise and mutual aid. Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social [64] Kropotkin believed that private property was one of the causes of oppression and exploitation and called for its abolition,[65][66] advocating instead common ownership. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual [65]
The status of anarchist communism within anarchism is disputed, because it is seen by most individualist anarchists as incompatible with freedom. Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression [67] Some anarcho-syndicalists, such as the Spanish union CNT. Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English saw an anarcho-communist society as their objective. Platformism is an anarchist communist tendency in the tradition of Nestor Makhno who argued for the "vital need of an organization which, having attracted most of the participants in the anarchist movement, would establish a common tactical and political line for anarchism and thereby serve as a guide for the whole movement. Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Нестор Іванович Махно October 26, 1888 – July 6, 1934) was an anarcho-communist "[68] Some forms of anarchist communism are strongly Egoist in nature,[69] and are strongly influenced by radical individualist philosophy, believing that anarcho-communism does not require a communitarian nature at all; anarchist communist Emma Goldman was influenced by both Max Stirner and Kropotkin and blended their philosophies together in her own. Ethical egoism is the normative ethical position that Moral agents ought to do what is in their Self-interest. Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches [70]
Anarcho-syndicalism
In the early twentieth century anarcho-syndicalism arose as a distinct school of thought within anarchism. [71] With greater focus on the labour movement than previous forms of anarchism, syndicalism posits radical trade unions as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society, democratically self-managed by the workers. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production Anarcho-syndicalists seek to abolish the wage system and private ownership of the means of production, which they believe lead to class divisions. Important principles of syndicalism include workers' solidarity, direct action (such as general strikes and workplace recuperations), and workers' self-management. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production Anarcho-syndicalism and other branches of anarchism are not mutually exclusive: anarcho-syndicalists often subscribe to communist or collectivist anarchist economic systems. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist [72] Its advocates propose labour organization as a means to create the foundations of a non-hierarchical anarchist society within the current system and bring about social revolution.
Rudolf Rocker was a leading early anarcho-syndicalist thinker who outlined a view of the origins of the movement, what it sought, and why it was important to the future of labour in his 1938 pamphlet Anarchosyndicalism. Johann Rudolf Rocker ( March 25, 1873 September 19, 1958) was an anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist [72][73] Although more frequently associated with labor struggles of the early twentieth century (particularly in France and Spain), many syndicalist organizations are active today, united across national borders by membership in the International Workers Association, including the SAC in Sweden, the USI in Italy, and the CNT in Spain. Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Workers' Association ( IWA) ( Spanish: Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (in Swedish: Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Unione Sindacale Italiana ( USI; Italian Syndicalist Union Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English
Recently-developed schools of thought
Anarchism continues to generate many eclectic and syncretic philosophies and movements; since the revival of anarchism in the U.S. in the 1960s,[74] a number of new movements and schools have emerged. Syncretic politics involves taking political positions that attempt to reconcile seemingly opposed ideological systems usually by combining some elements associated with the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Anarcho-capitalism developed out of radical anti-state libertarianism as a rejuvenated form of individualist anarchism, while the burgeoning feminist and environmentalist movements also produced anarchist offshoots. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment.
Post-left anarchy is a tendency which seeks to distance itself from the traditional "left" and to escape the confines of ideology in general. Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Post-leftists argue that anarchism has been weakened by its long attachment to contrary "leftist" movements and single issue causes and calls for a synthesis of anarchist thought and a specifically anti-authoritarian revolutionary movement outside of the leftist milieu. Post-anarchism is a theoretical move towards a synthesis of classical anarchist theory and poststructuralist thought developed by Saul Newman and associated with thinkers such as Todd May, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Saul Newman (born 1972 is a Political theorist and central post-anarchist thinker Todd May is a political philosopher notable for his role in developing alongside Saul Newman and Lewis Call, the theory of Postanarchism. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist It draws from a wide range of ideas including autonomism, post-left anarchy, situationism, postcolonialism and Zapatismo. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and Another recent form of anarchism critical of formal anarchist movements is insurrectionary anarchism which advocates informal organization and active resistance to the state; its proponents include Wolfi Landstreicher and Alfredo M. Bonanno. Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Alfredo M Bonanno (born 1937 is an anarchist from Italy who has had a great impact on Insurrectionary anarchism, writing essays such as Armed Joy (for
Anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism (also free-market anarchism[76]) is "based on a belief in the freedom to own private property, a rejection of any form of governmental authority or intervention, and the upholding of the competitive free market as the main mechanism for social interaction. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual "[77] Because of the historically anti-capitalist nature of most anarchist thought, the status of anarcho-capitalism within anarchism is disputed, particularly by communist anarchists. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. [78] Anarcho-capitalists distinguish between free market capitalism – peaceful voluntary exchange[79] – from "state capitalism" which Murray Rothbard defined as a collusive partnership between big business and government that uses coercion to subvert the free market. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers State capitalism, in its classic meaning is a private capitalist economy under State control Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Big Business or big business is a term used to describe large corporations in either an individual or collective sense Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats [80] Whether in its natural rights-based or utilitarian formulations, anarcho-capitalism has a theory of legitimacy that supports private property as long as it was obtained by labor, trade, or gift. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness [81] In an anarcho-capitalist society, its proponents hold, voluntary market processes would result in the provision of social institutions such as law enforcement, defence and infrastructure by competing for-profit firms, charities or voluntary associations. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Etymology The word "charity" entered the English language through the Old French word " charité " which was derived from the Voluntaryism is a Philosophy that opposes anything that it sees as unjustifiably invasive and Coercive. [82] rather than the state. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism, law (the non-aggression principle) is enforced by the market but not created by it, while according to David D. Friedman's utilitarian version, the law itself is produced by the market. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his
