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The Étoile Nord-Africaine or ENA (French for North African Star) was an early Algerian nationalist organization founded in 1926. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a presidential Republic, whereby the President of Algeria is both Head of state and Head The Algerian Constitution was first established in 1963 following the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62 originally it was to be drafted by a constitutional assembly led The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members Abdelaziz Belkhadem (عبد العزيز بلخادم (born November 8 1945) is an Algerian politician who served as Prime Minister of Algeria from 2006 The Parliament of Algeria consists of two chambers The Council of the Nation ( Upper Chamber) The People's The Council of the Nation ( al-Majlis al-Umma) is the Upper house of the Algerian Parliament. The People's National Assembly ( al-Majlis al-Sha'abi al-Watani) is the lower house of the Algerian Parliament. Algeria has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone and parties must work with each other to form Coalition governments Algeria elects on national level a Head of state - the President - and a Legislature. Legislative elections were held in Algeria on 17 May 2007. 24 political parties and around 100 independent lists with a total of more than 12000 candidates A constitutional referendum will be held in Algeria in 2008 The changes proposed include allowing a third presidential term and changing from a Semi-presidential system ||-|} Algeria is currently divided into 48 Wilayas ( Provinces, 553 Daïras ( circles, or Counties) and 1541 Baladiyahs This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently ( there are 1541 communes in the country the Population data is from Algeria has traditionally practiced an activist foreign policy and in the 1960s and 1970s was noted for its support of Third World policies and independence movements Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation It was dissolved first in 1929, then reorganised in 1933 but was later finally dissolved in 1937. It can be considered a forerunner of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), who fought France during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). The National Liberation Front ( Arabic: جبهة التحرير الوطني transliterated: Jabhat al-Taḩrīr al-Waţanī French: Front This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from
It was formed in 1926 by Nationalist politician Messali Hadj and called for an uprising against French colonial rule and total independence. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj ( Arabic, مصالي الحاج (b 1898 in Algeria, d See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising It had no armed wing and attempted to organize peacefully. The party maintained links with the Parti Communiste Français (PCF, the French Communist Party) until the early 1930s, but the connection was later broken when, at the behest of the Comintern, the PCF declared Algerian national independence premature. The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow In 1927, Messali Hadj participated in the creation of the League Against Imperialism. The League against Imperialism ( French: " Ligue contre l'impérialisme et l'oppression coloniale " was founded in the Egmont Palace in Brussels The reorganisation of the ENA in 1933 elected Messali Hadj President, Imache Amar Secretary General and Belkacem Radjef Treasurer. Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj ( Arabic, مصالي الحاج (b 1898 in Algeria, d Belkacem Radjef (1909-1989 was born in Fort-National (today Larbaa Naït Iraten) Algeria and spent 32 years of his life in the fight to liberate Algeria from It also voted for an ambitious plan to lead Algeria to independence by peaceful means. The Étoile was dissolved by the French authorities in 1937 and Messali was imprisoned. It is considered by some the first modern Algerian political party. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral
In 1937, two months after its dissolution, the leaders of ENA, including Messali, founded the Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA). The Algerian People's Party (in french, Parti du Peuple Algerien PPA) was a successor organization of the North African Star ( Étoile Nord-Africaine This was subsequently dissolved in 1946 and was immediately followed by the creation of the Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertes Democratiques, which later became increasingly militant. The Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD name proposed by Maiza was created October 1946 to replace the outlawed Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA Messali, a pacifist, distanced himself from the mainstream of this organisation when it became involved in the Algerian War of Independence started by the FLN in November 1954. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from
External links
Literature
- Rachid Tlemcani, State and Revolution in Algeria, Boulder: Westview Press (1986). Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj ( Arabic, مصالي الحاج (b 1898 in Algeria, d
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