| Acadians |
|---|
 Acadian Flag |
| Total population |
approximately 380,000 (not including Louisiana or most of New England) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Canada: 371,590 1 New Brunswick: 326,220 |
| Languages |
| Acadian French (a dialect of French), English, or both; some areas speak Chiac; those who have resettled to Quebec typically speak Quebec French. The flag of Acadia was adopted on August 15, 1884, at the Second Acadian National Convention held in Miscouche Prince Edward Island by nearly 5 000 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Acadian French ( le français acadien) is a variety or Dialect of French spoken by Francophone Acadians in the French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Chiac is a dialect of Acadian French heavily mixed with English. Quebec French ( le français québécois, le français du Québec) or less often Québécois French, is the predominant varieties |
| Religions |
| Predominantly Roman Catholic |
| Related ethnic groups |
| French, Cajuns, French-Canadians |
The Acadians (French: Acadiens) are the descendants of the 17th-century French colonists who settled in Acadia (located in the Canadian Maritime provinces — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island — and some in the American state of Maine). Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are francophone Canadians, Acadia was founded in a geographically separate region from Quebec ("Canada" at this time) leading to their two distinct cultures. A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St The settlers whose descendants became Acadians did not necessarily all come from the same region in France. Those settlers also blended with the Mi'kmaq, a native tribe, and Acadians and their descendants are ethnically tied to these people. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a Acadian family names have come from many areas in France from the Maillets of Paris to the Leblancs of Normandy. Acadian families originated from various regions in France; for example the popular Acadian surname 'Melanson' has its roots in Brittany, and those with the surname 'Bastarache', 'Basque', can find their origin in the Basque Country which is in the region of France(www. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into acadian-cajun. com,www. acadian. org).
In the Great Expulsion of 1755, around 11000 Acadians were deported from Acadia under the direction of British colonial officers and New England legislators and militia; many later settled in Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns. The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was Acadiana (also called Cajun Country) (L'Acadiane is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that is home to a large Cajun population Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other Later on many Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, most specifically New Brunswick. During the British conquest of New France the French colony of Acadia was renamed Nova Scotia (meaning New Scotland).
Contents |
History
Acadia is home to the first permanent French settlement in North America,which was established at Port-Royal in 1604. The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the original French settlers and often Métis, of parts of Acadia (French Acadie The Habitation at Port-Royal was an early French colonial settlement and is presently a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of In 1603 Henry IV, the King of France, granted Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts, the right to colonize lands in North America between 40° and 60° north latitude. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Pierre du Gua de Monts, (c 1558 - 1628 was a French merchant explorer and colonizer Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the Arriving in 1604, the French settlers built a fort at the mouth of the St. Croix River, which separates present-day New Brunswick and Maine, on a small island named Île-Ste-Croix. Saint Croix is also an island in the United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix The following spring, the settlers sailed across the bay to Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal) in present day Nova Scotia. Annapolis Royal ( 2006 Population 444 is a Canadian town located in the western part of Annapolis County
During the 17th century, about sixty French families were established in Acadia. They developed friendly relations with the aboriginal Mi'kmaq, learning their hunting and fishing techniques. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a The Acadians lived mainly in the coastal regions, farming land reclaimed from the sea through diking. Living on the frontier between French and British territories, the Acadians found themselves on the front lines in each conflict between the powers. Acadia was passed repeatedly from one side to the other, and the Acadians learned to survive through an attitude of studied neutrality, refusing to take up arms for either side, and thus came to be referred to as the "French neutrals. "
In the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, France ceded the portion of Acadia that is now Nova Scotia (minus Cape Breton Island) to the British for the last time. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch In 1754, the British government, no longer accepting the neutrality previously granted to the Acadians, demanded that they take an absolute oath of allegiance to the British monarch, which would require taking up arms. An oath of allegiance is an Oath whereby a subject or Citizen acknowledges his/her duty of Allegiance and swears loyalty to his Monarch TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Acadians did not want to take up arms against family members who were in French territory, and believed that the oath would compromise their Roman Catholic faith, and refused. Colonel Charles Lawrence ordered the mass deportation of the Acadians. Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence ( December 14, 1709 &ndash October 19, 1760) was a British military officer who as Lieutenant governor The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was Historian John Mack Faragher has used the contemporary term, "ethnic cleansing," to describe the British actions. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity
In what is known as the Great Expulsion (le Grand Dérangement), more than 14,000 Acadians (three quarters of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia) were expelled, their homes burned and their lands confiscated. The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was Families were split up, and the Acadians were dispersed throughout the British lands in North America; some were returned to France. Gradually, some managed to make their way to Louisiana, creating the Cajun population, while others returned to British North America, settling in coastal villages and in northern New Brunswick. Louisiana (La celina+mario) was the name of an administrative district of New France. Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Others returned and settled in the region of Fort Sainte-Anne, now Fredericton, and were displaced again by the arrival of the Loyalists. Mail carriers who helped Halifax and Quebec stay in contact became knowledgeable of the St. John River area (Michaud, 2008). In 1785 the mail carriers organized a group of 24 families and led them to the Upper Saint John River valley, above Grand Falls which the British ships could not pass.