While the term "anarcho-capitalism" was coined by Rothbard and its origin is attributed to 1960's America, some historians, including Rothbard himself, trace the school as far back as the mid-19th century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [83] [84] Anarcho-capitalism has drawn influence from pro-market theorists such as Gustave de Molinari, Frédéric Bastiat, and Robert Nozick, as well as American individualist thinkers such as Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner. Gustave de Molinari ( March 3, 1819 - January 28, 1912) was an economist born in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands associated Claude Frédéric Bastiat ( June 30, 1801 December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal theorist political economist Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938 &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism [85][86] Considered a form of individualist anarchism,[87] it differs from the individualism of the "Boston anarchists" of the 19th century in its rejection of the labor theory of value (and its normative implications) in favor of the neoclassical or Austrian School marginalist view. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to Norms are sentences or sentence meanings with practical i e action-oriented (rather than descriptive explanatory or expressive import the most common of which Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to Economics focusing on the determination of prices outputs and income distributions in markets The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Marginalism is the use of Marginal concepts within Economics. Anarcho-capitalist ideas have in turn contributed to the development of agorism,[88] autarchism, and crypto-anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. [89]
Anarcha-feminism
Anarcha-feminism is a synthesis of radical feminism and anarchism that views patriarchy (male domination over women) as a fundamental manifestation of involuntary hierarchy – to which anarchists are opposed. Radical feminism is a "current" within Feminism that focuses on the theory of Patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Anarcha-feminism was inspired in the late 19th century by the writings of early feminist anarchists such as Lucy Parsons, Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre. Lucy Parsons ( 1853 - March 7, 1942) was a radical American labor organizer Anarchist (and possibly later also Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Voltairine de Cleyre ( November 17 1866 June 20 1912) was according to Emma Goldman, "the most gifted and brilliant Anarcha-feminists, like other radical feminists, criticize and advocate the abolition of traditional conceptions of family, education and gender roles. A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioural norms associated particularly with Males or Females in a given social group or system Many Anarcha-feminists are especially critical of marriage. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. For instance, the feminist anarchist Emma Goldman has argued that marriage is a purely economic arrangement and that ". . . [woman] pays for it with her name, her privacy, her self-respect, her very life. "[90]. Anarcha-feminists by contrast view patriarchy as a fundamental problem in society and believe that the feminist struggle against sexism and patriarchy is an essential component of the anarchist struggle against the state and capitalism. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where L. Susan Brown expressed the sentiment that "as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power, it is inherently feminist". L Susan Brown (born 1959 is a Canadian Anarcho-communist writer and theoretician [91] There have been several Male Anarcha feminists as well such as the Anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque who opposed Proudhons anti-feminist views. Joseph Déjacque (b December 1821 Paris - d 1864 Paris was a French anarcho-communist poet and writer Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Antifeminism is opposition to Feminism in some or all of its forms "[92]
Anarcho-primitivism has been cited as a form of anarchism that addresses feminist concerns. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Anarcho-primitivists, inspired by the work of anthropologists such as Jared Diamond[93] and Eleanor Leacock - who describe a more egalitarian relationship between men and women in foraging societies than in Agricultural societies - believe that agriculture not only gave rise to forms of domination such as class distinctions but to patriarchy and sexism as well. TemplateInfobox writer --> Jared Mason Diamond (b 10 September, 1937) is an American Evolutionary biologist Eleanor "Happy" Leacock (1922 New Jersey - 1987 Hawai'i was a theorist of anthropology focusing on the issue of gender during the feminist movement Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture In Sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of Social classes Castes and strata within a Society. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards [94]
Green anarchism
Green anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which puts an emphasis on the environment. Some green anarchists can be described as anarcho-primitivists and sometimes anti-civilization anarchists, though not all green anarchists are primitivists. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Likewise, there is a strong critique of technology among some green anarchists, though not all reject it entirely. Sometimes green anarchism is said to be techno-positive or techno-negative to differentiate between those who advocate use of advanced green technology to create and maintain an anarchist society and those who mainly see civilization and modern technology as something negative. Non-primitivist green anarchists, such as anthropologist Brian Morris, often draw influence from the social ecology of Murray Bookchin. Brian Morris (born 1936 is emeritus professor of Anthropology at Goldsmiths College at the University of London. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social
Anarcho-Primitivism
Anarcho-primitivism is a form of anarchism that believes civilization and technology inevitably lead to inequality and are incompatible with anarchism and in effect must be abolished. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Anarcho-primitivists often criticize traditional anarchism for supporting civilization and technology which Anarcho-primitivists believe are inherently based on domination and exploitation and instead advocate the process of rewilding or reconnecting with the natural environment. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Anarcho-primitivists (despite their opposition to science) often use the writings of anthropologists, such as Jared Diamond who wrote The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race,[95] that have portrayed indigenous societies as egalitarian, to support their critique of civilization. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. TemplateInfobox writer --> Jared Mason Diamond (b 10 September, 1937) is an American Evolutionary biologist
Anarchism without adjectives
"Anarchism without adjectives", in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein, "referred to an unhyphenated form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as communist, collectivist, mutualist, or individualist. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective For others,…[it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools". [96] "Anarchism without adjectives" emphasizes harmony among various anarchist factions and attempts to unite them around their shared anti-authoritarian beliefs. The position was first adopted in 1889 by Fernando Tarrida del Mármol as a call for toleration, after being troubled by the "bitter debates" among the different anarchist movements. Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (August 2 1861&ndash1915 was a Cuban anarchist writer [97] Voltairine de Cleyre,[98] Errico Malatesta,[99] and Fred Woodworth are noteworthy exponents of the view. Voltairine de Cleyre ( November 17 1866 June 20 1912) was according to Emma Goldman, "the most gifted and brilliant Errico Malatesta ( December 14, 1853 July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist and Insurrectionary anarchist Fred Woodworth is an anarchist and atheist Writer based in the United States. [100]
