The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, commonly abbreviated ANCSA, was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on December 18, 1971, the largest land claims settlement in United States history. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ANCSA was intended to resolve the long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in Alaska, as well as to stimulate economic development throughout Alaska. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The settlement extinguished Alaska Native claims to the land by transferring titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. Alaska Natives are Indigenous peoples of the Americas native to the state of Alaska within the United States. The Alaska Native Regional Corporations ( Alaska Native Corporations or ANCSA Corporations) were established in 1971 when the United States Congress passed A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent

Background

In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. ARCO (an Acronym for Atlantic Richfield Company) is an Oil company which is since 2000 a subsidiary Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to ^[1] In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the best solution seemed to be building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez, built on the ruins of the previous town. At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tanker ships and sent by water to the contiguous states. The plan was approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the native dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims had been settled.

With major petroleum dollars on the line, there was a new urgency for an agreement, and, in 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by the U. S. President, under which the Natives relinquished aboriginal claims to their lands. ^[2] In return, they received access to 44 million acres (180,000 km²) of land and were paid $963 million. The land and money were divided among regional, urban, and village corporations. Some handled their funds wisely and others did not, leaving some Natives land rich and cash poor. The settlement compensated the Natives for the invasion of their lands and opened the way for all Alaskans to profit from oil, one of the state's largest natural resources.

Selected provisions of ANCSA

• Native claims to almost all of Alaska were extinguished in exchange for approximately one-ninth of the state's land plus $962. Alaska Natives are Indigenous peoples of the Americas native to the state of Alaska within the United States. 5 million in compensation distributed to 200 local village and 12 Native-owned regional corporations, plus a thirteenth corporation comprising Alaska Natives who had left the state. The Alaska Native Regional Corporations ( Alaska Native Corporations or ANCSA Corporations) were established in 1971 when the United States Congress passed
• Of the compensation monies, $462. 5 million was to come from the federal treasury and the rest from oil revenue-sharing.
• Settlement benefits would accrue to those with at least one-fourth Native ancestry.
• Of the approximately 80,000 Natives enrolled under ANCSA, those living in villages (approximately 2/3rds of the total) would receive 100 shares in both a village and a regional corporation.
• The remaining 1/3rd would be "at large" shareholders with 100 shares in a regional corporation plus additional rights to revenue from regional mineral and timber resources. The 13th Regional Corporation, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA
• The Alaska Native Allotment Act was revoked and as yet unborn Native children were excluded. The Alaska Native Allotment Act of 1906,, enacted on May 17, 1906, permitted individual Alaska Natives to acquire title to up to 160 acres of land in a
• The twelve regional corporations within the state would administer the settlement.
• A thirteenth corporation composed of Natives who had left the state would receive compensation but not land. The 13th Regional Corporation, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA
• Surface rights to 44 million acres (178,000 km²) were patented to the Native village and regional corporations
• The surface rights to the patented land were granted to the village corporations and the subsurface right to the land were granted to the regional corporation, creating a "split estate"

Alaska Native regional corporations

Regional corporations established by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.

Main article at: Alaska Native Regional Corporations

The following thirteen regional corporations were created under ANCSA:

• Ahtna, Incorporated
• The Aleut Corporation (TAC)
• Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC)
• Bering Straits Native Corporation (BSNC)
• Bristol Bay Native Corporation (BBNC)
• Calista Corporation
• Chugach Alaska Corporation (CAC)
• Cook Inlet Region, Inc. (CIRI)
• Doyon, Limited
• Koniag, Incorporated
• NANA Regional Corporation (NANA)
• Sealaska Corporation
• The 13th Regional Corporation

Also, most of these corporations set up nonprofit corporations of their own. The Alaska Native Regional Corporations ( Alaska Native Corporations or ANCSA Corporations) were established in 1971 when the United States Congress passed Ahtna Incorporated is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA in settlement of aboriginal The Aleut Corporation, or TAC, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, or ASRC, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Bering Straits Native Corporation, or BSNC, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Bristol Bay Native Corporation, or BBNC, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of Calista Corporation (dʒɑlɪstɑ is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 Chugach Alaska Corporation, or CAC, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 Cook Inlet Region Inc, or CIRI, is one of thirteen Alaska Native regional corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of Doyon Limited is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA in settlement of aboriginal Koniag Incorporated is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA in settlement of NANA Regional Corporation Inc is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA in settlement Sealaska Corporation is the largest of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA in settlement The 13th Regional Corporation, is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA

Alaska Native village corporations

Many separate village corporations were also created by the Act. Below is a short list of some of the village corporations created under ANCSA:

• Ukpeagvik Iñupiat Corporation the village corporation for Barrow
• Bethel Native Corporation, the village corporation for Bethel, Alaska
• Cape Fox Corporation, the village corporation for Ketchikan, Alaska
• Deloycheet, Inc. The village corporation for Holy Cross, Alaska
• Huna Totem Corporation, the village corporation for Huna, Alaska
• Haida Corporation the village corporation for Hydaburg, Alaska
• Goldbelt, Inc. Juneau, Alaska's urban native corporation
• Paug-Vik, Inc. Ltd. The village corporation for Naknek
• Chenega Corporation The village corporation for Prince William Sound

Land selection by the State of Alaska under the Statehood Act and for the regional and village corporations has continued through the present. Bethel ( Mamterilleq in Central Alaskan Yup'ik) is a city located near the west coast of the U Ketchikan (ˈkɛtʃɪkæn is a city in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska, United States and the southeasternmost sizable city in that state Holy Cross is a city in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. Hydaburg (ˈhaɪdəbɝg is a city in the Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area in the U Naknek is a Census-designated place located in Bristol Bay Borough in the U Prince William Sound is a sound of the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U

References

External links

• The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Resource Center run by Landye Bennett Blumstein LLP.
• Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act of 1971. Through Arctic Circle, University of Connecticut.
• Revisiting the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). Through Alaskool.
• Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Network (ANCSA.net)
• "Native Experience" A four part television documentary series about the impact of oil and mineral development on the Native cultures of Alaska, dealing in particular with the historical background leading up to ANCSA and the experiences, memories and perceptions of both natives involved in the lands claim and their descendants today in rural Alaska. The series website includes many images from the television series as well as background information on the subject. "Native Experience" was produced by Adrian Redmond of Channel 6 Television in Denmark.
• Alaska Native Corporation Links

Further Reading

• James D. Linxwiler, The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act: The First Twenty Years Paper 2, Proceedings from the 38th Annual Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute (1992)
• GAO Report: Increased Use of Alaska Native 8(a) Firms Calls for Increased Oversight