Adam Bernard Mickiewicz
Portrait by Walenty Wańkowicz (1828)
Born	Adam Bernard Mickiewicz December 24, 1798(1798-12-24) Zaosie near Nowogródek
Died	November 26, 1855 (aged 56) Constantinople
Occupation	Poet, Essayist

Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced: [miʦ'kʲeviʧ audio (help·info)]; in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December 24, 1798 – November 26, 1855) is generally regarded as the greatest Polish Romantic poet. Walenty Wańkowicz (died 1842 was a Polish painter He produced among other things a well-known portrait of Adam Mickiewicz (1827-28 The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Navahrudak, Novgorodok or Novogrudok (Навагрудак nava'ɣrudak Новогрудок also known as Nowogródek and Naugardukas is a city in the Hrodna Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Romanticism in Poland was a period in the evolution of Polish arts and culture that began with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in He ranks as one of the Three Bards of Poland with Zygmunt Krasiński and Juliusz Słowacki. The Three Bards (trzej wieszcze are the three National poets of Polish literature. Life and work Krasiński was the son of a general Count Wincenty Krasiński, of the aristocratic Krasiński family Juliusz Słowacki ( 4 September 1809 in Kremenets, Volhynia, Russian Empire now in Ukraine &ndash 3 April

Biography

Mickiewicz. Drawing by Joachim Lelewel. Joachim Lelewel ( Warsaw, March 22, 1786 – May 29, 1861, Paris) was a Polish Historian and

Mickiewicz was born at his uncle's estate in Zaosie near Nowogródek (in Belarusian, Навагрудак; in Lithuanian, Naugardukas; in Russian, Новогрудок) in the Russian Empire (formerly in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; now in Belarus). Navahrudak, Novgorodok or Novogrudok (Навагрудак nava'ɣrudak Новогрудок also known as Nowogródek and Naugardukas is a city in the Hrodna The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east His father, Mikołaj Mickiewicz, belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian-Commonwealth szlachta (nobility), with the hereditary Poraj coat-of-arms. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Szlachta ( refers to the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 semi-federal semi-confederal Poraj - is a Polish Coat of Arms. Used by several Knighthood families of Medieval Poland and noble families A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The poet was educated at the University of Vilnius. Vilnius University (Vilniaus Universitetas formerly known as Vilnius State University, earlier - Stefan Batory University and before that Almae There he became involved with a secret Polish-Lithuanian organization that advocated independence from the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Following his studies, in 1819–23, he taught at a school in Kaunas. Kaunas ( ˈkoʊnəs is the second largest City in Lithuania and a former temporary capital.

In 1823 Mickiewicz was arrested, investigated for his political activities (membership in the Philomaths) and in 1824 banished to central Russia. The Philomaths, or Philomath Society (Filomaci or Towarzystwo Filomatów; from the Greek philomathes, "lovers of knowledge" was a Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending He had already published two small volumes of miscellaneous poetry at Vilnius, which had been favorably received by the Slavic public, and on his arrival at St. Petersburg found himself welcomed into the leading literary circles, where he became a great favorite both for his agreeable manners and his extraordinary talent of improvisation. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River In 1825 he visited the Crimea, which inspired a collection of sonnets (Sonety Krymskie—The Crimean Sonnets) with their admirably elegant rhythm and rich Oriental coloring. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The most beautiful are "The Storm," "Bakhchisaray," and "The Grave of Countess Potocka". Bakhchisaray (Бахчисарай Бахчисарай Bağçasaray Bahçesaray is a town in Central Crimea, centre of the Bakhchisaray raion (district best Crimea caught the eye of another famous contemporary poet, Alexander Pushkin, who wrote about it in "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" two years before Mickiewicz.

