Citizendia

Millennium:2nd millennium
Centuries:18th century · 19th century · 20th century
Decades:1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s
1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
Categories:Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments

The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar. A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum The second millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The twentieth century of the Common Era began on See also List of centuries, History This is a list of Decades in history including links to corresponding articles with more information about them Events and Trends End of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1803 - 1815 Events and trends Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire Events and trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday. Events and trends Technology First use of General anesthesia in an operation by Crawford Long. Events and Trends Industry Production of Steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was completed in 1869 Events and Trends Technology The invention of the prototype telephone by Alexander G Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today

During the 19th century, the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most

Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. Pax Britannica ( Latin for "the British Peace" modelled after Pax Romana) was the period of relative peace in Europe Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering During this time the 19th century was an era of widespread invention and discovery, with significant developments in the understanding or manipulation of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy largely setting the groundworks for the comparably overwhelming and very rapid technological innovations which would take place the following century. Modest advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention were also applicable to the 1800s, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. The introduction of Railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, and their placement and application radically altered the ways people could live and rapidly and reliably obtain necessary commodities, fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of 1,000,000 or more during this century, the first time which cities surpassed the peak population of ancient Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, largely pacific island chains and atolls, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s.

Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 (citation 3 & 4 Will IV c 73 was an 1833 Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom abolishing The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Britain abolished slavery in 1834, America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The Lei Áurea ("Golden Law" adopted on May 13, 1888, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia. The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of liberal reforms affected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia.

The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific

Contents

Eras

Events

Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.
Map of the world from 1897. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Artistic trends Regency architecture Regency fashions Regency dance Regency novels Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne The July Monarchy (1830-1848 was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of Constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Kanûn-ı Esâsî The military and political events during the decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the era between 1828 to 1908 The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.

1800s

1810s

1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu kingdom
1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu kingdom

1820s

1830s

Samuel Morse
Samuel Morse

1840s

1850s

The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War
The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War

1860s

The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal
The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal

1870s

Alexander Graham Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone
Thomas Edison in 1878
Thomas Edison in 1878

1880s

1890s

A 1954 U.S. stamp featuring George Eastman.
A 1954 U.S. stamp featuring George Eastman. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. The period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 is commonly called the República Velha (Old Republic Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the United States of America (USA. George Eastman ( July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented Roll film, helping to

Significant people

Sitting Bull, 1885
Sitting Bull, 1885
Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology
Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology

Show business and Theatre

Athletics

Business

Main article: Robber Barons

Famous and infamous personalities

Deputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, 1876
Deputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, 1876

Anthropology

Journalists, missionaries, explorers

Visual artists, painters, sculptors

Main articles: History of painting, Western painting, and Ukiyo-e
Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre)
Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre)
Monet's Impression, Sunrise, which gave the name to Impressionism
Monet's Impression, Sunrise, which gave the name to Impressionism

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. Franz Boas ( July 9, 1858 &ndash December 21, 1942) was a German - American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern Nicholai Nicholaevich Miklukho-Maklai ( Николай Николаевич Миклухо-Маклай in Russian, ( Микола Миколайович Миклухо-Маклай Lewis Henry Morgan ( November 21, 1818 &ndash December 17, 1881) was an American Ethnologist, Anthropologist and Sir Edward Burnett Tylor ( October 2 1832 &ndash January 2 1917) was an English Anthropologist. Karl (Adolph Verner ˈʋaɐ̯ˀnɐ (born 7 March, 1846 in Århus; died 5 November, 1896 in Copenhagen) was a Danish Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (ˈɾuːɑl ˈɑmʉnsən ( July 16, 1872 – c Sir Samuel White Baker, KCB, FRS, FRGS (b 8 June 1821 - † 30 December, 1893) was a British Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS (19 March 1821 &ndash 20 October 1890 was an English Explorer, Translator, writer Horace Greeley ( February 3, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder Dr David Livingstone (19 March 1813 &ndash 1 May 1873 was a British Congregationalist pioneer medical Missionary with the London Missionary Society Thomas Nast ( September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a famous German-American Caricaturist and Editorial cartoonist A caricaturist is an artist who specializes in drawing Caricatures List of caricaturists Oguz Aral (1936-2004 William Auerback-Levy An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws Cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary Robert Edwin Peary ( May 6, 1856 &ndash February 20, 1920) was an American explorer who claimed John Hannington Speke ( May 4 1827 &ndash September 15 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army who made three voyages of exploration Sir Henry Morton Stanley, GCB, born John Rowlands ( January 28 1841 &ndash May 10 1904) was a British journalist John Louis O'Sullivan ( November 15, 1813 – March 24, 1895) was an American columnist and editor who used the term " Manifest Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. The history of Painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans and spans all cultures See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th Liberty Leading the People (La Liberté guidant le peuple is a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830 which toppled Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Impression Sunrise (Impression soleil levant is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the Impressionist movement was named Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Realism is a visual art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by 19th century painters included:

Music

Main articles: List of Romantic composers, Romantic music, and Romanticism
Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Albert Bierstadt ( January 8 1830 - February 18 1902) was a German - American painter best known for his large William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827 was an English poet, painter, and Printmaker. Mary Stevenson Cassatt ( May 22, 1844 &ndash June 14, 1926) was an American painter and Printmaker. Frederic Edwin Church ( May 4, 1826 &ndash April 7, 1900) was an American landscape painter born in Thomas Cole ( February 1, 1801 - February 11, 1848) was a 19th century American artist John Constable ( 11 June 1776 &ndash 31 March 1837 Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot ( July 17, 1796 &ndash February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter and Printmaker For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash Honoré Daumier ( February 26, 1808 &ndash February 10, 1879) was a French Printmaker, Caricaturist, Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins ( July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was a realist painter, Photographer, sculptor Caspar David Friedrich ( September 5, 1774 &ndash May 7, 1840) was a landscape painter of the nineteenth-century German Romantic Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. Théodore Géricault ( September 26, 1791 &ndash January 26, 1824) was an important French painter and lithographer known for was a Japanese Ukiyo-e artist and one of the last great artists in that tradition was a Japanese Artist, Ukiyo-e painter and Printmaker of the Edo period. Winslow Homer ( February 24, 1836 – September 29, 1910) was an American Landscape painter and Printmaker Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker Eadweard J Muybridge ( April 9, 1830 &ndash May 8, 1904) was an English photographer, known primarily for his early use Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12 1840–November 17 1917 was a French artist most famous as a sculptor. Albert Pinkham Ryder ( March 19, 1847 – March 28, 1917) was an American painter best known for his poetic and moody allegorical John Singer Sargent (January 12 1856 &ndash April 14 1925 was the most successful portrait painter of his era During his career he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and Tsukioka Yoshitoshi ( 1839 - June 9, 1892) (月岡 芳年 also named Taiso Yoshitoshi ja 大蘇 芳年 was a Japanese artist Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Sonata form is a Musical form that has been used widely since the early Classical period. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Others included:

Literature

Main articles: Romantic poetry and 19th century in literature
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens
Mark Twain in 1894
Mark Twain in 1894
Jane Austen
Jane Austen
Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe
Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson

On the literary front the new century opens with Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824 &ndash 11 October 1896 was an Austrian composer known primarily for his symphonies, masses, and Motets Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( (often pronounced in English as; DVOR-zhahk; September 8 1841 – May 1 1904 was a Czech composer of Romantic music, who employed Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of Librettist W Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (/ʃaʁl kamij sɛ̃sɑ̃s/ (9 October 1835 &ndash 16 December 1921 was a French Composer, Organist, conductor, and Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875 was a French Composer and Pianist of the Romantic era Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Александр Порфирьевич Бородин Aleksandr Porfir'evič Borodin) ( &ndash) was a Russian Composer Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (Моде́ст Петро́вич Му́соргский Modest Petrovič Musorgskij) ( March 21 March 9 1839 &ndash March Niccolò Paganini ( October 27, 1782 &ndash Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. Jacques Offenbach (born Jacob Offenbach 20 June 1819 in Cologne &ndash 5 October 1880 in Paris) was a German Arnold Böcklin ( 16 October 1827 &ndash 16 January 1901) was a Symbolist Swiss painter. Romanticism largely began as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day See also 18th century in literature, other events of the 19th century, 20th century in literature, List of years in literature. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Jane Austen (16 The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Modernism began. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Giovanni Verga ( 2 September 1840 - 27 January 1922) was an Italian realist Writer, best known for his depictions Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ( –) (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) was a Russian short-story writer and Playwright, considered to be one Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Jane Austen (16 Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction Some other important writers of note included:

Science

Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin

The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell[1]. Leopoldo Alas y Ureña ( 25 April 1852 - 13 June 1901) also known as Clarín was a Spanish realist novelist Hans Christian Andersen (ˈhanˀs ˈkʰʁæʂd̥jan ˈɑnɐsn̩ in Danish or simply H Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, pron. ʒoa'kĩ ma'riɐ ma'ʃadu dʒi a'sis often known as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho Jane Austen (16 Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga ( March 23, 1814 - February 1, 1873) was a Cuban Writer of the 19th century Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, ( Seville February 17, 1836 &ndash Madrid December Elizabeth Barrett Browning ( March 6, 1806 &ndash June 29, 1861) was one of the most respected Poets of the Victorian era Anne Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (17 January 1820 &ndash 28 May 1849 was a British Novelist and Poet, the youngest member of the Brontë literary family Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Karl Georg Büchner ( October 17, 1813 &ndash February 19, 1837) was a German Dramatist and Writer of prose Rosalía Castro de Murguía better known as Rosalía de Castro ( 24 February 1837 &ndash 15 July 1885) was a Galician writer Kate Chopin (born Katherine O'Flaherty on February 8, 1851 – August 22, 1904) was an American Author Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century Stephen Crane (November 1 1871 &ndash June 5 1900 was an American novelist short story writer poet and journalist Eduard Douwes Dekker ( 2 March 1820 &ndash 19 February 1887) better known by his Pen name Multatuli, was a Dutch Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the Mary Ann (Marian Evans ( 22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880) better known by her Pen name George Eliot, was an Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli (May 23 1810 – July 19 1850 was a Journalist, Critic and Women's rights activist associated with the American Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (née Stevenson 29 September 1810 &ndash 12 November 1865 often referred to simply as Mrs ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Никола́й Васи́льевич Го́голь Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol;; Микола Васильович Гоголь Juana Manuela Gorriti (1818-1892 was an Argentine writer with extensive political and literary links to Bolivia and Peru. The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Sir Henry Rider Haggard KBE ( 22 June 1856 &ndash 14 May 1925) was a prolific writer of Adventure novels set Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928 was an English novelist Short story writer and poet of the naturalist movement though he saw Bret Harte ( August 25, 1836 &ndash May 6, 1902) was an American Author and Poet, best remembered for his accounts Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (ˈjoːhan ˈkrɪstiaːn ˈfriːdrɪç 'hœldərliːn in German March 20, 1770 &ndash June 6, 1843 Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a Journalist, Essayist and one of the "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th Henry James, OM ( –) son of theologian Henry James Sr, brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James Caroline Kirkland ( January 12, 1801 – April 6, 1864) was an American writer Jules Laforgue (French ʒyl laˈfɔʀg ( Montevideo, 16 August 1860 – Paris, 20 August 1887) was a French Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi Conte ( June 29, 1798 &ndash June 14, 1837) was an Italian Poet, Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni ( March 7, 1785 May 22, 1873) was an Italian Poet and Novelist. Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French José Julián Martí Pérez ( January 28, 1853 &ndash May 19, 1895) Born in Havana from Spanish parents his short life was dedicated to gaining Clorinda Matto de Turner ( 11 November 1853 - 25 October 1909) was a Peruvian writer who lived during the age of the Latin American Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Manuel González Prada (1844-1918 was a Peruvian politician and Anarchist, Literary critic and director of the National Library of Peru. "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among Mary Shelley ( Née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850–3 December 1894 was a Scottish novelist poet and travel writer, and a representative of Neo-romanticism in Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14 1811 – July 1 1896 was an American Author and Abolitionist, whose Novel Uncle Tom's Cabin Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Paul-Marie Verlaine (vɛʁˈlɛn March 30, 1844 &ndash January 8, 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of José Zorrilla y Moral ( February 21, 1817 - January 23, 1893) was a Spanish Romantic Poet and Dramatist Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been William Whewell ( May 24, 1794 &ndash March 6, 1866) was an English Polymath, Scientist, Anglican Priest Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Rabies (from rabies “madness rage fury” Also known as “ hydrophobia ” is a viral Zoonotic neuroinvasive disease that The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image Thomas Alva Edison gave the world light with his invention of the lightbulb. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis. Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass ( Weierstraß) ( October 31, 1815 &ndash February 19, 1897) was a German mathematician The arithmetization of analysis was a research program in the Foundations of mathematics carried out in the second half of the 19th century But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Michael Faraday, FRS ( September 22 1791 – August 25 1867) was an English James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 &ndash 5 November 1879 was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included:

Philosophy and religion

Karl Marx
Karl Marx
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche
Otto Von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
Otto Von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
The last shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in French military uniform
The last shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in French military uniform
One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce
One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce

The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:

Politics and the Military

See also

Eras, Epochs, Decades and years

>d • e
Centuries and millennia
MillenniumCentury
BC
4th40th39th38th37th36th35th34th33rd32nd31st
3rd30th29th28th27th26th25th24th23rd22nd21st
2nd20th19th18th17th16th15th14th13th12th11th
1st10th9th8th7th6th5th4th3rd2nd1st
AD
1st1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th
2nd11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th
3rd21st22nd23rd24th25th26th27th28th29th30th
4th31st

References

  1. ^ William Whewell. Count István Széchenyi, in Hungarian Gróf Széchenyi István ( 21 September 1791 &ndash 8 April 1860) was a Hungarian Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1st Sovereign Prince of Beneventum (2 February 1754 17 May 1838 the Prince of Diplomats, was a French Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross; c 1820 – 10 March 1913 was an African-American Abolitionist, Humanitarian, and Union African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and Safe houses used by 19th century Black slaves in the United States William M Tweed ( April 3, 1823 &ndash April 12, 1878) sometimes informally called Boss Tweed, was an American Politician The City of New York Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Hóng Xiùquán ( January 1 1814 &ndash June 1 1864 born Hong Renkun (洪仁坤 Courtesy name Huoxiu (火秀 was a Hakka Chinese who Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. Tokugawa Yoshinobu 1st Prince of the Yoshinobu-ke (徳川 慶喜 Tokugawa Yoshinobu (also known as Keiki) October 28, 1837 &ndash For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities 1800 - 1809 1800 War of the Castes in Haiti 1801 War of the Oranges 1801-1805 First Barbary War 1801-1807 The timeline of 19th century (1801-1900 (1215 AH – 1318 AH) 1803 Shah Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud assassinated by a Shi'a fanatic The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes Economic development The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were times of crisis for Russian nuts Spain in the mid-nineteenth century was a country in turmoil Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814 a massively destructive " war of independence " ensued Capitalism arose in Western Europe during the Industrial revolution. In the 18th century the philosophies of The Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques see also 18th century in games, 1900s in games Games released or invented in the 19th century The Mansion of Happiness See also 1900 in film, List of 'years in film'. Events 1832 - Joseph Plateau ( Belgium) and Simon von A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture It marks the beginning of the Bronze Age and of Writing. Events Start of Naqada culture in Egypt 4000 BC — Early Jomon period begins on the islands of Japan Events The Sweet Track, an ancient Causeway in the Somerset Levels, England, one of the oldest engineered Roads discovered Decades and years Mythology Antediluvian period ( Jewish mythology) September 25, 3760 BC — First Events Beginning of the Early Minoan period on Crete Significant persons Events Civilization of Sumer (? Ggantija, Malta Mnajdra solar temple complex Malta The 35th century BC in the Near East sees the gradual transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cultures c 3400 BC — Sumerian temple record keepers redesign the Stamp seal in the form of a cylinder Events The Great God "Krishna" who is worshiped in all forms as a boy lover warrior brother king teacher son husband etc Events c 3150 BC — According to the legend Narmer ( First Dynasty) started to rule in Ancient Egypt. Events c 3100 BC — Narmer (Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt into one country he rules this new country from Memphis The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC The 29th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC The 28th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2800 BC to 2701 BC The 27th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2700 BC to 2601 BC The 26th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC The 25th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2500 BC to 2401 BC The 24th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2400 BC to 2301 BC The 23rd century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2300 BC to 2201 BC The 22nd century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC The 21st century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC The 19th century BC was the century which lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC The 17th century BC is a Century which lasted from 1700 BC to 1601 BC The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The first millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1, and ended on December 31, 1000, of the Julian calendar. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The second millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 1001, and ended on December 31, 2000. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The third millennium is a period of time that commenced on January 1, 2001, and will end on December 31, 3000, of the Gregorian calendar The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The 22nd century of the Common Era will span the years 2101&ndash2200 of the Gregorian calendar. The 23rd century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2201&ndash2300 of the Gregorian calendar. The 24th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2301&ndash2400 of the Gregorian calendar. The 25th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2401–2500 of the Gregorian calendar. The 26th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2501&ndash2600 of the Gregorian calendar. The 27th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2601&ndash2700 of the Gregorian calendar. The 28th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2701–2800 of the Gregorian calendar. The 29th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2801–2900 of the Gregorian calendar. The 30th century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 2901&ndash3000 of the Gregorian calendar. The 31st century of the Anno Domini ( common) era will span the years 3001&ndash3100 of the Gregorian calendar. Stanford University. Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian

Dictionary

19th century

-proper noun

  1. The hundred years from 1801 through 1900.
  2. (considered nonstandard) The hundred years from 1800 through 1899.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic