Citizendia

Electron micrograph of the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS denialism disputes the existence of HIV or its role in causing AIDS.
Electron micrograph of the human immunodeficiency virus. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS denialism disputes the existence of HIV or its role in causing AIDS.

AIDS denialism refers to the views of a loosely connected group of individuals and organizations who deny that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV/AIDS denialists prefer the terms "rethinker" or "dissident". Some denialist groups reject the existence of HIV, while others accept that HIV exists but argue that it is a harmless passenger virus and not the cause of AIDS. A passenger virus is a Virus that is frequently found in samples from diseased tissue such as Tumours but does not contribute to causing the Disease.

The causative role of HIV in the development of AIDS has been established and is the subject of scientific consensus. Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular [1][2] Denialist arguments are considered to be the result of cherry-picking and misrepresentation of predominantly outdated scientific data,[3] with the potential to endanger public health by dissuading people from utilizing proven treatments. Cherry picking may also refer to the process of Collecting erroneous Coins Cherry picking is the act of pointing at individual cases or Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations [4][5][6][2][7][8] With the rejection of these arguments by the scientific community, AIDS denialist material is currently spread largely through the Internet. The scientific community consists of the total body of Scientists its relationships and interactions The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks [8]

Contents

Timeline

The AIDS denialist community

People critical of the scientific consensus on AIDS include HIV-positive persons, government employees, scientists, doctors, and activists in several countries. One of the most famous and influential AIDS denialist scientist is Peter Duesberg, professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, who has been contesting the mainstream view of AIDS causation since 1987. Peter H Duesberg (born December 2, 1936 in Germany) is a professor of molecular and Cell biology at the University of California The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley [14] Other scientists include David Rasnick (who worked with proteases and is co-holder of several patents on protease inhibitors similar to those used in the treatment of AIDS)[28] and Rodney Richards (who worked at Amgen during the development of some of the first commercial HIV antibody tests). David Rasnick is a Biochemist, AIDS denialist, and former president of the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis. For natural protease inhibitors please see Protease inhibitor (biology Protease inhibitors (PIs are a class of Medications used HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the Human immunodeficiency virus in serum, Saliva, or Urine. [29][30] Nobel Prize winner Kary Mullis, inventor of PCR, has expressed sympathy for dissident theories. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Kary Banks Mullis, PhD (born December 28, 1944) is an American biochemist and Nobel laureate [31]

Other notable AIDS denialists include Australian academic ethicist Hiram Caton, the late mathematician Serge Lang[32], Professor Emeritus of Chemistry & Science Studies at Virginia Tech Henry Bauer, journalist Celia Farber and activist Christine Maggiore. Hiram Caton (born 1936 was Professor of Politics & History at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, until his retirement Serge Lang ( May 19, 1927 – September 12, 2005) was a French -born American Mathematician. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, better known as Virginia Tech, is a public land grant polytechnic University in Henry H Bauer (born Austria 1931 is an emeritus professor of chemistry and science studies and emeritus dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute Celia Farber is an Activist and Journalist who since 1986 has sympathetically covered the AIDS denialist belief that HIV does not cause Christine Maggiore (born 1957 is an HIV-positive She is the author and self-publisher of the book "What If Everything You Thought You Knew about AIDS Was Wrong?"

Nate Mendel, bassist with the rock band Foo Fighters, expressed support for AIDS dissident ideas and organized a benefit concert in January 2000 for the AIDS denialist organization Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives. Nathan Gregor "Nate" Mendel (born December 2, 1968 in Richland Washington) is the bassist in the band Foo Fighters A bass player (bassist is a Musician who plays a Double bass, Bass guitar, keyboard bass or wind Foo Fighters is an American Alternative rock and Post-grunge band formed by singer/guitarist Dave Grohl in 1995 Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives is a 501(c Non-profit organization of AIDS denialists (people who deny that HIV is the cause of AIDS [33] The Foo Fighters no longer list Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives among the causes they support. [34]

Organizations of AIDS denialists include the Perth Group (started by several Australian denialists in Perth, Australia), and the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis. Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis is a group of AIDS denialists (that is people who do not accept the Scientific consensus that

AIDS denialism has received some support from some political conservatives in the United States. Conservatism in the United States includes a variety of political ideologies including Fiscal conservatism, Supply-side economics, Social conservatism Duesberg's work has been published by the conservative Heritage Foundation and Regnery Press, as has Tom Bethell's book The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science, which endorsed AIDS denialism. The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. Regnery Publishing in Washington DC is a Publisher which specializes in conservative books characterized on their website as "contrary to those Tom Bethell (born 1936 is a Journalist who writes mainly on Economic and scientific issues and is known for his support of the Market economy, political The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science is a 2005 book by Tom Bethell, the third book in the Politically Incorrect Guides series published Phillip E. Johnson has accused the Centers for Disease Control of "fraud" in relation to HIV/AIDS. Phillip E Johnson (born 1940 is a retired UC Berkeley Law professor and author The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated [35] Describing the political aspects of the AIDS denialism movement, Steven Epstein wrote in Impure Science that ". . . the appeal of Duesberg's views to conservatives—certainly including those with little sympathy for the gay movement—cannot be denied. "[36]p. 158 Paleolibertarian "anti-state/pro-market" blog LewRockwell.com has published articles supportive of AIDS denialism. Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American Libertarianism founded by Lew Rockwell and Murray Rothbard, and closely associated A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of LewRockwellcom (LRC is a widely read 501(c(4 Anarcho-capitalist and Paleolibertarian web magazine operated by Burton Blumert (publisher [37]

Critics question the qualifications of dissidents, including those with scientific credentials that have never worked with HIV. Nicoli Nattrass points out that Peter Duesberg has never conducted any scientific research on HIV, and has never presented any evidence that support his claims to a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are Nattrass also asserts a lack of understanding of the scientific process on the part of dissidents, such as the Perth Group's Valendar Turner's assertion that that HIV had not been isolated because it had been identified only via the detection of reverse transcription, the process of writing RNA into DNA, which is not unique to retroviruses. Reverse transcription is the process of making a double stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid molecule from a single stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid template Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Robert Gallo points out that HIV was identified as a retrovirus through the detection of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme unique to retroviruses, and not reverse transcription. Gallo also has criticized Valendar for having conducted no experiments on HIV. [38]

Former dissidents

Several prominent scientists who once voiced doubts about HIV/AIDS science have since changed their views and accepted the idea that HIV plays a role in causing AIDS, in response to an accumulation of newer studies and data. [39] Robert Root-Bernstein, author of Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus and formerly a critic of the causative role of HIV in AIDS, has since distanced himself from the AIDS denialist movement, saying, "Both the camp that says HIV is a pussycat and the people who claim AIDS is all HIV are wrong. Professor Robert Root-Bernstein (b August 7 1953 ( PhD, Princeton University) is a professor of Physiology at Michigan State University. . . The denialists make claims that are clearly inconsistent with existing studies. When I check the existing studies, I don’t agree with the interpretation of the data, or, worse, I can’t find the studies [at all]. "[40]

Joseph Sonnabend, who until the late 1990s regarded the issue of AIDS causation as unresolved, has reconsidered in light of the success of newer antiretroviral drugs, stating, "The evidence now strongly supports a role for HIV. Joseph Sonnabend (born 1932 in South Africa) is a distinguished retired Physician, Scientist and AIDS researcher notable for pioneering community-based . . Drugs that can save your life can also under different circumstances kill you. This is a distinction that denialists do not seem to understand. "[40] Sonnabend has also criticized AIDS denialists for falsely implying that he supports their position, saying:

Some individuals who believe that HIV plays no role at all in AIDS have implied that I support their misguided views on AIDS causation by including inappropriate references to me in their literature and on their web sites. Before HIV was discovered and its association with AIDS established, I held the entirely appropriate view that the cause of AIDS was then unknown. I have successfully treated hundreds of AIDS patients with antiretroviral medications, and have no doubt that HIV plays a necessary role in this disease. [41]

Both Sonnabend and Root-Bernstein now favor a less controversial hypothesis, suggesting that cofactors in addition to HIV are necessary to cause AIDS.

Walter Gilbert, winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, once expressed skepticism about the role of HIV in AIDS. Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, and Molecular biology pioneer The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Like Sonnabend, he has since changed his mind in response to the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment. [42]

As of May 2008, denialist websites continue to claim that Root-Bernstein, Sonnabend [43] and Gilbert doubt the role of HIV in AIDS. International holidays May 1 - Labour Day ( Pakistan) May 1 - Labour Day ( Singapore) [44]

Death of HIV-positive denialists

In 2007, aidstruth. org, a website run by HIV researchers to counter denialist claims,[45] published a partial list of AIDS denialists who had died of apparently AIDS-related causes. For example, the magazine Continuum, run by HIV-positive denialists, shut down when its editors all died of AIDS-related causes. It was noted that in every case, the AIDS denialist community has attributed the deaths to unknown causes, secret drug use, or stress. [46] Similarly, several HIV-positive former dissidents have reported being ostracized by the AIDS-denialist community after they developed AIDS and decided to pursue effective antiretroviral treatment. [47]

AIDS denialists claims

See also: Duesberg hypothesis

Although members of the AIDS denialist community are united by their disagreement with the concept that HIV is the cause of AIDS, the specific positions taken by various groups differ. The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim associated with University of California Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as

Denialist arguments have centered around claims that HIV does not exist or has not been adequately isolated,[48] that the virus does not fulfill Koch's postulates,[49] that HIV testing is inaccurate,[50] or that antibodies to HIV neutralize the virus and render it harmless. Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative Microbe and a Disease. HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the Human immunodeficiency virus in serum, Saliva, or Urine. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily [51] Suggested alternative causes of AIDS include recreational drugs, malnutrition and the very antiretroviral drugs used to treat the syndrome. Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. [52] Denialists claim that these drugs are exceptionally toxic and cause the very symptoms they are supposed to delay. [53] To support this claim, they cite two studies from the late 1980s whose authors said they found it difficult to distinguish adverse events possibly associated with administration of Retrovir (AZT) from underlying signs of HIV disease or intercurrent illnesses. Zidovudine ( INN) or azidothymidine ( AZT) (also called ZDV is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI a type of Antiretroviral [54]

Such claims have been examined extensively in the peer-reviewed medical and scientific literature; a scientific consensus has arisen that denialist claims have been convincingly disproved, and that HIV does indeed cause AIDS. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular [2][55][56] In the cases cited by Duesberg where HIV "cannot be isolated", PCR or other techniques demonstrate the presence of the virus,[57] and many denialist claims of HIV test inaccuracy result from an incorrect or outdated understanding of how HIV antibody testing is performed and interpreted. [58][59] Further, the accumulating evidence of the significant benefits of anti-HIV medication is seen as further confirmation of HIV's role in AIDS. [60] This evidence has been a major factor in convincing some denialist scientists to accept the causative role of HIV in AIDS. [61]

Impact beyond the scientific community

AIDS denialist claims have failed to attract support in the scientific community, where the evidence for the causative role of HIV in AIDS is considered conclusive. However, the AIDS denialist movement has had a significant impact outside of scientific spheres, making the debate a civil and political as well as a public health issue.

Impact in North America and Europe

Skepticism about HIV as the cause of AIDS began almost immediately after the discovery of HIV was announced. One of the earliest prominent skeptics was the journalist John Lauritsen, who argued in his writings for The New York Native that AIDS was in fact caused by amyl nitrite poppers, and that the government had conspired to hide the truth. Poppers is the Street term for various Alkyl nitrites taken for recreational purposes through direct inhalation, particularly Amyl nitrite [62]

The publication of Peter Duesberg's first AIDS paper in 1987 provided further support for denialist theories. Shortly afterwards, the journal Science reported that Duesberg's remarks had won him "a large amount of media attention, particularly in the gay press where he is something of a hero. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific "[63] However, Duesberg's support in the gay community dried up as he made a series of statements perceived as homophobic; in an interview with the Village Voice in 1988, Duesberg stated his belief that the AIDS epidemic was "caused by a lifestyle that was criminal twenty years ago. Gay community or LGBT community is a term used to describe the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender subculture BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. "[36], p. 118

In the following few years, others became skeptical of the HIV theory as researchers initially failed to produce an effective treatment or vaccine for AIDS. [64] Journalists such as Neville Hodgkinson and Celia Farber regularly promoted denialist ideas in the American and British media; several television documentaries were also produced to increase awareness of the alternative viewpoint. Celia Farber is an Activist and Journalist who since 1986 has sympathetically covered the AIDS denialist belief that HIV does not cause [65] In 1992-1993, The Sunday Times, where Hodgkinson served as scientific editor, ran a series of articles arguing that the AIDS epidemic in Africa was a myth. The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. These articles stressed Duesberg's claims and argued that antiviral therapy was ineffective, that HIV testing was unreliable, and that AIDS was not a threat to heterosexuals. The Sunday Times coverage was heavily criticized as slanted, misleading, and potentially dangerous; the scientific journal Nature took the unusual step of printing a 1993 editorial calling the paper's coverage of HIV/AIDS "seriously mistaken, and probably disastrous. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 "[66]

Finding difficulty in publishing his arguments in the scientific literature, Duesberg exercised his right as a member of the National Academy of Sciences to publish in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) without going through the peer review process. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are However, Duesberg's paper raised a "red flag" at the journal and was submitted by the editor for non-binding review. All of the reviewers found major flaws in Duesberg's paper; the reviewer specifically chosen by Duesberg noted the presence of "misleading arguments", "nonlogical statements", "misrepresentations", and political overtones. [16] Ultimately, Duesberg's article was published in PNAS;[67] its editor wrote to Duesberg:

If you wish to make these unsupported, vague, and prejudicial statements in print, so be it. But I cannot see how this would be convincing to any scientifically trained reader. [16]

With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996-1997, the survival and general health of people with HIV improved significantly. [60] The positive response to treatment with anti-HIV medication provides further evidence of HIV's causative role in AIDS, and has led several prominent AIDS denialists to accept the causative role of HIV. [40] Nevertheless, these theories continue to exert a significant influence in some communities; a survey conducted at minority gay pride events in four American cities in 2005 found that 33% of attendees doubted that HIV caused AIDS. [68]

AIDS activists have expressed concern that denialist arguments about HIV's harmlessness may be responsible for an upsurge in HIV infections. According to Stephen Thomas, director of the University of Pittsburgh Center for Minority Health:[69]

People are focusing on the wrong thing. The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a non-sectarian coeducational independent state-related, "public" research University The Center for Minority Health (CMH part of The University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, was established in 1994 through a grant from the Richard King They’re focusing on conspiracies rather than protecting themselves, rather than getting tested and seeking out appropriate care and treatment.

While denialist arguments have been rejected by the scientific community on the basis of overwhelming evidence, AIDS denialist ideas are propagated largely via the Internet. A 2007 article in PLoS Medicine noted:

Because these denialist assertions are made in books and on the Internet rather than in the scientific literature, many scientists are either unaware of the existence of organized denial groups, or believe they can safely ignore them as the discredited fringe. PLoS Medicine is a Scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences it began operation on October 19, 2004. And indeed, most of the HIV deniers' arguments were answered long ago by scientists. However, many members of the general public do not have the scientific background to critique the assertions put forth by these groups, and not only accept them but continue to propagate them. [8]

Impact in South Africa

AIDS denialist claims have had a major political, social, and public health impact in South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The government of President Thabo Mbeki has been sympathetic to the views of AIDS denialists; critics charge that denialist influence has been responsible for a slow and ineffective governmental response to the country's massive AIDS epidemic. Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born 18 June 1942 is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1999 to 24 September 2008 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS) has led to the deaths of more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making it one of

Durban Declaration

In 2000, when the International AIDS Conference was held in Durban, Mbeki convened a Presidential Advisory Panel containing a number of AIDS denialists, including Peter Duesberg and David Rasnick. Education networking and the promotion of best practice are essential to enhancing the response to HIV/AIDS Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. Peter H Duesberg (born December 2, 1936 in Germany) is a professor of molecular and Cell biology at the University of California David Rasnick is a Biochemist, AIDS denialist, and former president of the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis. [70] The Advisory Panel meetings were closed to the general press; an invited reporter from the Village Voice wrote that Rasnick advocated that HIV testing be legally banned and denied that he had seen "any evidence" of an AIDS catastrophe in South Africa, while Duesberg "gave a presentation so removed from African medical reality that it left several local doctors shaking their heads. This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. "[24]

In his address to the International AIDS Conference, Mbeki reiterated his view that HIV was not wholly responsible for AIDS, leading hundreds of delegates to walk out on his speech. [71] Mbeki also sent a letter to a number of world leaders likening the mainstream AIDS research community to supporters of the apartheid regime. [70] The tone and content of Mbeki's letter led diplomats in the U. S. to initially question whether it was a hoax. [72][73]

AIDS scientists and activists were dismayed at the president's behavior and responded with the Durban declaration, a document affirming that HIV causes AIDS, signed by over 5,000 scientists and physicians. The Durban declaration was a statement signed by over 5000 physicians and scientists at the 2000 International AIDS Conference in Durban South Africa, affirming [7][71]

Criticism of governmental response

South African health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang has also attracted heavy criticism, as she has often promoted nutritional remedies such as garlic, lemons, beetroot and olive oil, to people suffering from AIDS,[74][75][76] while emphasizing possible toxicities of antiretroviral drugs, which she has referred to as "poison". Dr Mantombazana Edmie Tshabalala-Msimang (born 9 October 1940 is a South African politician who is currently serving as Minister in the Presidency Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants The beet or beetroot is a Flowering plant species ( Beta vulgaris) in the family Chenopodiaceae. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees [77] The South African Medical Association has accused Tshabalala-Msimang of "confusing a vulnerable public". Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The South African Medical Association (SAMA is a Trade union in [78] In September 2006, a group of over 80 scientists and academics called for "the immediate removal of Dr. Tshabalala-Msimang as minister of health and for an end to the disastrous, pseudoscientific policies that have characterized the South African government's response to HIV/AIDS. "[79] In December 2006, deputy health minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge described "denial at the very highest levels" over AIDS. Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge (born 29 June 1952 was the Deputy Minister of Health of South Africa under President Thabo Mbeki until she was dismissed by him on [80] She was subsequently fired by Mbeki. [81]

Mbeki's government has been widely criticized for delaying the rollout of programs to provide antiretroviral drugs to people with advanced HIV disease and to HIV-positive pregnant women. The national treatment program began only after the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) brought a legal case against Government ministers, claiming they were responsible for the deaths of 600 HIV-positive people a day who could not access medication. Treatment Action Campaign is a South African AIDS activist organization which was founded by the HIV-positive activist Zackie Achmat in 1998 [82][70] South Africa was one of the last countries in the region to begin such a treatment program, and roll-out has been much slower than planned. [77]

At the XVI International AIDS Conference, Stephen Lewis, U.N. special envoy for AIDS in Africa, attacked Mbeki's government for its slow response to the AIDS epidemic and reliance on denialist theories:

It [South Africa] is the only country in Africa . The XVI International AIDS Conference was held in Toronto, Ontario, during the week of August 13 - 18, 2006. This article is about the Canadian politician and broadcaster The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security . . whose government is still obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment. . . It is the only country in Africa whose government continues to promote theories more worthy of a lunatic fringe than of a concerned and compassionate state. [79]

In 2002, Mbeki requested that AIDS denialists no longer use his name in denialist literature, and requested that denialists stop signing documents with "Member of President Mbeki's AIDS Advisory Panel". [70]

In early 2005, former South African president Nelson Mandela announced that his son had died of complications of AIDS. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Mandela's public announcement was seen as both an effort to combat the stigma associated with AIDS, and as a "political statement designed to. . . force the President [Mbeki] out of his denial. "[83][84]

Potential harm from AIDS denialism

Many AIDS experts and activists have alleged that the AIDS denialist movement endangers lives by persuading people to abandon safer sex or forego HIV testing and treatment. [69][85][86] In particular, the Durban declaration stated that:

HIV causes AIDS. The Durban declaration was a statement signed by over 5000 physicians and scientists at the 2000 International AIDS Conference in Durban South Africa, affirming It is unfortunate that a few vocal people continue to deny the evidence. This position will cost countless lives. [7]

In response to such accusations, the denialist Perth Group has denied encouraging unsafe sex or drug use; indeed, they contend that passive anal sex and drug use increase risk of AIDS and should be avoided. Anal sex most often refers to the sex act involving insertion of the Penis into the Rectum. [87] Duesberg argues that although HIV itself is harmless, HIV-infected people are treated with medications which he claims cause AIDS symptoms; therefore, he argues, condom use will "protect people who have an average of 1,000 sexual contacts with HIV-positives from infection, and thus from AIDS caused by anti-HIV medication. "[88]

See also

Other reading

See also Pieter Fourie, "The Political Management of HIV and AIDS in South Africa: One burden too many?" Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 0230006671

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External links

Scientific consensus

Denialist

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