Mickiewicz, 1840 daguerrotype

In 1828 appeared his Konrad Wallenrod, a narrative poem describing the battles of the Teutonic Knights with the heathen Lithuanians. The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap see Konrad von Wallenrode for the historical Grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights Konrad Wallenrod is an 1828 Narrative The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the In it, under a thin veil, Mickiewicz represented the sanguinary passages of arms and burning hatred which had characterized the long feuds of the Russians and Poles. The objects of the poem, though obvious to many, escaped the Russian censors, and the poem was allowed to be published, complete with the telling motto, adapted from Machiavelli: "Dovete adunque sapere come sono duo generazioni da combattere — bisogna essere volpe e leone" — "Ye shall know that there are two ways of fighting — you must be a fox and a lion. " This striking long poem contains at least two revered subsections, including the Alpuhara Ballad.

In 1829, after a five-year exile in Russia, the poet obtained permission to travel abroad. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending He had secretly made up his mind never to return to Russia, or to his own native land so long as it remained under Russian imperial rule. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Wending his way to Weimar, he there made the acquaintance of Goethe, who received him cordially, and, pursuing his journey through Germany, he entered Italy by the Splügen Pass, visited Milan, Venice and Florence, and finally established his residence in Rome. Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Splügen Pass ( German: Splügenpass; Italian: Passo dello Spluga; Latin: Cunus Aureus) (el Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

There he wrote the third part of his poem Dziady (Forefathers' Eve; in Lithuanian, Vėlinės), which adverts to the ancestor commemoration that had been practiced by Slavic and Baltic peoples; and Pan Tadeusz, his longest poem, which is considered his masterpiece. Dziady ( Forefathers' Eve) is a famous poetic Drama by a Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz considered to be one of the greatest works of European Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European Pan Tadeusz, the full title in English: Mister Thaddeus or the Last Foray in Lithuania a History of the Nobility in the Years 1811 and 1812 in Twelve The latter epos draws a picture of Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's 1812 expedition to Russia. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In this "village idyll," as Aleksander Brückner calls it, Mickiewicz gives a picture of the country seats of the Commonwealth's magnates, with their somewhat boisterous but very genuine hospitality. Aleksander Brückner ( January 29, 1856 &ndash May 24, 1939) was a Polish scholar of Slavic languages and literatures ( They are seen just as the knell of their nationalism, as Brückner says, seems to be sounding, and therefore there is something melancholy and dirge-like in the poem, in spite of the pretty love story that forms the main incident. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation For the Transformers character see Dirge (Transformers For the Xombie character see Xombie For The American comic book writer/artist

Mickiewicz turned to Lithuania, firmly stating it as his "Fatherland"—in so doing, he was actually referring to his native former Grand Duchy of Lithuania—with the loving eyes of an exile, and gives some of the most delightful descriptions of "Lithuanian" skies and "Lithuanian" forests. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje He describes the weird sounds to be heard in the primeval woods in a country where the trees were sacred. The cloud-pictures are equally striking.

In 1832 Mickiewicz left Rome for Paris, where his life was for some time spent in poverty and unhappiness. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He had married a Polish lady, Celina Szymanowska (her parents came from Jewish Frankist families), who became mentally ill. Jacob Frank (יעקב פרנק Ya'akov Frank, Jakob Frank; 1726 - 1791 was an 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of In 1840 he was appointed to the newly-founded chair of Slavic languages and literatures at the College de France. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement He was, however, destined to hold it for only a little more than three years, his last lecture being given on May 28, 1844. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year His mind had become more and more disordered by religious mysticism. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity

Mickiewicz in later years

He had fallen under the influence of the mystical philosopher Andrzej Towiański. His lectures became a medley of religion and politics, and thus brought him under censure by the government. A selection of his lectures has been published in four volumes. They contain some good sound criticism, but the philological part is defective, for Mickiewicz was no scholar, and it is clear that he was well acquainted with only two of the literatures, Polish and Russian, and the latter only to the year 1830.