Anarchism as a social movement
Anarchism as a social movement has regularly endured fluctuations in popularity. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Its classical period, which scholars demarcate as from 1860 to 1939, is associated with the working-class movements of the nineteenth century and the Spanish Civil War-era struggles against fascism. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology [101]
The First International
In Europe, harsh reaction followed the revolutions of 1848, but in 1864 the International Workingmen's Association (sometimes called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon, Blanquists, Philadelphes, English trade unionists, socialists and social democrats. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European The International Workingmen's Association (IWA, sometimes called the First International, was an international socialist organization which aimed at uniting a variety Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was In Left-wing discourse ' Blanquism' refers to a conception of revolution generally attributed to Louis Auguste Blanqui which holds that socialist revolution should The Philadelphes was an irregular masonic lodge founded in France in the 1750s and which became a centre for conspiratorial revolutionary activity Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Due to its links to active workers' movements, the International became a significant organization. Karl Marx became a leading figure in the International and a member of its General Council. Proudhon's followers, the mutualists, opposed Marx's state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings. Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a State Socialism is a term introduced to describe the type of government in countries ruled by communist parties such as the former USSR, which are generally known as Communist In 1868, following their unsuccessful participation in the League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), Mikhail Bakunin and his associates joined the First International - which had decided not to get involved with the LPF. The Inaugural Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom was originally planned for September 5, 1867 in Geneva. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. They allied themselves with the anti-authoritarian socialist sections of the International, who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivization of property. At first, the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Subsequently, the International became polarized into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads. Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as authoritarian and predicted that, if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the ruling class they had fought against. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union The term ruling class refers to the Social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy [102][103] In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the Hague Congress, where Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled from the International and its were headquarters transferred to New York. The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider James Guillaume ( February 16 1844 - November 20 1916) was a leading member of the Jura federation of the First International In response, the anti-authoritarian sections formed their own International at the St. Imier Congress, adopting a revolutionary anarchist program. The Anarchist St Imier International was an international Anarchist organization formed in 1872 when the anarchist sections were expelled from the First International [104]
Anarchism and organized labor
The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho-syndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organization of labor. "[105] In 1886, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU) of the United States and Canada unanimously set May 1, 1886, as the date by which the eight-hour work day would become standard. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada (FOTLU was a federation of labor unions created on November 15, 1881 Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where [106] In response, unions across America prepared a general strike in support of the event. [107] Upon May 3, in Chicago, a fight broke out when replacement workers attempted to cross the picket line. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Police intervention led to the deaths of four men, enraging the workers of the city. The next day, May 4, anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV [108] A bomb was thrown by an unknown party near the conclusion of the rally, killing an officer. [109] In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowed and each other. [110] Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed. [111] Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organizers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer. The men became international political celebrities among the labor movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide prior to his own execution. The incident became known as the Haymarket affair, and was a setback for the labor movement and the struggle for the eight hour day. In 1890 a second attempt, this time international in scope, to organize for the eight hour day was made. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The event also had the secondary purpose of memorializing workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair. [112] The celebration of International Workers' Day on May Day became an annual event the following year. International Workers' Day (a name used interchangeably with May Day) is a celebration of the social and economic achievements of the international Labour May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour
In 1907, the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam gathered delegates from 14 different countries, among which important figures of the anarchist movement, including Errico Malatesta, Pierre Monatte, Luigi Fabbri, Benoît Broutchoux, Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker, Christiaan Cornelissen, etc. The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. Errico Malatesta ( December 14, 1853 July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist and Insurrectionary anarchist Pierre Monatte ( 15 January 1881 - 27 June 1960) was a French trade unionist who worked in the Printing industry ( ouvrier Luigi Fabbri (1877 – 1935 was an Italian anarchist, writer agitator and propagandist who was charged with Defeatism during the World War I Benedict Broutchoux (November 7 1879 - June 2 1944 was a French anarchist opposed to the reformist Emile Basly during a strike in the north of France in 1902 Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Johann Rudolf Rocker ( March 25, 1873 September 19, 1958) was an anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Christiaan Gerardus Cornelissen ( 30 August 1864 - 21 January 1942) was a Dutch syndicalist writer economist and trade unionist Various themes were treated during the Congress, in particular concerning the organisation of the anarchist movement, popular education issues, the general strike or antimilitarism. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and syndicalism (or trade unionism). Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Malatesta and Monatte in particular opposed themselves on this issue, as the latter thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions of a social revolution, while Malatesta did not consider syndicalism by itself sufficient. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively [113] Malatesta thought that trade-unions were reformist, and could even be, at times, conservative. Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Along with Cornelissen, he cited as example US trade-unions, where trade-unions composed of qualified workers sometimes opposed themselves to non-qualified workers in order to defend their relatively privileged position. Labor unions in the United States function as legally recognized representatives of workers in numerous industries