In 2003, at the request of Acadian representatives, a proclamation was issued by the Government of Canada acknowledging the deportation and establishing July 28 as a day of commemoration each year, beginning in 2005. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The name given in English on at least some calendars as "Great Upheaval. "
Geography
The Acadians today predominantly inhabit the northern and eastern shores of New Brunswick, from Miscou Island (French: Île Miscou) Île Lamèque including Caraquet in the center, all the way to Neguac in the southern part and Grande-Anse in the eastern part. Miscou Island ( French: Île Miscou) is a Canadian island in the Gulf of St French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Lamèque Island ( French: Île de Lamèque) is a Canadian island in the Gulf of St Other groups of Acadians can be found in the Magdalen Islands and throughout other parts of Quebec, in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia such as Chéticamp, Isle Madame, and Clare. Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Chéticamp Nova Scotia is a Fishing community on the Cabot Trail on the west coast of Cape Breton Island Nova Scotia at the western entrance Isle Madame is a Canadian Island located at off the southeastern corner of Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Public library Senator Ambroise H Comeau Memorial Library (Meteghan Clare Library at University Sainte-Anne Communities Still others can be found in the southern and western regions of New Brunswick, Western Newfoundland and in New England. Many of these latter communities have faced varying degrees of assimilation. For many families in predominantly Anglophone communities, French language attrition has occurred, particularly in younger generations. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Language attrition is the loss of a first or second Language or a portion of that language by individuals it should be distinguished from language loss within a community (the The Acadians who settled in Louisiana after 1764, known as Cajuns, have had a dominant cultural influence in many parishes, particularly in the southwestern area of the state known as Acadiana. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other A parish as an Administrative division of several countries. In England and in one American state ( Louisiana) it is sometimes called Acadiana (also called Cajun Country) (L'Acadiane is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that is home to a large Cajun population
Culture
Today Acadians are a vibrant minority, particularly in New Brunswick and Louisiana (Cajuns). Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other Since 1994, Le Congrès Mondial Acadien has united Acadians of the Maritimes, New England, and Louisiana. The Acadian World Congress, or Le Congrès Mondial Acadien, is a festival of Acadian and Cajun culture and history held every five years
Notable Acadians in the Maritimes include singers Weldon Boudreau, Delores Boudreau, Angèle Arsenault and Edith Butler, singer Jean-François Breau, writer Antonine Maillet; singer/songwriter Julie Doiron; boxer Yvon Durelle; pitcher Rheal Cormier; former Governor General Roméo LeBlanc; former premier of Prince Edward Island Aubin-Edmond Arsenault, the first Acadian premier of any province and the first Acadian appointed to a provincial supreme court; Aubin-Edmond Arsenault's father, Joseph-Octave Arsenault, the first Acadian appointed to the Canadian Senate; and former New Brunswick premier Louis Robichaud, who was responsible for modernizing education and the government of New Brunswick in the mid-20th century. Angèle Arsenault OC, OPEI, BA, MA, D ( hc) (born October 1, 1943 Antonine Maillet, PC, CC, OQ, ONB, LLD, FRSC, (born May 10, 1929) is a Canadian Julie Doiron is a Canadian Singer-songwriter of Acadian heritage Yvon Durelle ( October 14 1929 &ndash January 6 2007) born in Baie-Ste-Anne, New Brunswick Rhéal Paul Cormier (born April 23, 1967 in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada) is a Canadian of Acadian ancestry The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Roméo-Adrien LeBlanc PC CC CMM ONB CD (born December 18, 1927 in Memramcook, Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Aubin-Edmond Arsenault ( 28 July 1870 &ndash 29 April 1968) was a Prince Edward Island politician Joseph-Octave Arsenault ( August 5, 1828 &ndash December 14, 1897) was a Canadian politician who was the first Acadian Louis Joseph Robichaud PC, CC, QC, ( October 21, 1925 - January 6, 2005) popularly known as "Little The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
August 15, the feast of the Assumption, was adopted as the national feast day of the Acadians at the First Acadian National Convention, held in Memramcook, New Brunswick in 1881. This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. Memramcook (2006 population 4638 is a Canadian village in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. The national anthem of the Acadians is "Ave, maris stella". Ave Maris Stella ("Hail Star of the Sea" is a Plainsong Vespers hymn to the Virgin Mary. On that day, the Acadians celebrate by having the tintamarre which consists mainly of a big parade where people can dress up with the colours of Acadia and make a lot of noise.