A very sad picture of his declining days is given in the memoirs of Alexander Herzen. Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen ( Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен) ( —) was a major Russian pro-Western writer and thinker known as the "father At a comparatively early period, the unfortunate poet exhibited all the signs of premature old age; poverty, despair and domestic affliction had taken their toll. The Polish composer Fryderyk Chopin, himself on his last legs, in the final months of his own life, in the winter of 1848–49, visited his ailing compatriot and soothed the poet's nerves with his piano music. ^[1]

In 1849 Mickiewicz founded a French newspaper, La Tribune des Peuples (The Peoples' Tribune), but it survived only a year. The La Tribune des Peuples ( People's Tribune; Polish: Trybuna Ludów) was a Polish -led French-language radical The restoration of the French Empire seemed to kindle his hopes afresh; his last composition is said to have been a Latin ode in honor of Napoleon III. The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President

In 1855, on the outbreak of the Crimean War, Mickiewicz went to Turkey to organize Polish forces to be used in the war against Russia. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought With his friend Armand Levy, a Romanian Jew [1], he set about organizing a Jewish Legion, the Hussars of Israel, comprising Russian and Palestinian Jews. This article is about the British Army battalions known as the Jewish Legion or Zion Mule Corps, which fought in World War I against the During a visit to a military camp near Constantinople, Mickiewicz caught cholera and died. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium

His remains were transported to France and buried at Montmorency. Montmorency (mɔ̃mɔʀɑ̃ˈsi in French) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. In 1900 they were disinterred, moved to a politically still unreborn Poland, and entombed in the crypts of Kraków's Wawel Cathedral, which they share with many of Poland's kings and of some of her greatest sons. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Wawel Cathedral &ndash the Cathedral Basilica of Sts Stanisław and Vaclav &ndash is Poland 's national sanctuary located on Wawel Hill in Kraków

Works

Mickiewicz is held to have been the greatest Slavic poet, with the exception of Alexander Pushkin. He is one of the best products of the Romantic school. Romanticism largely began as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day

The political situation in Poland in the 19th century was often reflected in Polish literature which, since the days of Poland's partitions took a powerful upward swing and reached its zenith during the period between 1830 and 1850 in the unsurpassed patriotic writings of Mickiewicz, among others. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The writings of Mickiewicz have had such a tremendous influence upon the Polish mind that they can not be underestimated.

Because of the greater simplicity of his style and the directness of presentation, Mickiewicz reached more Polish hearts than either Krasinski or Słowacki and came to be regarded as the greatest interpreter of the people's hopes and ideals. He is the Zeus of the Polish Olympus and the immortal incarnation of Polish national spirit. He wrote at a time when Romanticism prevailed in European literature. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the His works bear the impress of that literary epoch, but they deal with intense and palpable realities. His two monumental works, marking the zenith of his power, are: Dziady ("Ghosts") and Pan Tadeusz. The latter is universally recognized as "the only successful epic which the 19th century produced. " George Brandes says:

"Mickiewicz alone approached those great names in poetry which stand in history as above all healthy, far healthier than Byron, healthier, even than Shakespeare, Homer and Goethe. Georg Morris Cohen Brandes ( 4 February 1842 - 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian William Shakespeare ( baptised Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer "

Adam Mickiewicz museum in Vilnius, Lithuania. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the

The poetic serenity of the description of Lithuanian life at the opening of the 19th century is the more remarkable when considered in the light of the poet's volcanic nature and his intense suffering over the tragic fate of his native land to which he could never return. His passionate nature finds its truest expression in Dziady, which undoubtedly constitutes the acme of poetic inspiration. It deals with the transformation of the soul from individual to a higher national conception. The hero, Gustavus, who has suffered great misfortune, wakes up one morning in his prison cell and finds himself an entirely changed man. His heart, given over to individual pain and individual love, dies. Gustavus, bewailing his lost personal happiness, lives no more, and Konrad, his divine ego, takes his place. All the creative powers of his nation are concentrated in him. Here Mickiewicz bares his own soul. He is filled with enough moral strength to challenge even God. A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. He feels for millions and is pleading before God for their happiness and spiritual perfection. It is the Promethean idea, no doubt, but greatly deepened in conception and execution and applied to but one part of humanity, the Polish nation whose intensity of suffering was the greatest in all mankind. In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς "forethought" is a Titan known for his wily intelligence who stole Fire from Zeus

A Lithuanian folk song recorded by Adam Mickiewicz in Lithuanian

In 1835 Mickiewicz came under the influence of Towianski, a mystic, and ceased to write. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Toward the end of his days he freed himself again of this peculiar thrall which Towianski was able to exert over him, as over the two other poets, and became again a man of reality. As a young man, Mickiewicz took a leading part in the literary life of the university circles at Vilnius. When the societies were closed in 1823 by order of the Russian government he was arrested and exiled to Russia. Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common While in the Crimea he wrote his exquisite sonnets. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. Subsequently he emigrated to France, where he spent most of his life, and died in Constantinople in 1855, while organizing a Polish (Jewish) legion against Russia during the Crimean war. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought His spirit was ever imbued with exalted patriotism and his genius was active in pointing toward a means of freeing the country from foreign oppression. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country He was a champion of action and it is characteristic of the greatness of his soul that he was ever above the petty strifes that were tearing apart the Polish emigrants, and which absorbed their thoughts and energies. At the time of the greatest intensity of that strife he wrote the celebrated Books of the Pilgrims a work of love, wisdom and good will written in exquisite style. They have been called "Mickiewicz's Homilies" and have exercised a soothing and elevating influence. Despite the fact that Mickiewicz's themes and heroes are connected with Polish life, his writings still touch upon most of the problems and motives of the world at large, thus assuring to his works everlasting value and universal interest. The same in an equal measure is true of the other two poets. They dealt with the most profound problems of existence, looking at them always through the prism of their ardent patriotism. Like Mickiewicz, the two other great Polish poets - Słowacki and Krasiński, were compelled to live outside their own country.

Beside Konrad Wallenrod and Pan Tadeusz, noteworthy is the long poem Grażyna, describing the exploits of a Lithuanian chieftainess against the Teutonic Knights. see Konrad von Wallenrode for the historical Grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights Konrad Wallenrod is an 1828 Narrative Pan Tadeusz, the full title in English: Mister Thaddeus or the Last Foray in Lithuania a History of the Nobility in the Years 1811 and 1812 in Twelve It was said by Christien Ostrowski to have inspired Emilia Plater, a military heroine of the November 1830 Uprising who found her grave in the forests of Lithuania. Countess Emilia Plater ( 13 November, 1806 &ndash 23 December, 1831) was a revolutionary from the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the A fine vigorous Oriental piece is Farys. Very good too are the odes to Youth and to the historian Joachim Lelewel; the former did much to stimulate the efforts of the Poles to shake off their Russian conquerors. Joachim Lelewel ( Warsaw, March 22, 1786 – May 29, 1861, Paris) was a Polish Historian and It is enough to say of Mickiewicz that he has obtained the proud position of the representative poet of his country; her customs, her superstitions, her history, her struggles are reflected in his works. It is the great voice of Poland appealing to the nations in her agony. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

His son, Władysław Mickiewicz, wrote Vie d'Adam Mickiewicz (Poznań, 1890-1895, 4 vols. Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ), also Adam Mickiewicz, sa vie et son œuvre (Paris, 1888) Translations into English (1881-1885) of Konrad Wallenrod and Pan Tadeusz were made by Miss Biggs. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a see Konrad von Wallenrode for the historical Grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights Konrad Wallenrod is an 1828 Narrative Pan Tadeusz, the full title in English: Mister Thaddeus or the Last Foray in Lithuania a History of the Nobility in the Years 1811 and 1812 in Twelve See also Œuvres poétiques de Michiewicz, trans. by Christien Ostrowski (Paris, 1845).

The most recent translation of "Pan Tadeusz" into English, in the rhyme and rhythm of the original, is by Marcel Weyland of Sydney, Australia (ISBN 1567002196 US, and 1873106777 UK).

Nationality

Adam Mickiewicz is generally known as a Polish poet, and all his major works are written in Polish. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Although his nationality is generally not disputed among scholars, it is otherwise an object of endless popular controversy.

Litas commemorative coin of Adam Mickiewicz

He is often regarded by Lithuanians to be of Lithuanian origin, his name being rendered into Lithuanian as Adomas Mickevičius. The litas ( ISO currency code LTL symbolized as Lt plural litai or litų) is the currency of Lithuania. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Similarly, many Belarusians claim his descent from a Polonized Belarusian family and call him Ада́м Міцке́віч. Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also Polonization (polonizacja is the acquisition or imposition According to a Belarus historian Rybczonek Mickiewicz's mother had Tatar roots. Also, some sources say that Mickiewicz's mother was a descendent of a converted Frankist Jewish family; however, other sources suggest the claim is "improbable" albeit possible. Jacob Frank (יעקב פרנק Ya'akov Frank, Jakob Frank; 1726 - 1791 was an 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of ^[2]

The controversy largely stems from the fact that in the 19th century the modern concept of nationality based on ethnicity had not yet been fully developed and the term "Lithuania," as used by Mickiewicz himself, had a much broader geographic extent than it does now, and did refer to the historical Lithuania proper. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Lithuania proper (Lithuania propria Lietuva siaurąją prasme tikroji Lietuva, literally "Lithuania in a narrow sense" "Genuine Lithuania " Mickiewicz had been brought up in the culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a multicultural state that had encompassed most of what today are the separate countries of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. His most famous poem, Pan Tadeusz, begins with the invocation "Oh Lithuania, my fatherland, thou art like good health". Pan Tadeusz, the full title in English: Mister Thaddeus or the Last Foray in Lithuania a History of the Nobility in the Years 1811 and 1812 in Twelve It is generally accepted that in Mickiewicz's time the term "Lithuania" still carried a strong association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and that Mickiewicz used it in a political rather than an ethnic sense^[3]. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic However, he was able to make a clear distinction of the ethnic Lithuanian nation^[4] and himself could understand and write some Lithuanian^[5]. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Translation by Simonas Daukantas of his poem Žywila into Lithuanian was first translation of his poems ever^[6]. Simonas Daukantas (1793 - 1864 pen-names KVMylė Jokūbas Laukys (Jokyb's Łaukys Motiejus Šauklys J Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. It is regarded that his works had major influence for Lithuanian national renaissance. Lithuanian National Revival, alternatively Lithuanian National Awakening (Lietuvių tautinis atgimimas was a period of the History of Lithuania in the 19th century

The various claims about Mickiewicz's nationality have given rise to an apocryphal report about a Russian encyclopedia having described Mickiewicz as a Belarusian poet who wrote about Lithuania in Polish. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland.

See also

• Great Emigration
• Mickiewicz's Legion
• Medo Pucić (Conte Orsato Pozza) (1821–1882)
• Musée Adam Mickiewicz in Paris
• History of philosophy in Poland
• List of Poles
• Mickiewicz Battalion - Part of the International Brigades, Spanish Civil War

Related reading

• Pan Tadeusz, Adam Mickiewicz; Hippocrene Books, 1992. The Great Emigration (Wielka Emigracja was an emigration of political elites from Poland from 1831&ndash1870 The Polish Legion or Mickiewicz's Legion was a military unit formed on March 29, 1848 in Rome by one of the most notable Polish poets Medo Pucić (also Orsato Pozza) ( March 12, 1821 - June 30, 1882) was a writer and politician from Dubrovnik (Ragusa The Musée Adam Mickiewicz is a small museum dedicated to Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The history of philosophy in Poland parallels the evolution of Philosophy in Europe generally This is a Partial list of famous Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing persons This was a volunteer battalion of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Paperback, 598 pages. ISBN 0-7818-0033-1
• Treasury of Love Poems by Adam Mickiewicz, transl. Kenneth R. MacKenzie; Hippocrene Books, 1998. Kenneth R Mackenzie (1908-1990 was a British scholar and parliamentary clerk educated at Dulwich College and New College Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Hardcover, 137 pages, bilingual edition. ISBN 0-7818-0652-6
• The sun of liberty: Bicentenary anthology, 1798-1998, Energeia, Warsaw, 1998. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Paperback, 223 pages, bilingual edition. ISBN 83-85118-74-8
• Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna, Adam Mickiewicz, transl. Irene Suboczewski; Rowman & Littlefield, 1989. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) ISBN 0-8191-7556-0
• Z matki obcej. . . / Szkice o powiązaniach Adama Mickiewicza ze światem Żydow, Jadwiga Maurer; London: Polska Fundacja Kulturalna, 1990. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Paperback, 141 pages. ISBN 0-8506-5217-0