The Spanish Workers Federation in 1881 was the first major anarcho-syndicalist movement; anarchist trade union federations were of special importance in Spain. The most successful was the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour: CNT), founded in 1910. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English Before the 1940s, the CNT was the major force in Spanish working class politics and played a major role in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers Association, a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922, with delegates representing two million workers from 15 countries in Europe and Latin America. The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain, in the form of the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) and the CNT. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The General Confederation of Labour ( Spanish: Confederación Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English CGT membership was estimated to be around 100,000 for the year 2003. [114] Other active syndicalist movements include the US Workers Solidarity Alliance and the UK Solidarity Federation. Workers Solidarity Alliance (WSA is a United States political activist group that advocates Anarcho-syndicalism; WSA is not a Trade union or proto-union The Solidarity Federation (SolFed is a federation of Class struggle anarchists active in Britain. The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World, claiming 2,000 paying members, and the International Workers Association, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active. The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Workers' Association ( IWA) ( Spanish:
The Russian Revolution
Anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both February and October revolutions, many anarchists initially supporting the Bolshevik coup. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The February Revolution (Февральская революция in 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution However, the Bolsheviks soon turned against the anarchists and other left-wing opposition, a conflict that culminated in the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground or joined the victorious Bolsheviks. In the Ukraine, anarchists fought in the civil war against Whites and then the Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who attempted to establish an anarchist society in the region for a number of months. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Нестор Іванович Махно October 26, 1888 – July 6, 1934) was an anarcho-communist
Expelled American anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, before they left Russia. Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Alexander Berkman ( November 21 1870 – June 28 1936) was a Russian American writer and a leading member of the anarchist Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticizing the amount of control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, Bakunin's predictions about the consequences of Marxist rule[102] had proved all too true. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism.
The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw Bolshevik success as setting an example; Communist parties grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of In France and the US, for example, certain members of the major syndicalist movements of the CGT and IWW left the organizations and joined the Communist International. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The General Confederation of Labour ( French: Confédération générale The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow
In Paris, the Dielo Truda group of Russian anarchist exiles, which included Nestor Makhno, concluded that anarchists needed to develop new forms of organisation in response to the structures of Bolshevism. Dielo Truda ( Workers' Cause) was an anarchist publication released by the Group of Russian Anarchists Abroad from 1925-1928 as well as the group itself Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Нестор Іванович Махно October 26, 1888 – July 6, 1934) was an anarcho-communist Their 1926 manifesto, called the Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft),[68] was supported by some communist anarchists, though opposed by many others. Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Platformist groups today include the Workers Solidarity Movement in Ireland and the North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists of North America. The Workers Solidarity Movement is an Anarchist organisation in Ireland broadly in the platformist tradition of Nestor Makhno. NEFAC (the North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists or the Fédération des Communistes Libertaires du Nord-Est) is a platformist, anarchist
The fight against fascism
- See also: Anarchism in Italy, Anarchism in France, and Anarchism in Spain
In the 1920s and 1930s, the rise of fascism in Europe transformed anarchism's conflict with the state. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Italy saw the first struggles between anarchists and fascists. Italian anarchists played a key role in the anti-fascist organisation Arditi del Popolo, which was strongest in areas with anarchist traditions and marked up numerous successful victories, including repelling Blackshirts in the anarchist stronghold of Parma in August 1922. Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement The Arditi del Popolo (People's Squads was an Italian Militant anti-fascist group founded at the end of June 1921 to resist the rise of Benito Mussolini For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. The Blackshirts ( Italian: camicie nere, [115] In France, where the far right leagues came close to insurrection in the February 1934 riots, anarchists divided over a united front policy. Far right leagues ( Ligues d'extrême droite) gathered several French far right movements opposed to Parliamentarism, which mainly dedicated themselves The 6 February 1934 crisis refers to an Anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by Far-right leagues (antiparliamentarian [116]
In Spain, the CNT initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right wing election victory. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English But in 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the ruling class responded with an attempted coup, and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was underway. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain where they collectivized the land. Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise But even before the eventual fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the Stalinists, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the Soviet Union. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 According to George Orwell and other foreign observers, Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero
Internal issues and debates
Anarchism is a philosophy which embodies many diverse and heterogeneous attitudes, tendencies and schools of thought; as such, disagreement over questions of values, ideology and tactics is common. The compatibility of capitalism (which anarchists usually reject, according to The Oxford Companion to Philosophy),[12] nationalism and religion with anarchism is widely disputed. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees The Oxford Companion to Philosophy is a reference work in Philosophy edited by Ted Honderich and published by Oxford University Press in 1995 Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Similarly, anarchism enjoys a complex relationship with ideologies such as Marxism, communism and anarcho-capitalism. Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest or any number of alternative ethical doctrines. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Ethical egoism is the normative ethical position that Moral agents ought to do what is in their Self-interest.
Phenomena such as civilization, technology (e. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt g. within Anarcho-primitivism and insurrectionary anarchism), and the democratic process may be sharply criticized within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common Anarchist attitudes towards race, gender and the environment have changed significantly since the modern origin of the philosophy in the eighteenth century. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common
On a tactical level, while propaganda of the deed was a tactic used by anarchists in the 19th century (e. Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against g. the Nihilist movement), contemporary anarchists espouse alternative methods such as nonviolence, counter-economics and anti-state cryptography to bring about an anarchist society. The Nihilist movement was a Russian Anarchist movement in the 1860s which rejected existing authorities and values Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. The diversity in anarchism has led to widely different use of identical terms among different anarchist traditions, which has led to many definitional concerns in anarchist theory. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common
Citations
- ^ Anarchy Merriam-Webster's Online dictionary
- ^ Malatesta, Errico, "Towards Anarchism", MAN!. Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books Errico Malatesta ( December 14, 1853 July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist and Insurrectionary anarchist Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West OCLC 3930443. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- ^ Agrell, Siri (2007-05-14). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the "Working for The Man". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities
- ^ "Anarchism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 29 August 2006
- ^ "Anarchism". Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 2005. P. 14 "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable. "
- ^ Bakunin, Mikhail, God and the State, pt. 2. ; Tucker, Benjamin, State Socialism and Anarchism. ; Kropotkin, Piotr, Anarchism: its Philosophy and Ideal; Malatesta, Errico, Towards Anarchism; Bookchin, Murray, Anarchism: Past and Present, pt. 4; An Introduction to Anarchism by Liz A. Highleyman
- ^ a b Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
- ^ Kropotkin, Peter. Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings, Courier Dover Publications, 2002, p. 5
- ^ R. B. Fowler (1972). "The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought". Western Political Quarterly 25 (4): 738-752. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Sylvan, Richard. "Anarchism". A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodwin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p. 231
- ^ "Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism, from the hyperrationalism of Godwin, to the egoism of Stirner, to the libertarians and anarcho-capitalists of today. " Brooks, Frank H. 1994. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881-1908). Transaction Publishers. p. xi
- ^ a b "Anarchism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy is a reference work in Philosophy edited by Ted Honderich and published by Oxford University Press in 1995 31
- ^ Fowler, R. B. "The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought". The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 4. (Dec. , 1972), pp. 743-744
- ^ a b c Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910
- ^ Murray Rothbard. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Concepts of the role of intellectuals in social change toward laissez faire.
- ^ Cynics entry at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Julie Piering
- ^ "Anarchism", Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (UK version)
- ^ a b c d e "Anarchism", BBC Radio 4 program, In Our Time, Thursday December 7, 2006. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP is a free Online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995 Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Hosted by Melvyn Bragg of the BBC, with John Keane, Professor of Politics at University of Westminster, Ruth Kinna, Senior Lecturer in Politics at Loughborough University, and Peter Marshall, philosopher and historian. Melvyn Baron Bragg, FRSL, FRTS (born 6 October 1939) is a British author and broadcaster The University of Westminster is a university in London, England, formed in 1992 as a result of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, which allowed Dr Ruth Ellen Kinna is a Politics lecturer at Loughborough University where she specialises in Political philosophy. Loughborough University is a Campus university located in the Market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands Peter Marshall (born 23 August 1946, Bognor Regis, England) is an English philosopher historian biographer travel writer and poet
- ^ Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd. , 2004. pg. 85
- ^ a b William Godwin entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Mark Philip, 2006-05-20
- ^ Godwin himself attributed the first anarchist writing to Edmund Burke's Vindication of Natural Society. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and "Most of the above arguments may be found much more at large in Burke's Vindication of Natural Society; a treatise in which the evils of the existing political institutions are displayed with incomparable force of reasoning and lustre of eloquence…" - footnote, Ch. 2 Political Justice by William Godwin. Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Manners (1793 outlines the Political philosophy of the eighteenth-century philosopher
- ^ Godwin, William [1793] (1796). William Godwin ( 3 March 1756 &ndash 7 April 1836) was an English journalist political philosopher and Novelist Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Manners. Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Manners (1793 outlines the Political philosophy of the eighteenth-century philosopher G. G. and J. Robinson. OCLC 2340417. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- ^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 7, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- ^ Daniel Guerin, Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970). Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Proudhon, Solution to the Social Problem, ed. H. Cohen (New York: Vanguard Press, 1927), p. 45.
- ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1979). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was The Principle of Federation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802054587. “The notion of anarchy in politics is just as rational and positive as any other. It means that once industrial functions have taken over from political functions, then business transactions alone produce the social order. ”
- ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1969). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Selected Writings. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books. Garden City New York is a village in central Nassau County, New York, in the USA, which was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney OCLC 221546850. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- ^ Bernstein, Samuel. 1984. French Political and Intellectual. History. Transaction Publishers. p. 174
- ^ "A member of a community," The Mutualist; this 1826 series criticized Robert Owen's proposals, and has been attributed to a dissident Owenite, possibly from the Friendly Association for Mutual Interests of Valley Forge; Wilbur, Shawn, 2006, "More from the 1826 "Mutualist"?"
- ^ Dana, Charles A. Robert Owen (14 May 1771 – 17 Nov 1858 born in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales was a social reformer and one of the founders of Socialism Proudhon and his "Bank of the People" (1848).
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin R. , "On Picket Duty", Liberty (Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order) (1881-1908); 5 January 1889; 6, 10; APS Online pg. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 1
- ^ "Communism versus Mutualism", Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments. (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1875) William Batchelder Greene: "Under the mutual system, each individual will receive the just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount; and so much as the individual laborer will then get over and above what he has earned will come to him as his share in the general prosperity of the community of which he is an individual member. William Batchelder Greene ( April 4, 1819 &ndash May 30, 1878) was a 19th century Individualist anarchist, Unitarian "
- ^ Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Princeton University Press 1996 ISBN 0-691-04494-5, p. 6
Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing 1991 ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 11 - ^ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. What Is Property? Princeton, MA: Benjamin R. Tucker, 1876. p. 281.
- ^ Ward, Colin. Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 2
- ^ Heywood, Andrew, Key Concepts in Politics, Palgrave, ISBN 0-312-23381-7, 2000, p. 46
- ^ Freeden, Michael. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019829414X. pp. 314
- ^ a b Woodcock, George. 2004. Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Broadview Press. p. 20
- ^ Johnson, Ellwood. The Goodly Word: The Puritan Influence in America Literature, Clements Publishing, 2005, p. 138.
Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Alvin Saunders Johnson, 1937, p. 12. - ^ a b Max Stirner entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by David Leopold, 2006-08-04
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. Dr David Leopold is a fixed term Fellow in Politics at Mansfield College, Oxford University. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176
- ^ Miller, David. "Anarchism. " 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p 11
- ^ "What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as fas as I entitle, that is, empower myself to take…" In Ossar, Michael. 1980. Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller. SUNY Press. p. 27
- ^ a b Levy, Carl. "Anarchism". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation.
- ^ "Anarchism is a word without meaning, unless it includes the liberty of the individual to control his product or whatever his product has brought him through exchange in a free market - that is, private property. Whoever denies private property is of necessity an Archist. " "Anarchism and Property", by Benjamin Tucker in The New Freewoman, November 15, 1913
- ^ Benjamin Tucker, "defense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices" "Instead of a Book" (1893)
"Anarchism does not exclude prisons, officials, military, or other symbols of force. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism It merely demands that non-invasive men shall not be made the victims of such force. Anarchism is not the reign of love, but the reign of justice. It does not signify the abolition of force-symbols but the application of force to real invaders. " Tucker, Benjamin. Liberty October 19, 1891. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common - ^ Tucker, Benjamin. "Labor and Its Pay", from Individual Liberty: Selections from the Writings of Benjamin T. Tucker
- ^ Madison, Charles A. "Anarchism in the United States". Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol 6, No 1, January 1945, p. 53.
- ^ Schwartzman, Jack. "Ingalls, Hanson, and Tucker: Nineteenth-Century American Anarchists". American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 62, No. 5 (November, 2003). p. 325
- ^ Spooner, Lysander. The Law of Intellectual Property
- ^ a b Watner, Carl (1977). Carl Watner (b 1948– is an American author and Historian of Libertarian studies and a Voluntaryist Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical, LibertyPDF (868 KiB). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. The Journal of Libertarian Studies is a scholarly journal published annually by the Ludwig von Mises Institute and Llewellyn H 1, No. 4, p. 308
- ^ Watner, Carl. Carl Watner (b 1948– is an American author and Historian of Libertarian studies and a Voluntaryist "Spooner Vs. Liberty"PDF (1. 20 MiB) in The Libertarian Forum. A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5-6.
- ^ Brooks, Frank H. 1994. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881-1908). Transaction Publishers. p. 75.
- ^ Avrich, Paul. Paul Avrich ( August 4, 1931 - February 16, 2006) was a professor and Historian. 2006. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. AK Press is a collectively owned and operated independent Publisher and book distributor that specialises in p. 6
- ^ Miller, David. "Anarchism". The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought 1987. p. 11
- ^ Morris, Christopher W. 1998. An Essay on the Modern State. Cambridge University Press. p 50. The collectivist category is also sometimes known as social, socialist, or communitarian anarchism category.
- ^ a b Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54
- ^ Avrich, Paul. 2006. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. AK Press is a collectively owned and operated independent Publisher and book distributor that specialises in p. 5
- ^ Guillaume, James, Ideas on Social Organization(1876)
- ^ Bakunin, Mikhail (1990). James Guillaume ( February 16 1844 - November 20 1916) was a leading member of the Jura federation of the First International Statism and Anarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521361826. “They [the Marxists] maintain that only a dictatorship -- their dictatorship, of course -- can create the will of the people, while our answer to this is: No dictatorship can have any other aim but that of self-perpetuation, and it can beget only slavery in the people tolerating it; freedom can be created only by freedom, that is, by a universal rebellion on the part of the people and free organization of the toiling masses from the bottom up. ”
- ^ Puente, Isaac. Isaac Puente Amestoy ( June 3 1896, Abanto y Ciérvana, in Biscay &mdash1936 probably in Burgos province) was a Basque "Libertarian Communism". The Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review. Issue 6 Orkney 1982
- ^ Graeber, David and Grubacic, Andrej. David Rolfe Graeber (born 12 February 1961 is an American Anthropologist and Anarchist. Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century
- ^ Miller. Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing (1991) ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 12
- ^
- Kropotkin, Peter Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1998 paperback, London: Freedom Press. Mutual Aid A Factor of Evolution is a book by Peter Kropotkin on the subject of mutual aid, written while he was living in exile in England. ISBN 0-900384-36-0, also at Project Gutenburg
- Kropotkin, Peter The Conquest of Bread, first published 1892, also at Anarchy Archives
- Kropotkin, Peter Fields, Factories and Workshops, available at Anarchy Archives
- Bookchin, Murray Post Scarcity Anarchism (1971 and 2004) ISBN 1-904859-06-2. The Conquest of Bread ( La Conquête du Pain) is a book by the anarchist communist Peter Kropotkin. Fields Factories and Workshops is a landmark Anarchist text by Peter Kropotkin, and arguably one of the most influential and positive statements of the
- ^ a b Kropotkin, Peter (1907). The Conquest of Bread. New York: Putnam, p. 202. ISBN 7195197.