Language
Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French. Acadian French ( le français acadien) is a variety or Dialect of French spoken by Francophone Acadians in the Many of those in the Moncton, NB area speak Chiac and English. Chiac is a dialect of Acadian French heavily mixed with English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Louisiana Cajun descendants mostly speak English but some still speak Cajun French. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. See also [[Cajun]] Cajun French (sometimes called Louisiana Regional French) is one of three varieties or Dialects of the French language
Tributes to The Expulsion
In 1847, an epic poem by American writer Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Evangeline, was loosely based on the events surrounding the 1755 deportation. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Evangeline A Tale of Acadie is a Poem published in 1847 by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The poem became an American classic, and also contributed to a rebirth of Acadian identity in both Maritime Canada and in Louisiana.
Robbie Robertson wrote a popular song based on the Acadian Expulsion titled Acadian Driftwood, which appeared on The Band's 1975 album, Northern Lights — Southern Cross. Robbie Robertson (born Jaime Robert Klegerman, 5 July 1943 at Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Songwriter, The Band was a rock group active from 1967 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1999 Northern Lights - Southern Cross was the seventh album by Canadian - American rockers The Band, the first album to be recorded at their new California
Antonine Maillet's Pélagie-la-charette concerns the return voyage to Acadia of several deported families starting 15 years after the Great Expulsion. Antonine Maillet, PC, CC, OQ, ONB, LLD, FRSC, (born May 10, 1929) is a Canadian The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was
The Acadian Memorial (Monument Acadien) honors those 3,000 who settled in Louisiana. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America
Legend
The American folklore hero, Paul Bunyan, is believed by some to have been influenced if not inspired by Acadian stories about lumberjacks. A folk hero is type of Hero, real or mythological. The single salient characteristic which makes a character a folk hero is the imprinting of the name personality Paul Bunyan is a Mythological Lumberjack who appears in Tall tales of American folklore. A lumberjack or logger is a man who harvests lumber The term lumberjack is somewhat archaic having been mostly replaced by logger.
See also
References
Sources
- Dupont, Jean-Claude (1977). The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design This is a list of members of the Acadian people and people of Acadian origins The Acadian Peninsula is an historic term that was once used to refer to the Nova Scotia peninsula. Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Héritage d'Acadie. Montreal: Éditions Leméac.
- Faragher, John Mack (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Frink, Tim (1999). New Brunswick, A Short History. Summerville, N. B. : Stonington Books.
- Michaud, Scott. History of the Madawaska Acadians. website: http://members.tripod.com/~Scott_Michaud/Madawaska-history.html. accessed March 5, 2008.
- Mosher, Howard Frank (1997). North Country, A Personal Journey. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company
Notes
1 Canadian census, ethnic data. Rather than go by ethnic identification, some would instead define an Acadian as a native French speaking person living in the Maritime provinces of Canada, which according to the same 2001 census, was 276,355 (236,665 in New Brunswick, 34,025 in Nova Scotia, and 5,665 in PEI). There is also the consideration that many French-Canadians in the Maritimes who are Acadian may have simiply listed 'French' as their ethnic origin instead of 'Acadian; the numerous single responses for 'Canadian' also does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups. [1]
2 Le Grand Dérangement An exhibit by the Massachusetts State Archives in conjunction with the Commonwealth Museum, made possible through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Massachusetts State Archives
Further reading
- J. Chetro-Szivos "Talking Acadian: Work, Communication, and Culture, YBK 2006, New York ISBN 0-9764359-6-9.
- Dean Jobb, The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph, John Wiley & Sons, 2005 (published in the United States as The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph)
- James Laxer, The Acadians: In Search of a Homeland, Doubleday Canada, October 2006 ISBN 0-385-66108-8.
- Naomi Griffiths, From Migrant to Acadian: a North American border people, 1604-1755, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.
External links
- Quebec History
- Acadia from The Canadian Encyclopedia
- Lucie LeBlanc Consentino's Acadian Home — Acadian history and genealogy storehouse
- Acadian Museum
- L'Acadie Toujours! — Acadians in New England.
- Acadian-English Dictionary from Webster's Online Dictionary — the Rosetta Edition
- Banished Forgotten and Reborn by Alkan Chaglar
- Acadian Author & Storyteller Marie-Colombe Robichaud -- Site is only in French
- Kings County Museum
- http://www.pitres.us/pitregenealogyancestors.html
- http://www.pitres.us
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