Sources

The best edition of Mickiewicz' works is that of 1838, in eight volumes, published in Paris, under the poet's personal supervision. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [2]The Mélanges posthumes were published in 1872-79 by his son Wladislaw, who also edited his father's Correspondence (1870-85). Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A critical edition of the poet's works was undertaken by the Mickiewicz Society (Lemberg, 1894, et. seq. ); an edition was prepared by Kallenbach (Cracow, 1911). They have been translated into most European languages. In French his Chefs d'œuvre poétiques appeared in 1882. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His ballads and sonnets are to be found, in German, in Reclam's Universal Bibliothek; Dziady (Ahnenfeier), in German by Lipiner (Leipzig, 1887); Graźyna, in German by Nitschmann in Ibis (Leipzig, 1880); Wallenrod, by Weiss (Bremen, 1871); Herr Thaddäus, by Weiss (Leipzig, 1882) and Lipiner (Leipzig, 1883). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Conrad Wallenrod was translated into English by Leo Jablonski, and a poetical version of it by Cattley appeared in London in 1840. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Master Thaddeus was rendered into English by Biggs (London, 1885). The best biography in French is by his son, Wladislaw Mickiewicz (Paris, 1888);[3]revised and enlarged in Polish (Posen, 1890-94). Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. In Polish there are, moreover, several biographies by Chmielowski, Beleikowski, Kallenbach, and others; in Russian is that of Pogodin (Moscow, 1912). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin (Михаил Петрович Погодин 1800-1875 was a Russian historian and journalist who dominated the national historiography between the

• M. M. Gardner published Adam Mickiewicz, the National Poet of Poland (New York, 1911).

Some monuments

Brest	Burbiškis	Gdańsk	Kraków
Lviv	Navahradak	Poznań	Vilnius
Warsaw	Złotów

External links

• Mickiewicz's Lithuania and Mickiewicz in Lithuania by Tomas Venclova
• Sonnets from the Crimea (Sonety krymskie) translated by Edna Worthley Underwood
• Adam Mickiewicz Selected Poems (in English)
• Short biography (in Polish and English) and selected poems (only in Polish)
• Mickiewicz's works: text, concordances and frequency list
•   "Adam Mickiewicz". Burbiškis is a Village in northern Lithuania, between Šiauliai and Panevėžys. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Navahrudak, Novgorodok or Novogrudok (Навагрудак nava'ɣrudak Новогрудок also known as Nowogródek and Naugardukas is a city in the Hrodna Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Złotów is a town in northern Wielkopolska in Poland with a population of 19200 inhabitants (2005 Tomas Venclova (born September 11, 1937, Klaipėda) is a Lithuanian scholar poet author and translator of literature Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.  

Notes

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

References

• Zdzisław Jachimecki, "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek," Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. Polski Słownik Biograficzny ( PSB; Polish Biographical Dictionary is a Polish-language Biographical dictionary, comprising an alphabetically III, Kraków, Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1937, pp. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland The Polish Academy of Learning ( Polish: Polska Akademia Umiejętności) headquartered in Kraków, is one of two institutions in contemporary Poland having 420–26.

The Three Bards

Mickiewicz Słowacki Krasiński