- ^ Kropotkin, Peter. Words of a Rebel, p99.
- ^ Yarros, Victor S. "A Princely Paradox", Liberty, Vol 4. Victor Yarros (1865-1956 was an American anarchist and author No. 19, Saturday, April 9, 1887, Whole Number 97; Tucker, Benjamin. "Labor and Its Pay"; Appleton, Henry. "Anarchism, True and False", Liberty 2. 24, no. 50, 6 September 1884, p. 4; Swartz, Clarence Lee. What is Mutualism?; Rothbard, Murray. "The Death Wish of the Anarcho-Communists"
- ^ a b Dielo Trouda [1926] (2006). Dielo Truda ( Workers' Cause) was an anarchist publication released by the Group of Russian Anarchists Abroad from 1925-1928 as well as the group itself Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft). Italy: FdCA. Retrieved on 2006-10-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat
- ^ Christopher Gray, Leaving the Twentieth Century, p. 88.
- ^ Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. Anarchism & Other Essays is a book by the Feminist Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in 1911 50.
- ^ Berry, David, A History of the French Anarchist Movement, 1917-1945 p. 134
- ^ Anarchosyndicalism by Rudolf Rocker, retrieved 7 September 2006
- ^ Williams, Leonard (September 2007). Johann Rudolf Rocker ( March 25, 1873 September 19, 1958) was an anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Anarchism Revived". New Political Science 29 (3): 297 - 312. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ "Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard" The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. 25 February 1972. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "This volume honors the foremost contemporary exponent of free-market anarchism. One contributor describes Murray Rothbard as 'the most ideologically committed zero-State academic economist on earth'. " Review by Lawrence H. White of "Man, Economy, and Liberty: Essays in honor of Murray N. Rothbard", published in Journal of Economic Literature, Vol XXVIII, June 1990, page 664
- ^ "Anarcho-capitalism. " Oxford English Dictionary. 2004. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Jainendra, Jha. 2002. "Anarchism". Encyclopedia of Teaching of Civics and Political Science. p. 52. Anmol Publications.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism "A Future of Peace and Capitalism". Modern Political Economy. James H. Weaver (ed. ). pp 419. Allyn and Bacon.
- ^ Murray Rothbard, A Future of Peace and Capitalism; Murray Rothbard, Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism
- ^ Rothbard, Murray (1969) Confiscation and the Homestead PrinciplePDF (580 KiB) The Libertarian Forum Vol. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International I, No. VI (June 15, 1969) Retrieved 5 August 2006
- ^ Hess, Karl. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Karl Hess ( May 25 1923 April 22 1994) was an American Speechwriter, editor, Welder, Motorcycle "The Death of Politics". Playboy Magazine, March 1969
- ^ Raico, Ralph (2004) Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. Preface. The Production of Security. By Gustave Molinari. 1849, 1977. [1]
- ^ DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 127
- ^ Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 290: "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the nineteenth century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker. Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs ( September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was an Austrian (Rothbard himself is on the anarchist wing of the movement. )"
- ^ Adams, Ian. 2002. Political Ideology Today. p. 135. Manchester University Press; Ostergaard, Geoffrey. 2003. "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. W. Outwaite ed. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.
- ^ Konkin, Samuel Edward. New Libertarian Manifesto. KoPubCo year = 2006. ISBN 9780977764921.
- ^ Vernor Vinge, James Frankel. Vernor Steffen Vinge (ˈvɪndʒi (born October 2, 1944 in Waukesha Wisconsin, U True Names: And the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier (2001), Tor Books, p. True Names was the Science fiction Novella which brought Vernor Vinge to prominence in 1981 44
- ^ Goldman, "Marriage and Love", Red Emma Speaks, p. 205
- ^ Brown, Susan. L Susan Brown (born 1959 is a Canadian Anarcho-communist writer and theoretician "Beyond Feminism: Anarchism and Human Freedom" Anarchist Papers 3 Black Rose Books (1990) p. 208
- ^ Anarchist-Communism by Alain Pengam
- ^ The worst mistake in the human race
- ^ John Zerzan - Patriarchy, Civilization, and the Origins of Gender
- ^ Jared Diamond. The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race. Discover. Retrieved on 2008-01-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
- ^ Esenwein, George Richard "Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898" [p. 135]
- ^ Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 6
- ^ Voltairine De Cleyre, "Why I Am an Anarchist"
- ^ Nettlau, Max. Max Heinrich Hermann Reinhardt Nettlau ( 30 April 1865 &ndash 23 July 1944) was a German Anarchist and Historian A Short History of Anarchism [p. 198-9]
- ^ Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Paul Avrich (2006). Paul Avrich ( August 4, 1931 - February 16, 2006) was a professor and Historian. p. 475
- ^ Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen, "Introduction: Why Anarchism Still Matters", in Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen (eds), Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. Manchester University Press is the University press of the University of Manchester, England. 3.
