| Arabic |
| الله |
| Transliteration |
| Allāh |
| Translation |
| God |
Allah (Arabic: الله, Allāh, IPA: [ʔalˤːɑːh]) is the standard Arabic word for "God". Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. [1] While the term is best known in the West for its use by Muslims as a reference to God, it is used by Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, in reference to "God". The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [2][1][3] The term was also used by pagan Meccans as a reference to the creator-god, possibly the supreme deity in pre-Islamic Arabia. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail [4]
The concepts associated with the term Allah (as a deity) differ among the traditions. In pre-Islamic Arabia, Allah was not the sole divinity, having associates and companions, sons and daughters. In Islam, Allah is the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. All other divine names are believed to refer back to Allah. [5] Allah is unique, the only God, transcendent creator of the universe and omnipotent. A creator deity is a Deity in a Creation myth responsible for the creation of the World (or Universe) [2][1] Arab Christians today, having no other word for 'God' than 'Allah',[6] use terms such as Allāh al-ab (الله الآب) to mean God the father. There are both similarities and differences between the concept of God as portrayed in the Qur'an and the Hebrew Bible. [7]
Unicode has a codepoint reserved for Allāh, ﷲ = U+FDF2. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's [8] Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah. [9]
Contents |
Etymology
The term Allāh is most likely derived from a contraction of the Arabic article al- and ʾilāh "deity, god" to al-lāh meaning "the [sole] deity, God" (ho theos monos). ( ال۔, also transliterated as el- and in some cases il- and ul-) is a prefix in the Arabic language (plural or) is the Arabic for " Deity " or "god" [4] Another theory traces the etymology of the word to the Aramaic Alāhā. Aramaic is a Semitic language with [4] Cognates of the name "Allāh" exist in other Semitic languages, including Hebrew and Aramaic. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, Aramaic is a Semitic language with [3] The corresponding Aramaic form is אֱלָהָא ˀĔlāhā in Biblical Aramaic and ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ˀAlâhâ or ˀĀlōho in Syriac. Aramaic is a Semitic language with Biblical Aramaic is the form of the Aramaic language that is used in the books of Daniel, Ezra and a few other places in the Hebrew Bible. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language [10] The term Allah is always used in the singular form; the plural form of the term does not exist in the Arabic language. [11]
The contraction of al- and ʾilāh in forming the term Allāh (“the deity” in the masculine form) parallels the contraction of al- and ʾilāha in forming the term al-Lāt (“the deity” in the feminine form). ( ال۔, also transliterated as el- and in some cases il- and ul-) is a prefix in the Arabic language (plural or) is the Arabic for " Deity " or "god" ( ال۔, also transliterated as el- and in some cases il- and ul-) is a prefix in the Arabic language (plural or) is the Arabic for " Deity " or "god" [12]
Usage in Arabic
Pre-Islamic Arabia
In pre-Islamic Arabia, Allah was used by Meccans as a reference to the creator-god, possibly the supreme deity. [13] Allah was not the sole divinity and the notion of the term may have been vague in the Meccan religion. [4] Allah had associates and companions, whom pre-Islamic Arabs considered as subordinate deities. Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the Meccans held that a kind of kinship existed between Allah and the jinn. GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange was an online service [14] Allah had sons[15] and the local deities of al-ʿUzzā, Manāt and al-Lāt were his daughters. Mentioned in the Qur'an ( Sura 53:19 al-‘Uzzá "the Mightiest One" or "the strong" (derived from the root ʕzz) was a pre- Mentioned in the Qur'an ( Sura 53:20 al-Lāt (Arabic اللَّات was a pre- Islamic Arabian Goddess who was one of the three [16] The Meccans possibly associated angels with Allah. [17][11] Allah was invoked in times of distress. [18][11] Muhammad's father name was ʿAbdallāh meaning the “servant of Allāh. ”[11]
Muslims
In Islam, Allah is the name of the nameless God,[12] the pivot of the Muslim faith. In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis The 99 Names of Allah, also known as The 99 Most Beautiful Names of God () are the Names of God (specifically attributes by which Muslims regard God [1] He is the only God, transcendent creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind. A creator deity is a Deity in a Creation myth responsible for the creation of the World (or Universe) [2][1] He is unique (wahid) and inherently one (ahad), all-merciful and omnipotent. [1] The Qur'an insists upon "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures. "[1]
According to the tradition of Islam there are 99 Names of God (al-asma al-husna lit. The 99 Names of Allah, also known as The 99 Most Beautiful Names of God () are the Names of God (specifically attributes by which Muslims regard God meaning: "The best names") each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. [19][2] All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name. [5] Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" (al-rahman) and "the Compassionate" (al-rahim). [19][2]
Most Muslims use the untranslated Arabic phrase "insha' Allah" (meaning "God willing") after references to future events. [20] Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of "basmAllah". [21]
Muslims are recommended to repeat phrases like "Subhan-Allah" (Holiness be to God), "Ahlamdo-Lillah" (Praise be to God), "La-il-la-ha-il-Allah" (There is no deity but God) and "Allah-o-Akbar" (God is great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God (zikr). [22] In a Sufi practice known as zikr Allah (lit. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف remembrance of God), the Sufi repeats and contemplates on the name Allah or other divine names while controlling his or her breath. [23]
Others
Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, use the word "Allah" to mean "God". A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [3] The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for 'God' than 'Allah'. [6] Arab Christians for example use terms Allāh al-ab (الله الآب) meaning God the father, Allāh al-ibn (الله الابن) mean God the son, and Allāh al-rūḥ al qudus (الله الروح القدس) meaning God the Holy Spirit (See God in Christianity for the Christian concept of God). In many religions the supreme Deity ( God) is given the title and attributions of Father. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance The term "Godhead" The term Godhead is a term denoting deity or divinity
Arab Christians have used two forms of invocations that were affixed to the beginning of their written works. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word They adopted the Muslim basm-allah, and also created their own Trinitized basm-allah as early as the eight century CE. [24] The Muslim basm-allah reads: "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. " The Trinitized basm-allah reads: "In the name of Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God. " The Syriac, Latin and Greek invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This addition was made to emphasize the monotheistic aspect of Trinitian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims. For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] [24]
According to Marshall Hodgson, it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator. Marshall Goodwin Simms Hodgson (1922–1968 was an Islamic Studies academic and a world historian at the University of Chicago. The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the [25]
Other usage
English and other European languages
The history of the word "Allāh" in English was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Comparative religion is a field of Religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes myths rituals and concepts among the world's religions Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881 was a Scottish essayist satirist and historian whose work was highly influential during the Victorian era. However,Tor Andræ's biography of Muhammad (1934) always used the term Allah though he "allows that this is 'a conception of God', seems to imply that it is different from the Jewish and Christian conceptions. Tor Julius Efraim Andræ ( 9 July 1885 - 24 February 1947) was a Swedish scholar of Comparative religion and Bishop of " By this time Christians were also becoming accustomed to retaining the Hebrew term "Yahweh" untranslated (it was previously translated as 'the Lord'). For information about Yahweh see God in Abrahamic religions, which provides useful links [26]
Languages which may not commonly use the term Allah to denote a deity may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, the word ojalá (Arabic: إن شاء الله) today exist in the Spanish language, borrowed from Arabic. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or (ar إن شاء الله is an Arabic term evoked by Arabic Persian, Turkish, Urdu and Bengali speakers to indicate hope for an Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language This phrase literally means "God willing" (in the sense of "I hope so"). [27]
Some Muslims leave the name "Allāh" untranslated in English. [28] Sometimes this comes from a zeal for the Arabic text of the Qur'an and sometimes with a more or less conscious implication that the God that Jews and Christians worship is not really true in it the full sense. [29] Conversely, the usage of the term Allah by English speaking non-Muslims in reference to the God in Islam, Marshall G. S. Hodgson says, can imply that Muslims are worshiping a mythical god named 'Allah' rather than God, the creator. This usage is therefore appropriate, Hodgson says, only for those who are prepared to accept its theological implications. [29]
Comparative religion
Some western scholars have suggested that Muhammad used the term Allah in addressing both pagan Arabs and Jews or Christians in order to establish a common ground for the understanding of the name for God, a claim Gerhard Böwering says is doubtful. [12] According to Böwering, in contrast with Pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism, God in Islam does not have associates and companions nor is there any kinship between God and jinn. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange was an online service [12] Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God. [30]
According to Francis Edwards Peters, "The Qur'an insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews (29:46). Francis Edward Peters was a Professor of Middle Eastern Studies History and Religion at New York University until 2008 The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics The Quran's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham". Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites. For information about Yahweh see God in Abrahamic religions, which provides useful links For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [7] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica:
God, says the Qur'an, “loves those who do good,” and two passages in the Qur'an express a mutual love between God and man, but the Judeo-Christian precept to “love God with all thy heart” is nowhere formulated in Islam. Judeo-Christian (or Judaeo-Christian, sometimes written as Judæo-Christian) is a term used to describe the body of concepts and values which are thought to be held The emphasis is rather on God's inscrutable sovereignty, to which one must abandon oneself. In essence, the “surrender to Allah” (Islam) is the religion itself. [1]
The Qur'an itself, however, reads ". The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran . . and turn to your Lord with all your love. " (Sur'a 94:8)[4]
Typography
Unicode has a codepoint reserved for Allāh, ﷲ = U+FDF2. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's [8] This character according to the official Unicode specification can be decomposed to alif-lām-lām-heh (الله U+0627 U+0644 U+0644 U+0647). [31] Arabic type fonts often have special ligatures for [A]llāh and omit the initial alif. [9]
The calligraphic variant of the word used as the Coat of arms of Iran is encoded in Unicode, in the Miscellaneous Symbols range, at codepoint U+262B (☫). The coat of arms of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution features a stylized Perso-Arabic script of the word ''Allah'' (" The Miscellaneous Symbols plane of Unicode (2600–26FF contains various glyphs representing things from a variety of categories Astrological, Astronomical [32] The Coat of arms of Iran appears at the center of the flag of Iran. The coat of arms of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution features a stylized Perso-Arabic script of the word ''Allah'' (" It can be understood as either a stylized design of the word Allah, as a representation of the globe, or as two crescents. [33]
Abjad numerals
Abjad is an ancient numerical system in the Arabic-speaking world. The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values In this system each of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet represent the units, tens and hundreds up to and including 1000. [34] The numerical value of the letters of Allah (الله ) according to the traditional Arabic abjad system adds up to 66. 66 ( sixty-six) is the Natural number following 65 and preceding 67. [35]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Allah. " Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b c d e Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, Allah
- ^ a b c Columbia Encyclopedia, Allah
- ^ a b c d L. The Columbia Encyclopedia is a highly regarded one-volume Encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and sold by the Gale Group. Gardet, "Allah", Encyclopedia of Islam
- ^ a b Annemarie Schimmel,The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic, SUNY Press, p. 206
- ^ a b Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M. ; Holt, Peter R. ; Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford (1977). The Cambridge history of Islam. Cambridge, Eng: University Press, 32. ISBN 0-521-29135-6.
- ^ a b F. E. Peters, Islam, p. 4, Princeton University Press, 2003
- ^ a b Unicode Standard 5. 0, p. 479,492 [1]
- ^ a b
- ^ The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon - Entry for ˀlh
- ^ a b c d Gerhard Böwering, God and his Attributes, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
- ^ a b c d Böwering, Gerhard, God and His Attributes, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Brill, 2007.
- ^ See Qur'an 13:16 ; 29:61-63; 31:25; 39:38)
- ^ See Qur'an 37:158)
- ^ See Qur'an (6:100)
- ^ See Qur'an (53:19-22 ; 16:57 ; 37:149)
- ^ See Qur'an (53:26-27)
- ^ See Qur'an 6:109; 10:22; 16:38; 29:65)
- ^ a b Bentley, David (Sept. 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. ISBN 0-87808-299-9.
- ^ Gary S. Gregg, The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology, Oxford University Press, p. 30
- ^ Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Islamic Society in Practice, University Press of Florida, p. 24
- ^ M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, Encyclopaedia of Islam,Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, p. 144
- ^ Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond, Macmillan, p. 29
- ^ a b Thomas E. Burman, Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs, Brill, 1994, p. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E 103
- ^ Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, p. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States 156
- ^ William Montgomery Watt, Islam and Christianity today: A Contribution to Dialogue, Routledge, 1983, p. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals 45
- ^ Islam in Luce López Baralt, Spanish Literature: From the Middle Ages to the Present, Brill, 1992, p. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E 25
- ^ F. E. Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Princeton University Press, p. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. 12
- ^ a b Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, p. 63
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Unicode Character 'Arabic ligature Allah isolated form' (U+FDF2) [2]
- ^ Unicode Standard 5. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 0, p. 209,210 [3]
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, flag of Iran
- ^ M J L Young, J D Latham, R B Serjeant, Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period,Cambridge University Press, p. 254
- ^ The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, 1939, p. 86
References
- The Unicode Consortium, Unicode Standard 5. 0, Addison-Wesley, 2006, ISBN 0321480910, [5]
See also
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia - Allah
- The Concept of Allāh according to the Qur'an by Abdul Mannan Omar
- Strong's Concordance H433 "Eloah" (See Gesenius's Lexicon commentary).
- Typography
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