- ^ a b "On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx" in Bakunin on Anarchy, translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971
- ^ Bakunin, Mikhail [1873] (1991). Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Statism and Anarchy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36973-8.
- ^ Graham, Robert ''Anarchism (Montreal: Black Rose Books 2005) ISBN 1-55164-251-4
- ^ Resolutions from the St. Imier Congress, in Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Vol. 1, p. 100 [2]
- ^ How May Day Became a Workers' Holiday. The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything. bbc.co.uk (4 October 2001). Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. “(It is) Resolved . . . that eight hours shall constitute a legal day's labor from and after May 1, 1886, and that we recommend to labor organizations throughout this district that they so direct their laws so as to conform to this resolution by the time named. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ”
- ^ How May Day Became a Workers' Holiday. The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything. bbc.co.uk (4 October 2001). Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ Avrich. The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 193.
- ^ Patrolman Mathias J. Degan. The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1886, quoted in Avrich. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 209.
- ^ Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here. The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society (2000). Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
- ^ Foner. May Day, p. 42.
- ^ Extract of Malatesta's declaration (French)
- ^ Carley, Mark "Trade union membership 1993-2003" (International:SPIRE Associates 2004)
- ^ Holbrow, Marnie, "Daring but Divided" (Socialist Review November 2002)
- ^ Berry, David. "Fascism or Revolution". Le Libertaire. August 1936)
See also
Further reading
- Anarchism. While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause National-Anarchism is a syncretic political current that developed in the 1990s out of an attempt by former Third Positionists to reconcile Anarchism The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. Robert Graham, editor. Robert Graham (1958- is an Anarchist Historian and writer He is the editor of Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas (ISBN 1551642506
- Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939) Black Rose Books, Montréal and London 2005. ISBN 1-55164-250-6.
- Volume Two: The Anarchist Current (1939-2006) Black Rose Books, Montréal 2007. ISBN 9781551643113.
- Anarchism, George Woodcock (Penguin Books, 1962)
- Anarchy: A Graphic Guide, Clifford Harper (Camden Press, 1987) (An overview, updating Woodcock's classic, and illustrated throughout by Harper's woodcut-style artwork)
- The Anarchist Reader, George Woodcock (Ed. George Woodcock ( May 8, 1912 - January 28, 1995) was a prolific Canadian Writer of Poetry, Essays Clifford Harper (born July 13, 1949) is an Artist who describes himself as a "committed Anarchist " and Cartoonist. ) (Fontana/Collins 1977) (An anthology of writings from anarchist thinkers and activists including Proudhon, Kropotkin, Bakunin, Bookchin, Goldman, and many others. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches )
- The Dispossessed, Ursula K. Le Guin (a 1974 science fiction novel that takes place on a planet with an anarchist society; winner of both the Hugo and Nebula Awards for best novel. The Dispossessed An Ambiguous Utopia is a 1974 Utopian Science fiction novel by Ursula K Ursula Kroeber Le Guin (ˈɝsələ ˈkroʊbɚ ləˈgwɪn (born October 21, 1929) is an American author The Hugo Awards are given every year for the best Science fiction or Fantasy works and achievements of the previous year The Nebula Award is an award given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA for the best Science fiction / Fantasy fiction )
External links
General resources
- Anarchism article at Anarchopedia, a People's Encyclopedia.
- "An Anarchist FAQ Webpage" - An Anarchist FAQ, hosted at Infoshop.org
- Anarchist Theory FAQ by Bryan Caplan
- Infoshop.org - Anarchist news, information, and online library. "An Anarchist FAQ" is an Online FAQ written by an international work group of anarchists connected through the internet Infoshoporg is an Anarchist website founded in January 1995 as the Mid-Atlantic Infoshop by Chuck Munson. Bryan Caplan (born 1971 is an associate professor of Economics at George Mason University in Fairfax Virginia.
- AnarchismToday.org - Anarchist community site.
- Anarchism.net - a pluralist resource on anarchism
- Theyliewedie.org - Resources on anarchism (french, english, spanish)
Biographical and bibliographical
- Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia - 1,700+ entries, with short bios, links & dedicated pages.
- Anarchy Archives - Anarchy Archives, information relating to famous anarchists including their writings. The Anarchy Archives project is a self-described online research center on the history and theory of Anarchism.
- Anarchist virtual library 768 books, booklets and texts about anarchism.
- Spunk.org - Spunk Library, extensive archive of anarchist documents
- "Zinelibrary.net" anarchist zines to download, print and distribute
News
- A-infos "a multi-lingual news service by, for, and about anarchists"
- Center For Strategic Anarchy - news reports from an anarchist perspective
The Spunk Library (also known as Spunk Press) is an anarchist Internet archive
Dictionary
anarchism
-noun
- Any theory or doctrine that proposes the absence of government in all forms.
- Specifically, a political philosophical belief that all forms of involuntary rule or government are undesirable or unnecessary and that society could function without a ruler or involuntary government (state).
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